Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas最新文献

{"title":"Treating ‘Trifles’: the Indigenous Adoption of European Material Goods in Early Colonial Hispaniola (1492–1550)","authors":"Floris Keehnen","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_004","url":null,"abstract":"Early colonial encounters with Europeans introduced indigenous Caribbean peoples to a wide array of foreign goods and materials. Through gift-giving and exchange, objects form vital elements for negotiating the social, cultural, and material boundaries between peoples with vastly different cultural-historical backgrounds (e.g., Cipolla 2017; Gosden 2004; Maran and Stockhammer 2012; Thomas 1991). In the Caribbean, these exotic items often possessed qualities similar to or commensurable with the preexisting values of indigenous societies, facilitating their intercultural transfer and adoption (Keehnen 2011, 2012; Oliver 2000; Saunders 1999). The blending of new and traditional material expressions ushered in a period of creativity and innovation, in which the material culture repertoires of all those involved in the colonial process increasingly transformed. European trade goods were offered to indigenous Caribbean peoples within days after first encounter on 12 October 1492 at the island of San Salvador, The Bahamas (Dunn and Kelley 1989, 83–85; see also Berman and Gnivecki this volume). Christopher Columbus’ log of his first voyage in addition to the accounts from traveling companions and other contemporaries vividly describe how such material interactions continued throughout the early colonial period. An analysis of a standard corpus of late fifteenthand early sixteenth-century (ethno)historical sources pertaining to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas has identified a total number of 177 such (reciprocal) gift-giving, barter, and tribute events in which objects transfer between cultural groups (Keehnen and Mol 2018). The vast majority of these transactions took place within the first 5-year period of colonial interaction and these involved at least 137 different types of objects, 61 of which are of European origin.2","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129866915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exotics for the Lords and Gods: Lowland Maya Consumption of European Goods along a Spanish Colonial Frontier","authors":"J. Awe, C. Helmke","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_012","url":null,"abstract":"In the volume The Lowland Maya Postclassic, Arlen Chase and Prudence Rice (1985, 5) contend that Spanish presence in the Maya lowlands “is not clearly detectable in the archaeological record until the nineteenth century.” To this they add that: “This is partially a consequence of an apparent reluctance on the part of the Maya to accept European trade items or at least to deposit them in the archaeological record.” This point of view echoes the previous observation by Nancy Farris (1984, 110) that “Except for some simple metal tools [...] one can find little European material impact” on Maya culture during the early colonial period. Farris (1984, 45) also argued that the Maya of the Yucatan generally had a “cultural bias against European goods” and that the few tools and trinkets that were acquired “were passed on through generations as treasured heirlooms.” Farris (1984, 45) further noted that, with the exception of metal tools and gunpowder, “which came to be regarded as a requirement for any fiesta, besides its use in hunting,” there were only a few items that the Maya actually desired from the Spaniards. While we would agree that the volume and diversity of European goods were limited along the lowland Maya colonial frontier, considerable ethnohistoric and archaeological evidence that has come to light in recent years, demonstrate both increasing acquisition and integration as well as desire, if not demand, for European objects by the contact period Maya. Avendaño y Loyola (1987, 29; see also Means 1917, 131) went even further in his assessment of the Maya interest in obtaining Spanish goods, reporting that the Itza demonstrated an “insatiable desire” for these objects. Whereas all such assertions must be tempered by the relative ubiquity or scarcity of European objects in archaeological contexts, we can nevertheless identify a series of different driving factors that fueled the Maya desire for European goods. Among these was the acquisition of European goods as status symbols, for practical and mundane or quotidian purposes, as well as for their incorporation in ceremonies","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128930367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rancherías: Historical Archaeology of Early Colonial Campsites on Margarita and Coche Islands, Venezuela","authors":"A. Antczak, M. Antczak, O. Antczak, L. A. L. Buffet","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_008","url":null,"abstract":"The frantic nature of the contact period followed by the unrelenting forging of quotidian colonial realities brought dramatic changes to indigenous peoples across the Americas. Each of these phases assumed specific social expressions and pulsated with diverse regional tempos. Undeniably, some threads that interconnected indigenous populations of the late precolonial times were irreversibly severed during the contact period. Other links survived and underwent various processes of transformation. Along the Venezuelan coast and the parallel chain of Southeastern Caribbean islands, the arrival of the Europeans had categorical consequences. It cut off or thoroughly transformed traditional circuits of exchange and spheres of interaction which crossed boundaries of archaeologically defined precolonial cultures and united diverse – protohistorically known – linguistic and ethnic units (Amodio 1991; Antczak and Antczak 2006; Biord Castillo 1985; Biord Castillo and Arvelo 2007; Heinen and García-Castro 2000; Henley 1985; Perera 2000; Scaramelli and Tarble de Scaramelli 2005; Tiapa 2008). Although little is known about the nature of the social processes behind the scene, there is some persuasive archaeological evidence of their operation in the late precolonial and early colonial Venezuelan Caribbean (Antczak and Antczak 2015a, 2015b; Antczak et al. 2015; Rivas 2001). Northeastern Venezuela is exceptionally well-suited for archaeological research into the encounter of differing material cultures and socio-cultural transformations in early colonial settings. Since the early sixteenth century, the Spanish were present in this area on the barren island of Cubagua surrounded by extensive pearl oyster beds. There, the town of Nueva Cádiz was officially founded in 1528. Ever since then, facts and fictions about this town and its inhabitants have played an important role in Venezuelan historiography and anthropology; they have also stirred the imagination of artists. The ‘story’","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122395875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colonial Encounters in the Southern Lesser Antilles: Indigenous Resistance, Material Transformations, and Diversity in an Ever-Globalizing World","authors":"C. Hofman, M. Hoogland, A. Boomert, J. Martin","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_017","url":null,"abstract":"The Lesser Antilles (Figure 16.1) represent one of the major regions in the world in which the lasting effects of the encounters between Europe and indigenous cultures with dramatically different ideological, social, technological, and economic frameworks are still very apparent. The small islands, which are located to the east of the Caribbean Sea, were linked through a vast web of social relationships in which Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans became entangled during the first centuries of European invasion and colonization. The intercultural dynamics which materialized during the early colonial period likely built upon local and regional networks of peoples, goods, and ideas that had developed in the insular Caribbean over the previous 6000 years (Hofman and Bright 2010; Hofman et al. 2011). By ad 1000, different island societies had developed in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and by 1492 a web of interlocking networks had spread across the Caribbean Sea, crossing local, regional, and pan-Caribbean boundaries (Hofman and Hoogland 2011). At the time of contact, these networks, which were flexible, robust, inclusive, and outwardlooking systems, echoed the overarching patterns of human migration and mobility, and the intercultural dynamics among the communities of both islands and mainland(s) (Hofman et al. 2014). The Lesser Antilles were the last set of islands in the circum-Caribbean to be officially and permanently settled by Europeans in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Their occupation of these islands was fiercely contested by the Island Carib (Kalinago) and their mixed descendants, the Black Carib (Garifuna).1","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122855289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situating Colonial Interaction and Materials: Scale, Context, Theory","authors":"Maxine Oland","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_018","url":null,"abstract":"As stated in the introduction, the editors of this volume bring together archaeological research from early colonial encounters in the Caribbean and the surrounding mainland. They sought original and fresh field data, and asked scholars to bring a material culture perspective to their interpretations. The result is an impressive body of work that brings into conversation case studies from a diverse set of indigenous cultural traditions. Although the authors draw from a range of historical data, previously excavated, and recently excavated material, each foregrounds material culture as a way to understand colonial period interactions. How do the artifacts found at early colonial period indigenous sites help us understand the relationships between European, Amerindian, and African peoples? What can these objects tell us about the culture changes that resulted from these interactions? These questions fit into a larger inquiry into the role of material culture in colonial contexts, which is summarized in the introduction. This epilogue highlights three areas of inquiry that seem critical to the case studies in this volume. What is the scale of contact and material interaction? What are the contexts in which material culture was acquired, created, and deposited? And how do we conceptualize the relationship between foreign or mixed material culture and culture change in a way that honors the indigenous peoples that made, acquired, or deposited these objects? I conclude the epilogue with a short look toward future studies, as inspired by reading these chapters.","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127737403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Material Culture in Indigenous Sites in Northeastern Cuba","authors":"R. V. Rojas, M. Hoogland","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_006","url":null,"abstract":"handling of European objects by the the The","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132900396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resignification as Fourth Narrative: Power and the Colonial Religious Experience in Tula, Hidalgo","authors":"S. Iverson","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_013","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have typically described colonial religious change in Mesoamerica in one of three major narrative frames: (1) the “spiritual warfare narrative”: a top-down imposition of Christianity; (2) the “core-veneer narrative”: a largely failed colonial project in which indigenous subjects retained many of their essential religious traits; or (3) the syncretism narrative: a passive, relatively equal blending of two originally coherent belief systems. These debates are, at their core, ideas about the way that power operates in early colonial situations, and each constitutes a narrative of power that is enabled, strengthened, challenged, and refined by empirical data. However, as I worked through the data I collected from two early Franciscan sites in Tula, Hidalgo in central Mexico (Figure 12.1), I found that existing narratives of religious change were inadequate to interpret the full extent of the transformations and continuities that I was observing. These data pointed toward a complex but unequal exchange: indigenous subjects clearly did not have full autonomy in early colonial Christian contexts, yet their diverse preexisting religious ontologies shaped the New World Church to a remarkable degree. This finding, though shared with many other researchers with similar topics (Graham 2011; Tavárez 2011; Wernke 2007), did not fit well with established narratives of colonial religious power. This was not an “ideal-type” problem: that is, the inherent mismatch between real-world data and inherently inadequate “ideal-type” models. Rather, there seemed to be a gap where a fourth narrative should be. Even so, the old “commonsense” narratives of religious change seemed to stubbornly persist despite ample data and careful refutations of existing models. Finding an interpretation of colonial power that articulated honestly with my data became my most challenging task. To contextualize the Tula case, I explain existing narratives of religious change in the region. I then contrast two forms of material culture from Tula – buildings and ceramics – that, at least superficially, appear to tell opposite","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116197756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact and Colonial Impact in Jamaica: Comparative Material Culture and Diet at Sevilla la Nueva and the Taíno Village of Maima","authors":"S. Henry","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_005","url":null,"abstract":"For the many indigenous cultures encountered in the Americas by the Renaissance voyages of discovery, and particularly those on the islands of the Caribbean, the arrival of Europeans on their shores led to rapid demographic and cultural decline. Introduction of European diseases, violent confrontations, enslavement, Crown-sanctioned forced labor, and the destruction of traditional cultural patterns resulted from this devastating contact and colonialism. But to simplify these initial encounters into narratives of conquest and devastation is to ignore the profound social change to both the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and settler European groups that this encounter provoked (Deagan 2004, 597; Patterson 2010, 133). Fifty years of historical and archaeological research has explored both indigenous and European responses to issues of cultural survival and continuity, resistance and power negotiations, accommodation, acculturation, transculturation, and ethnogenesis. This research has demonstrated that depending on the time, geographic setting, and context of these intercultural encounters, there will be significant variations in responses by both the indigenous peoples and European settlers (Deagan 2004, 598). This chapter looks at both the transformation of Iberian material culture, social practices, and diet in households of the elite and non-elite residents of Sevilla la Nueva, the first Spanish capital on the island of Jamaica, as well as the concurrent social adjustment and resistance to the Iberian colonizing efforts that occurred in the adjacent indigenous Taíno village of Maima. The Spanish colony of Sevilla la Nueva has been explored and analyzed archaeologically on and off through the past century. Excavations reveal a largescale attempt at building the colony into an extensive and productive trading port, capable of supporting further colonization throughout the Caribbean. Excavations conducted at Sevilla la Nueva show the extent of the construction and expectations of this colony, including the building of a town, governor’s fort, and abbey. The role and presence of the indigenous so-called ‘Taíno’ at","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134121416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in Early Colonial El Salvador","authors":"W. Fowler, Jeb C. Card","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_010","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we explore the material encounters and indigenous transformations that took place in two different times and places in the Central American Republic of El Salvador, which in the early colonial period formed part of the audiencia of Guatemala. The cases consist of (1) the early Spanish colonial villa (town) of San Salvador – now the archaeological site of Ciudad Vieja – during the second quarter of the sixteenth century, and (2) the indigenous Pipil town of Caluco of the Izalcos region in western El Salvador during the second half of the same century. The two cases together cover a time span from about ad 1525 to 1600. Any archaeological study of sixteenth-century Spanish America should confront the “haunts” of modernity enumerated by Charles Orser (1996, 2004, 2014): colonialism, mercantilism/capitalism, Eurocentrism, and racialization. These are structurally complex, interconnected forces or metaprocesses that operate on a global scale through simultaneous vertical and horizontal networks as a “unified ... system of activity, practice, and procedure” that came into existence after ad 1500 (Orser 2014, 27). While the haunts are massive global forces that change through time, we may address them in specific archaeological cases by contextualizing issues of power (e.g., gender, status, ethnicity, and identity) through material culture studies at the local, regional, and global scale and in varying time spans. The scale at which pattern can be comprehended or meaning attributed is referred to as the “effective scale” (Marquardt 1989, 7; 1992, 107; following Crumley 1979, 166). We view these issues from the perspective of the effective scales (segments of space and time) in multiscalar, dialectical analysis of archaeological landscapes and material culture (Marquardt 1989, 1992; Orser 1996, 184–190; 2014, 2–4, 66–69). Considering the nexus of everyday practice as seen through a multiscalar, dialectical analysis of the materiality of interaction and change, it becomes possible to plot the courses of relationships and intersections of different groups. The issues of power came into play at the scales of the community and the household at Ciudad Vieja and Caluco as distinct social groups made efforts to preserve their own practices and traditions as they lived alongside each other","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"461 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125807858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","authors":"Floris Keehnen, C. Hofman, A. Antczak","doi":"10.1163/9789004273689_002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273689_002","url":null,"abstract":"Contributions of indigenous peoples to colonial encounters in the Americas were profound, varied, and dynamic. Instead of mere respondents, let alone passive bystanders, indigenous peoples were active agents in processes of colonialism, vital in the negotiation and recreation of new colonial realities. Paradoxically, they have long been some of the most invisible craftsmen of today’s societies. However, recent archaeological scholarship continues to provide material evidence that suggests that notwithstanding the severe and enduring impacts of intruding colonial powers, indigenous peoples continued to make choices that would benefit them. Among the many strategies they chose were alliance making, intermarriage, cooperation, negotiation, trading, escape, resistance, rebellion, and armed conflict. Engagement in this range of ( flexible) friendly and antagonistic social and material relationships was not restricted to two-sided indigenous-European affairs. Quite the contrary, colonial processes resulted as much in shifting relations and identities among indigenous peoples, Africans, and Europeans themselves, as well as between indigenous peoples and Africans, and Europeans and Africans. Over the past few decades, the study of colonial contact and interaction has progressed significantly with the adoption of new and revised theoretical paradigms, innovative research approaches, and multiscalar perspectives. Since the late 1990s, a conceptual framework has come to fruition that highlights colonialism’s entangled and transformative nature on the premise that all parties contributed to and were impacted by the process of interactions through negotiation, creativity, and innovation. Focusing on these and related aspects including local agency, power, and resistance, as well as social constructs such as gender, race, class, and identity, archaeologists have advanced considerably in reconstructing indigenous lives in colonial settings (e.g., Anderson-Córdova","PeriodicalId":293206,"journal":{"name":"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123497052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}