Journal of Early Modern Christianity最新文献

{"title":"Conversion and Sanctity in Print: The Episode of Ignatius of Loyola and Isaac, the Roman Jew ca. 1600","authors":"Jonathan E. Greenwood","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Roman engraver Francesco Villamena (ca. 1565–1624) produced a print in 1600 that illustrated the life and miracles of Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), the founder of the Society of Jesus. It featured a conversion of a local Jew named Isaac described as the movement, possibly miraculously, of another’s heart by Ignatius. Villamena’s engraving, however, must be contrasted with lives of Ignatius written by Pedro de Ribadeneyra (1526–1611). A Jesuit of Jewish ancestry, Ribadeneyra’s accounts, like the Roman print, spoke of the conversion of Isaac. Its 1601 iteration, however, explicitly situated the event among the founder’s miracles. This article examines the place of persons of Jewish ancestry in conceptions of Early Modern sanctity. With this case study, I will compare the print cultures of Rome and Madrid as well as visual and written accounts of this conversion to help us better understand the role of religious minorities in the determination of Catholic sainthood.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77906590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War Saints: The Canonization of 1622","authors":"R. Hsia","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The five new saints added to the feast days of the Catholic Church in 1622 occurred in the middle of two wars: the 30 Years’ War in Central Europe between Protestants and Catholics, and the resumption of the struggle by the Dutch to gain independence from Spain. Coming as the result of intense lobbying by different ecclesiastical and political interests, the canonization of 1622 provided an excellent window to observe the mentality of Counter-Reformation Europe. This is accomplished by a close reading of the reports of festivities and celebrations that took place in Rome, Prague, cities of Catholic Germany, in France and Lorraine, in Madrid, where the Spanish capital celebrated their four new national saints, and finally in Antwerp, near the frontlines in the Spanish Netherlands. In the uneven reception of the five saints, those of the Jesuits Ignatius and Xavier stood out, as models for Spanish military valor and global empire.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85804493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quintuple Canonization of 1622: Between the Renewal of the Making of Saints and Claims for Pontifical Monopoly","authors":"Christian Renoux","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the particular place of the quintuple canonization of 1622 in the long history of papal canonization. While the papacy gradually imposed its control over the creation of new saints in the Middle Ages, in the Modern Era it faced a double challenge to its practice. On the one hand, Luther condemned the elevation to the altars in 1523 of the Saxon bishop Benno of Meissen, in which he saw the creation of a new idol. And, in fact, a long silence from the Roman Curia followed. On the other hand, when Sixtus V decided to canonize a new saint in 1588 in response to the insistent request of Philip II of Spain, the Roman Curia was confronted with strong pressure from the new orders to have their founder canonized in the context of a multiplication of cults of beati that was beyond its control. The quintuple canonization of 1622 was the triumph of these orders and their founder, but Urban VIII drew radical consequences in the years that followed. He decided to impose new rules of procedure that allowed Rome to extend its monopoly to the cult of the beati and to regain for a few decades the parsimony of medieval canonization.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80443177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Birth of Modern Sanctity: The 1622 Canonizations","authors":"Franco Motta, E. Rai","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2024","url":null,"abstract":"We believe that the decision to devote a special issue of the Journal of Early Modern Christianity to the canonizations of 1622, the fourth centenary of which was celebrated recently, needs little explanation. For those studying the history of sainthood, its patterns over the centuries, and the procedural changes allowing for its recognition, indeed, the five canonizations of that year – Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, Philip Neri, and Isidore the Farmer – constituted a fundamental turning point in the history of the Roman Church. As Ronnie Po-chia Hsia has pointed out in hisTheWorld of Catholic Renewal (2005), a sixth proclamation should ideally be added to the five key cases above, one that preceded them by only a dozen years (1610): that of Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), archbishop of Milan, cardinal, reformer, and champion of the Counter-Reformation and post-Tridentine Catholic renewal. On one hand, for the Counter-Reformation Church – or Tridentine Church – the canonization ceremonyheld in 1622marked the endof a longperiod of crisis dating back a century or so, to the rise of the Protestant Reformation. Needless to say, rejecting the cult of the saints had been one of the central steps in the formation of Protestant doctrines; it was one of several elements that gravitated around the distinction between theword of Scripture as the authentic source of faith, and the concrete reality of secular traditions Protestantismblamed for corrupting the divinemessage. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) reaffirmed the validity of the cult of saints and images, as well as the seven sacraments and means of sacramental mediation exercised by the Church such as indulgences, relics, jubilees and the belief in Purgatory. And yet almost sixty years passed from the date that decree was issued during the Council’s last session to the proclamations of 1622, pointing to the lengthy phase of reflection in which the Church redrew the contours of its relationship with holiness. The first issue sanctity entailed, as we know,was the balance of power between the center and the periphery, as evidenced by the fact that the 1622 canonizations arrived after a complex period of re-drafting the procedures for recognizing sanctity. This reformulation involved establishing the Congregation of Rites (1588) under Sixtus V (1521–1590, r. from 1585) and creating two","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87818040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dying in the Odor of Sanctity: Philip Neri and the Performance of Saintly Death in Catholic Reformation Rome","authors":"Thomas J. Santa Maria","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the four-hundredth anniversary of the canonization of Philip Neri, this paper proposes to analyze important elements of Neri’s sanctity. In particular, it focuses on what Oratorian hagiographers emphasized about his life and his holiness in their creation of his saintly reputation. I argue that death and dying was a central aspect of Philipine sanctity. In his life and ministries, modeling himself after Christian solitary ascetic monks and charitable caregiving mendicants, Philip Neri’s life revolved around death.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88446385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framing Sainthood in 1622: Teresa of Ávila, Ignatius of Loyola, and Francis Xavier","authors":"P. M. Jones","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pope Gregory XV raised five holy persons to official sanctity in a grand ceremony in Saint Peter’s basilica in Rome on 12 March 1622. Three of the new saints were sixteenth-century Spanish contemporaries: the Discalced Carmelite Teresa of Ávila and the Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier. The saints were celebrated according to personas that were rooted in the framework of sanctity inherent to the processes for official holiness, that is, the official character of their deeds, virtues, and miracles. Setting aside miracles, this paper centers on Teresa’s deeds and virtues, which have been less well understood than those of her Jesuit counterparts. The nature of her holy image emerges from a highly selective comparison with the Jesuits’ deeds and virtues as presented in word and image in Rome in March 1622. On the basis of written and visual documents tied to Teresa’s processes and the canonization ceremony, I reinterpret two aspects of her image as promulgated in 1622: the way in which her active and contemplative lives were inextricably linked to her reform of the Carmelite Order; and the role and character of her virtues.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81299887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Distinctive Features of Religious Festivities in the Spanish Netherlands: The Douai Celebrations for the Canonisation of Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier","authors":"R. Dekoninck, A. Delfosse","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is devoted to the spectacular ceremonies organised in the Low Countries to celebrate the canonisations of Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier. It focuses in particular on how local festive culture, characterised by a long tradition of spectacular Joyous Entries, has shaped these events. Compared to these previous models, what kind of new and specific language was created to express the transcendence of an absentee, the saint, and through him the Divine? Did a more obvious relationship exist between wonder and the sacred? We seek to answer these questions through the study of a particular case: the festivities organised by the university town of Douai. We explore the ways in which texts and images propose, through rather sophisticated displays, a re-creation of what happened rather than a representation.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88911274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Holy Flood of Saints: The 1622 Canonizations","authors":"R. Hsia","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86876414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glorifying Francis Xavier’s (1506–1552) Good Deeds or Miracles? The Negotiation of Sanctity in Daniello Bartoli’s Asia (1653)","authors":"Elisa Frei","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This essay focuses on Francis Xavier (1506–1552), the first saint of the Society of Jesus, canonised with its founder Ignatius of Loyola in 1622, and three differing perceptions of his sanctity, both within his own religious order and outside it. The work of Alessandro Valignano gives a first introduction soon after Xavier’s death, with complaints about how most of the testimonies of the future saint were exaggerated and not particularly edifying (1580s). The second text is the manuscript Relatio Rotae (1619), commissioned by Pope Paul V for Xavier’s canonisation, which contains many pages testifying to the same miracles and prophecies Valignano criticised. The final and main source is the treatise Asia by Daniello Bartoli (1653). The Ferrarese Jesuit dedicated the first half of it to Xavier’s life and death, and drew from multiple sources, always proud of his historical detachment, sobriety, and discretion. The examination of these sources highlights all of the negotiations involved in sanctity, especially in such an important period for the Roman Catholic Church in general, and for the Society of Jesus in particular.","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81136295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Personal Union: Reformed Christology and the Question of the Communicatio Idiomatum","authors":"Andrew R. Hay","doi":"10.1515/jemc-2022-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2022-2023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29688,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Early Modern Christianity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85440948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}