Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas最新文献

{"title":"Breaking and Making Identities: Transformations of Ceramic Repertoires in Early Colonial Hispaniola","authors":"Marlieke Ernst, C. Hofman","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_007","url":null,"abstract":"The first interactions between Spaniards and the peoples of the New World on the island of Hispaniola (presently Haiti and the Dominican Republic) set the stage for the course of colonization in the rest of the Americas (Hofman et al. 2018). Outcomes of the first encounters included miscommunication, misunderstanding, conflict, enslavement, and a range of other intercultural interactions. Intermarriages between Spanish men and Amerindian women, slavery, the taking of concubines, as well as exchange of goods and food items occurred on a regular basis (Deagan 1988, 2004; Sauer 1966; Valcárcel Rojas et al. 2013). These exchanges resulted in a process of transculturation;1 a creative, ongoing, process of appropriation, revision, and survival both in social and material dimensions (Ortiz [1940] 1995). Transculturation did not only occur between the indigenous peoples of Hispaniola and the Spanish. In 1503, the Spanish obtained legal justification to move indigenous peoples across the islands. Indigenous slavery was thereby officially sanctioned by the Crown ( Anderson-Córdova 1990, 2017; Hofman et al. 2018; Rivera-Pagán 2003). One of the destinations of these indigenous enslaved laborers was Hispaniola ( Anderson-Cordova 1990; Rivera-Pagán 2003; Sued Badillo 2001). By 1505, enslaved Amerindians were supplemented by enslaved Africans (Rivera-Pagán 2003; Olsen Bogaert et al. 2011a). Through time, increasingly more Africans","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121206402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Beyond the Falls’: Amerindian Stance towards New Encounters along the Wild Coast (ad 1595–1627)","authors":"M. Bel, G. Collomb","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_016","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Guianas represent the border re­ gion of the Demarcation Line that is approximately situated to the East of the mouth of the Amazon River. Both Iberian nations, firmly implanted on both sides of this line by the second half of the sixteenth century (i.e. Margarita and Pernambuco) do not establish themselves in this area. It is possible they do this to avoid confrontations between themselves but this settlement pattern also leaves an opening for the English, Dutch and French to intervene in the area and barter with the indigenous population (Figure 15.1). After the discovery of pearls off the Coast of Paria in 1508 and their deple­ tion by the 1530s, the focus of the Spanish upon the Aztec, Inca and Muisca gold seemed to diminish their interest in these new parts of the Americas.","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132169472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War and Peace in the Sixteenth-Century Southwest: Objected-Oriented Approaches to Native-European Encounters and Trajectories","authors":"Clay Mathers","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_015","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Southwestern United States was the focus for the largest sixteenth-century entrada in North America, evidence for the indigenous use, modification, and consumption of early European objects in this region has been surprisingly modest.1 In reviewing the archaeological record of sixteenth-century Southwestern entradas there is a notable scarcity of early European artifacts in indigenous domestic, mortuary, and other contexts. While sixteenth-century European objects are present in the Southwest, they are linked predominantly with sites associated with Spaniards and their indigenous Mexican allies, rather than indigenous Americans. More striking is that although large assemblages of European contact period items are found where Spanish-led expeditions spent the most time and encountered the greatest indigenous resistance, these same areas present limited evidence that early European objects were utilized in any significant way by indigenous communities – as tools, for display, or for ceremonial purposes. Elsewhere in the Southwest, where more peaceful relations prevailed, early contacts did result in materials being exchanged and incorporated into indigenous contexts, though these objects seldom bear signs of purposeful modification. This discussion argues that the clash and entanglement of material culture and ideational systems at the earliest phase of contact in the Southwest cannot be understood","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134024284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous Pottery Technology of Central Mexico during Early Colonial Times","authors":"G. H. Sánchez","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_014","url":null,"abstract":"The Spanish colonization dramatically interrupted the autonomous development of ancient Mesoamerican culture. Nevertheless, indigenous societies learned to live with the conquest. It was not only a time of crisis, but also an extraordinary creative period. The complex interaction between the indigenous and European worlds gave way to new social systems, technologies and artistic expressions. In this process, material culture played a central role. Things provoked rather than just reflected people’s particular responses and adaptations to the changing circumstances. After the Spanish conquest, for example, the encounter of Mesoamerican potters with European ceramics profoundly impacted the native pottery technology. Potters faced foreign ceramics and decided to adopt, reinterpret or reject them. This work presents insights into that process of transformation by focusing on the interaction of indigenous potters with the Spanish pottery in central Mexico during the early colonial period (ad 1521–1650). In that region, on the eve of the conquest, potters made a wide variety of objects, with many techniques and in many styles, in which dexterity, creativity and aesthetics played important roles. The Spaniards introduced new wares and new technologies to produce them. Emblematic were the potter’s wheel, the glazing and the majolica ware. They were typical of the Spanish pottery technology at that time and implied a different understanding of ceramics. As will be shown, potters interacted with these novelties in different and complex ways. The pre-Hispanic ceramic technology persisted after the conquest, but the various dimensions of ceramic-making were differently impacted by such particular encounters. Clay recipes, method of forming and firing technology were maintained without change. In contrast, surface finishing and decoration evidenced great creativity.","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134154800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Santa María de la Antigua del Darién: the Aftermath of Colonial Settlement","authors":"A. Sarcina","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_009","url":null,"abstract":"Chance played a great role in the entire first part of the Iberian conquest of the continent nowadays known as America. Among the many plays of destiny, the first and crucial one was that Columbus by chance (and by mistake of calculations) found the Antilles, while he was sailing towards Cathay and Cipango. The encounter with what was perceived more and more clearly as a new land of considerable dimensions confronted the Spanish rulers with a totally new situation, which they began to face with strategies that were sometimes contradictory, but always following from the political and military experience they had gained in the phase of European expansion and consolidation. In Late Medieval Europe, the concept of empire was linked to an idealized line of succession dating back to the Holy Roman Empire. However, it was precisely the fall of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire, with the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed ii in 1453, that elicited the need to open new roads from the West to the Indies. The kings of Spain were inspired by the Roman imperial model when they had to face the abyss of the unknown. The governors and governances of the New World colonies were the equivalents of the Roman governors in the imperial provinces. Likewise, the main base of territorial domination was the founding of cities, which acted as military as well as symbolic bastions of the nascent Spanish imperial expansion. The cities of the new colonies were built with inspiration in the ideal model of the orthogonal Greek-Roman city, in a new Renaissance version that placed the cathedral church and the Plaza Mayor at the center of the urban grid. However, the models of Spanish imperial domination and the ideal plans of the cities to be founded in the New World, so clearly conceived in theory, were reshaped and transformed when confronted with the reality of the new lands, that is, with the indigenous peoples who inhabited it and with the environment so different from that of Europe. Santa María de la Antigua del Darién is a paradigmatic case since it is the first Castilian city founded on the American continent. We do not know the","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115413005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Cultures: the Visibility of the European Invasion of Caribbean Honduras in the Sixteenth Century","authors":"Russell N. Sheptak, R. Joyce","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_011","url":null,"abstract":"The Americas have been an especially important setting for the development of new understandings of the historical processes that followed colonization by Europeans, who acted as agents to introduce large populations of African origin, resulting in a colonial situation of great complexity. Originally conceived of as ‘culture contact,’ these discussions rapidly gained in sophistication (Lightfoot 1995; Lightfoot et al. 1998). Critiques of the idea of contact, in which two somewhat homogeneous entities collided, with the stronger exercising some sort of hegemony over the weaker, were accompanied by the development of detailed investigations of specific historical engagements (Silliman 2005, 2010). These blurred the lines between what could be considered original or novel, ‘authentic’ or hybrid. Models for the emergence of new populations with newly formed identities have been most completely developed under the framework of ethnogenesis (Palka 2005; Voss 2008; Weik 2004). Weik (2004, 36) defined ethnogenesis as, ‘the formation of new or different sociocultural groups from the interactions, intermixtures, and antagonisms among people who took part in global processes of colonialism and slavery’. Our research explores the colonial situation of a region centered on the city of San Pedro Sula, part of the Honduran province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. Founded in ad 1536 as a Spanish villa (incorporated town), San Pedro flourished as the center for transmission of products of gold mines toward ports, until gold smelting was moved inland in the early 1580s to the colonial capital city, Comayagua. From that point on, the Spanish citizenry of San Pedro Sula steadily declined. We argue that in fact, the transformation of Honduran indigenous life preceded the formal incorporation of the province of the río Ulúa into the administrative district of San Pedro. For more than a decade before the founding of the city, indigenous towns in northern Honduras had experienced impacts of disease, raiding to capture labor for mines elsewhere in Central America,","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122316729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colonial Encounters in Lucayan Contexts","authors":"P. Gnivecki, Mary Jane Berman","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_003","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption patterns are informed by context, so, when studying indigenous consumption of European items, it is necessary to consider how colonial contexts varied (Dietler 1998; Lightfoot and Simmons 1998; Oland 2014, 646). Much of what has been written about the indigenous consumption of European artifacts during the early period of Spanish colonialism of the Caribbean has focused on the patterns observed at colonial settler sites such as La Isabela (Deagan 1988; Deagan and Cruxent 2000a,b), Puerto Real (Deagan 1995), and Concepción de la Vega (Ortega and Fondeur 1978) on Hispaniola or encomienda sites such as El Chorro de Maíta on Cuba (Valcárcel Rojas 2016). At these sites, the indigenous occupants and the Spanish lived and worked in close proximity under colonial scrutiny in mines, workshops, fields, and households (Kulstad-González 2015; Valcárcel Rojas et al. 2013). Indigenous sites located on the geographic and political frontiers of colonial settlements also offer insights about local consumption of European goods during the early period of Spanish colonization. These communities were not subject to the same level of regulation as those in the colonial centers and their autonomy offered different opportunities for indigenous agency (Lightfoot and Martinez 1995; Oland 2014). In some cases, local peoples did not have direct contact with the Spanish, but acquired European objects by way of down-theline trade. Such was the case of El Cabo, an indigenous site in southeastern Dominican Republic, which did not experience direct colonial control during the early years of colonization of Hispaniola (Hofman et al. 2014; Samson 2010; Valcárcel Rojas et al. 2013). The Bahama archipelago, home to the Lucayans, the indigenous occupants of these islands, offers another opportunity to view native consumption of European goods during the early period of Spanish colonization. The Spanish regarded the Bahama Islands as useless, referring to them as islas inútiles (Anderson-Córdova 2017, 131) and did not establish settler communities or institute the encomienda system here as they did elsewhere in the Antilles. With the decimation of many of its indigenous inhabitants and the formal establishment of the encomienda system on Hispaniola in 1503, the Spanish","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126880574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}