ACS Applied Bio Materials最新文献

{"title":"","authors":"Rahul Kumar, Imankalyan Nag, Subhrajyoti Mallick and Raviraj Vankayala*, ","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"8 7","pages":"XXX-XXX XXX-XXX"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsabm.5c00616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic ELISA for Biomarker Detection: A Review of Mechanisms, Functionalization Strategies, and Emerging Modalities.","authors":"Chaudhary Ammar Shoukat, Maryam Tariq, Raja Muhammad Aqib, Muhammad Ali Tajwar, Rashid Iqbal","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00738","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) effectively integrates noble metal nanostructures with traditional immunoassays, facilitating rapid, ultrasensitive, and multiplexed biomarker detection. By leveraging localized surface plasmon resonance modulations instigated by biocatalytic reactions and analyte binding, these assays achieve signal amplification through growth, etching, and aggregation mechanisms. Such methodologies significantly enhance detection limits by factors ranging from 10- to over 1000-fold, attaining sensitivity at the subpicogram per milliliter level. Robust surface functionalization methods, including electrostatic adsorption, covalent coupling, and affinity binding, ensure stable immobilization of antibodies while preserving the activity of the nanozymes. Incorporating advanced two-dimensional nanomaterials, such as graphene derivatives and MXenes, further augments the sensitivity (up to ∼200-fold), assay stability, and potential for miniaturization. Emerging modalities, including electrochemical techniques, microfluidics, photothermal methods, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and CRISPR-enabled ELISA, extend the analytical versatility, multiplexing capabilities, and operational speed. Clinical trials, alongside real-world studies, substantiate the efficacy of plasmonic ELISA platforms in early cancer detection, diagnostic evaluation of infectious diseases, and monitoring cardiovascular biomarkers, demonstrating performance comparable to or exceeding that of traditional methodologies. Despite significant advancements, challenges persist with regard to assay standardization, multiplex integration, and large-scale manufacturing. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and outlines future perspectives to expedite the clinical translation of plasmonic ELISA technologies for precision medicine and global health applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"5512-5531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12284857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic Enhanced Nonlinear Absorption of Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) Functional Ag, Pt, and Pd Nanoparticle-GQDs Complexes and Their Evaluation as Potential Bioimaging Applications.","authors":"Bekir Asilcan Unlu, Esen Kirit, Dogantan Celik, Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz, Ahmet Karatay, Bahadir Boyacioglu, Hüseyin Ünver, Açelya Yilmazer, Mustafa Yıldız, Ayhan Elmali","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00750","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tris (2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) functionalized N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) and their Ag, Pd, and Pt nanocomposites were synthesized via a green one-step method and comprehensively characterized using FT-IR, UV-vis, TEM, and EDX. Spectroscopic analysis revealed π-π* transitions of C═C bonds (245-250 nm) and <i>n</i>-π* transitions of C═O and C═N bonds (334-350 nm), elucidating the materials' optical properties. Photoluminescence studies revealed excitation wavelength-dependent emissions, indicating the presence of edge defect levels. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed a shortened excited-state lifetime upon incorporation of a metal atom into TREN-GQDs. Nonlinear absorption was explored by using the open-aperture Z-scan method, revealing enhanced performance upon incorporation of plasmonic nanoparticles. Ag-incorporated samples exhibited the highest NLA response due to plasmon-enhanced two-photon absorption. Notably, Pt-incorporated N-GQDs showed improved NLA and good biocompatibility with the intracellular fluorescence response, positioning them as promising candidates for bioimaging applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, including gas-phase optimizations and aqueous simulations, confirmed alignment with experimental results, highlighting the enhanced stability and reactivity of nanocomposites. These findings highlight the potential of these materials in various applications, such as optical limiting, imaging, photovoltaics, and sensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"6261-6277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12284890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe and Efficient Intracellular Release of SN38 via Lysosomal-Responsive SN38-G Loaded Liposomes.","authors":"Pierre-Alain Burnouf, Yu-Cheng Su, Shih-Hung Yang","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00722","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liposomal formulations remain mostly suited for amphiphilic drugs of mild potency. This high selectivity challenges the formulation of potent chemotherapeutics that are preponderantly hydrophobic. Spontaneous accumulation of certain hydrophobic drugs within the lipid bilayer of liposomes leads to aggregation, destabilization, and inadequate drug retention. Here, we depict an alternative approach to load such hydrophobic drugs using SN38, the active form of CPT-11 (Irinotecan, Camptosar), through SN38 glucuronide (SN38-G), its hydrophilic glucuronide prodrug derivative. SN38-G was esterified in acidic methanol or ethanol to produce amphiphilic derivatives SN38-G^met and SN38-G^eth compatible with liposomal core encapsulation. By employing an internally alkaline pH, core-loaded SN38-G^met and SN38-G^eth underwent spontaneous hydrolysis, reverting into the hydrophilic SN38-G. This internal conversion resulted in sustained drug retention through lipid-bilayer containment of hydrophilic compounds. Loading above 60% drug-to-phospholipid molar ratio was attained, together with sustained retention over 15 days at 37 °C in simulated body fluids. Our <i>in vitro</i> assay demonstrated that SN38-G liposomes were activated to SN38 through a lysosomal beta-glucuronidase-dependent manner, inducing cytotoxicity. This delivery method could be applied to various potent and hydrophobic drugs with challenging delivery requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"6231-6242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12284848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave Resonant Sensor for Lung Cancer Cell Line Growth Detection.","authors":"Ravindra Meena, Pushpendra Kumar, Sheetal Yadav, Bijoy Kumar Kuanr","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00261","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early diagnosis and screening of tumor cells are crucial in effective cancer treatment and prognosis of early stage cancer growth. Available imaging techniques like CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET can detect only when tumor reach up to a certain size (>1 mm). In the present investigation, we have proposed, design and tested a microwave ring resonator based biosensor at 4.98 GHz, an extremely sensitive diagnostic tool for early stage cancer detection. When the resonator based sensor exposed to in vitro A549 human lung cancer cell lines it generates the resonant frequency shift which detect growth rate with different levels of metastasis due to change in transmission coefficient of the resonator. Hence it was observed that with progression in cell proliferation the resonance frequency shifted considerably by 2 to 3 GHz. This frequency shift signifies a change in the dielectric properties of the used cell lines. Further, we have quantified cell growth by comparing the experimentally measured values of resonance frequency shift, full-width half maxima (FWHM), and insertion loss of the bare resonator with those values of the grown cells at successive days (day-1 to day-3). The cell growth process mimics the tumor cell growth within the human body. The alterations in the dielectric characteristics of the biological tissues serve as a pivotal factor for monitoring physiological parameters, preventing potential disease onset, or facilitating pathology identification. Significant parameters such as figures of merit (FOM = 0.171), quality factor (Q=24.9), frequency detection resolution (FDR = 139.5 MHz) and sensitivity (S= 0.105 GHz/unit change in dielectric constant) were calculated to demonstrate the usefulness of the designed biosensor. The outcomes of the present investigation demonstrate the sensor's excellent sensitivity. The designed biosensor demonstrated a strong ability to measure the cancer growth rate and quantify with a minimum number of cells (<1300 cells) to distinguish between high- and low-metastatic cells. This work facilitates the development of resonator based biosensor for cancerous tissue growth diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"5634-5643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Ru-PdO@MXenes-Nanostructured Electrochemical Immunosensing System for Selective Detection of Multiple Breast Biomarkers (HER2 and MUC1).","authors":"Amany M Sawy, Badawi Anis, Shuna Cui, Rabeay Y A Hassan","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00452","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early diagnosis of breast cancer relies on detecting multiple cancer biomarkers, which significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we developed a novel electrochemical dual immunosensor for the simultaneous detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and mucin 1 (MUC1) biomarkers. The sensor is based on Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene loaded with ruthenium (Ru)/palladium oxide (PdO) nanostructures Ru/PdO@MXene and poly(aniline-<i>co</i>-pyrrole) copolymer substrate. The Ru/PdO@MXene enhanced stability, sensitivity, and impedimetric performance, while the copolymer improved antibody immobilization. Optimized experimental parameters enabled enhanced sensor sensitivity and selectivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed excellent linearity across 1.0 fg mL^-1 to 100 ng mL^-1 for HER2 and 1.0 fg mL^-1 to 200 ng mL^-1 for MUC1. The sensor's detection limits reached 0.26 fg mL^-1 (HER2) and 0.28 fg mL^-1 (MUC1), with outstanding sensitivity of 34.45 and 13.86 ng·mL^-1, respectively. In addition, the sensor demonstrated high selectivity, stability, repeatability, and a detection time of 20 min. Spiked serum sample testing yielded recovery rates of 89.6-102.7% (HER2) and 85.69-105.8% (MUC1). This platform shows great promise for early breast cancer diagnosis and could be extended to other clinically relevant biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"5743-5756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology-Driven Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Coencapsulation of Irinotecan and Cyclosporine A in SNEDDS for Superior Outcomes.","authors":"Rati Yadav, Padakanti Sandeep Chary, Harshada Bhalerao, Vaibhavi Srivastava, Ekta Pardhi, Avinash Pawar, Rajesh Sonti, Neelesh Kumar Mehra","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00567","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irinotecan (IRN), a camptothecin derivative, has limited and inadequate oral absorption due to efflux pump activity by intestinal P-glycoprotein receptors. To complete these challenges, we designed and fabricated irinotecan and cyclosporine. A coloaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (CO-IR-CP-SNs) can effectively prevent P-gp efflux and P450 enzyme metabolization, increasing oral bioavailability. To date, this combination has not been reported, which gives uniqueness to our formulation. The CO-IR-CP-SNs were fabricated by using the Box-Behnken design tool with Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and PEG-400 as the oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The optimized CO-IR-CP-SNs had an average globule size of 16.36 ± 1.09 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.250 ± 0.01. The combination index value supports the existence of synergy in human colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116). The combination index shows a value of 0.78, which is <1, indicating synergism. Coloaded SNEDDS (CO-IR-CP-SNs) showed greater cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a 14-fold and 6.08-fold increase in <i>C</i>_max and increased bioavailability compared with pure drug suspensions of IRN and CSP, respectively. Systemic toxicity signifies the nontoxic nature of CO-IR-CP-SNs in comparison to pure drug solutions of irinotecan and cyclosporine, individual and in combination. Hence, CO-IR-CP-SNs show promising results and improved oral bioavailability, which is beneficial in anticancer therapy with minimal side effects associated with the drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"5883-5902"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Activity Assay for Highly Sensitive Detection of Trypsin.","authors":"Sathishkumar Munusamy, Haiyan Zheng, Jun Chen, Shuo Zhou, Juanhua Kong, Rana Jahani, Yuan Zhao, Xiyun Guan","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00854","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteases play important roles in diverse physiological processes, and their malfunction has been implicated in various conditions and diseases. Therefore, development of sensitive methods for protease detection in clinical samples is highly desired for disease diagnosis. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive and selective CRISPR-Cas12a based fluorescent assay for trypsin activity measurement. By taking advantage of the signal amplification brought by a unique magnetic bead-gold nanoparticle assembly, which carries the peptide substrate and tens to hundreds of DNA molecules per peptide molecule, trypsin can be detected with a limit of detection reaching as low as 0.13 ng/mL. Furthermore, the sensor selectivity study was performed by examining several biomolecules commonly present in biological samples, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), DNase, RNase, chymotrypsin, elastase, and thrombin. Moreover, trypsin inhibition and serum sample analysis were successfully carried out. Given the ultrahigh sensitivity, the CRISPR-based trypsin activity assay developed in this work can be used as a generic platform for developing sensors for other proteases, offering the potential as a noninvasive/minimally invasive tool for clinical diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"6379-6387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Synthesis of Ibuprofen-Based Self-Deliverable Hybrid Gel Systems: Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles, Antibacterial and Self-Healing Properties.","authors":"Ashish Bora, Ritika Munjal, Argha Chakraborty, Lata Meena, Shabin N Chathangad, Sushabhan Sadhukhan, Suman Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00681","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reported molecule gel-forming component <i>N</i>¹,<i>N</i>³,<i>N</i>⁵-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (<b>TABTA</b>) has been synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic tools and techniques. The hybrid gel systems were fabricated using <b>TABTA</b> with <b>ibuprofen</b> and <b>G8</b>, which act as silver nanoparticle synthesis and stabilization templates. All gels were fabricated using the minimum critical gelation (MGC) method, and the interactions among the gelator components forming hybrid gel matrices were examined by using FT-IR and PXRD spectroscopy. <b>G8-TABTA</b> forms metallogels with Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ but not with the Ni²⁺ perchlorate salt. In contrast, <b>TABTA-Ibp</b> exclusively forms a metallogel with silver perchlorate. The synthesized gels were characterized as viscoelastic materials, based on their rheological behavior. The storage modulus (<i>G</i>') and loss modulus (<i>G</i>″), along with their dependence on applied mechanical strain, were assessed through amplitude sweep measurements for all gels. Further rheological investigations, such as frequency sweep and thixotropic studies, confirmed their gel-like characteristics. The <b>TABTA-Ibp</b> gel matrix possesses significant features as it can deliver itself, has excellent injectability, and has self-healing capabilities. Drug release was monitored by using UV-visible spectroscopy at two different pH levels. The release of the <b>ibuprofen</b> drug from <b>TABTA-Ibp</b> organogel and <b>TABTA-Ibp-Ag</b> metallogel matrices was studied at room temperature by layering the gels with PBS buffer solution. At varying pH levels, 3 mL of PBS buffer was added to the gel matrices and left for 72 h. The UV-vis spectra of the supernatant solutions, collected at different time intervals, were recorded to determine the amount of drug released. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of the <b>G8-TABTA</b>, <b>G8-TABTA-Ag</b>, <b>G8-TABTA-Zn</b>, <b>TABTA-Ibp</b>, and <b>TABTA-Ibp-Ag</b> xerogels was evaluated against Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Gram-positive <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"6159-6176"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitin-Core Chitosan-Sheath Nanowhiskers as a Multifunctional Bionanofiber Modality for Hydrogel Microspheres in a Micromolding-Based Fabrication-Conjugation Approach.","authors":"Alec K Zackin, Subhash Kalidindi, Hyunmin Yi","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00632","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Simple and tunable production of macroporous hydrogel microparticles for rapid protein quantification in a suspension array format remains a major challenge. We exploit biologically derived rigid nanofibers as a multifunctional modality in a robust micromolding method using a postfabrication bioconjugation approach to address this challenge. Specifically, chitin-core chitosan-sheath nanowhiskers (CSNW) with a tunable amine titer are prepared under mild deacetylation reaction conditions. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and dynamic viscosity measurements show rigid bionanofibers with substantially lower viscosity compared to solubilized linear forms of chitosan and other biopolymers, suggesting improved handling and manufacturability. Fluorescent labeling studies on polyacrylamide-based microspheres fabricated via micromolding indicate stable and uniform incorporation of CSNW in hydrogel microspheres and the readily tunable chemical functionality of CSNW. Further, reliable fabrication using acrylate-modified CSNW as the primary cross-linker, along with selective and improved protein conjugation kinetics, attests to the macroporous network of the hydrogel microparticles and illustrates the multifunctionality of CSNW. We thus envision that our approach in harnessing potent bionanofibers and micromolding can be readily extended to produce a wide variety of multifaceted microscale materials with a multitude of desirable features with improved performances for applications such as rapid biosensing and biodiagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":"6013-6024"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}