{"title":"Electrochemical reduction of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS): is it possible? Applying experimental and quantum mechanical insights from the reductive defluorination literature","authors":"Jacob F King, Brian P Chaplin","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Remediation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in global water systems is a critical human and environmental health challenge facing society. PFAS consumption is associated with a litany of adverse health effects, and our knowledge of these dangers is still evolving. Current techniques to remove PFAS from water include adsorption to media (e.g. granular activated carbon, ion-exchange resin), nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. However, these processes create a concentrated PFAS residual that requires further management. Destructive techniques are therefore needed to detoxify these residuals. Oxidative techniques have garnered the most attention (e.g. supercritical water oxidation, electrochemical oxidation) but are energy intensive and potentially form toxic by-products. As an alternative, several groups have researched advanced reduction processes that form aqueous electrons, but these processes are still chemical and energy intensive (e.g. ultraviolet/SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup>, electron beam). This concise review therefore focuses on whether electrochemical reduction — a chemical-free, modular process — could be technically feasible for PFAS destruction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101014"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211339824000157/pdfft?md5=e44966baf083d2ca2a5e30c8f63a057b&pid=1-s2.0-S2211339824000157-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced experimental and computational approaches for advanced reduction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","authors":"Sohag Biswas, Xian Wang, Bryan M Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water continues to garner significant attention due to their enduring presence in the environment and associated health concerns. The emergence of advanced reduction processes (ARPs) holds significant promise in reducing persistent PFAS in water, primarily due to its ability to produce short-lived yet highly reductive hydrated electrons. This concise review offers insights into the latest developments in ARP-based PFAS degradation, encompassing both experimental and theoretical investigations conducted within the last 2–5 years. We conclude with an outlook on potential research avenues in this dynamic field and suggest future experimental and computational strategies to enhance ARP capabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211339824000182/pdfft?md5=a631f83c4abe357d3d409a490885b895&pid=1-s2.0-S2211339824000182-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140309396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murtaza Sayed , Chun Zhao , Emmanuel Mousset , Javed A Khan , Dionysios D Dionysiou
{"title":"Decomposition of refractory organics in wastewater by electrocatalytic reduction: mechanism, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Murtaza Sayed , Chun Zhao , Emmanuel Mousset , Javed A Khan , Dionysios D Dionysiou","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review provides a brief overview of the electrocatalytic reduction of refractory organic contaminants in water. The electrocatalytic reduction mechanism and principle are thoroughly discussed. The role of various oxidants such as ozone, persulfate, permanganate, peracetic acid, and mixed oxidants on the electrocatalytic reduction of refractory organic contaminants was deeply explored. The impact of various operational parameters such as current density, initial concentration of oxidants, solution pH, and water matrices on the electrocatalytic degradation of refractory organic compounds has been investigated in detail. Moreover, the role of electrode materials and electrocatalytic reactor design in the electrocatalytic reduction of refractory organic contaminants in water was also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives were highlighted for the practical implementation of electrocatalytic reduction processes for water treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140309395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William A Maza , Vanessa M Breslin , Jeffrey C Owrutsky
{"title":"Early steps in the advanced reduction process of the hydrated electron: lessons learned from transient spectroscopy","authors":"William A Maza , Vanessa M Breslin , Jeffrey C Owrutsky","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Numerous water remediation technologies continue to be developed with the aim to mineralize contaminants with particular emphasis on eliminating perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this review, we describe recent experimental and theoretical studies pertinent to ultraviolet-advanced reduction processes (UV-ARP) in the context of the initial PFAS reduction and defluorination by hydrated electrons, e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup>. Specifically, we highlight approaches using transient absorption spectroscopy that measure the kinetic parameters related to the formation of e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup> and PFAS reduction via e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup> quenching. These studies provide important information, such as the rate constants corresponding to the quenching of e<sub>aq</sub><sup>-</sup> by PFAS, that is crucial in developing a mechanistic framework to describe PFAS degradation by UV-ARP. Additionally, we summarize recent theoretical studies that have calculated the energetics associated with relevant reactions and provided insights regarding the mechanism of reductive defluorination in order to identify prevalent processes and chain- length dependences for electron reactions with contaminants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140181262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy balance models in climate science","authors":"Gerald R North","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy Balance Climate Models have a long history but only drew much attention in the late 1960s. This class of climate models is mainly based upon the balance of streams of energy from the sun and the emission of energy to space, but with simple mechanisms for transport of thermal energy from one location to another. The models only lead to estimates of the surface temperature. The value of these models is their simplicity and their use in understanding of aspects of climate change such as feedback mechanisms and problems of detection of faint signals imbedded in natural climate variability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101010"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140162711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cornelius M Masuku, Richard S Caulkins, Jeffrey J Siirola
{"title":"Process decarbonization through electrification","authors":"Cornelius M Masuku, Richard S Caulkins, Jeffrey J Siirola","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The process industries are energy intensive, mostly fossil fuel fired, and are considered difficult to decarbonize. As more electricity is either renewable or otherwise carbon free, powering more process industry operations with electricity becomes a decarbonization strategy. Thermal energy is required for increasing temperature, phase change, and endothermic reaction. Electricity can generate heat via resistance, induction, dielectric, arc, and gas compression mechanisms, among others. Electrically generated heat can be delivered with high precision and tight control. Furthermore, electricity can power the elevation of heat from lower temperatures to higher temperatures. Electricity can also facilitate chemical reactions that are thermodynamically difficult, especially the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. The key will be to match the right electrical heating technology at the right temperature with the right application at the right scale.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101011"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140162710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arno Raes , Antony C Minja , Karthick Raj AG , Sammy W Verbruggen
{"title":"Recent advances in metal-doped defective TiO2 for photocatalytic CO2 conversion","authors":"Arno Raes , Antony C Minja , Karthick Raj AG , Sammy W Verbruggen","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Introducing defects in TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photocatalytic materials is a promising strategy for improving light-driven CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. However, defects such as oxygen vacancies are generally unstable. As a solution and to further enhance the photocatalytic activity, metal doping has been applied. This mini review aims to summarize recent progress in this particular field. Herein, we have classified metal-doped architectures into three different categories: single metal doping, alloy- and co-doping, and doping of morphologically nanoengineered TiO<sub>2−x</sub> substrates. The direct relationship between specific metals and product selectivity remains complex, as selectivity can vary significantly among seemingly similar materials. However, numerous methods do show promise in fine-tuning selectivity towards either CO or CH<sub>4</sub>. In terms of photocatalytic turnover, remarkable yields have been reported in isolated reports, but insufficient experimental data and divergent reaction conditions hamper a true comparison. This puts an emphasis on the need for standardized activity testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep reinforcement learning for process design: Review and perspective","authors":"Qinghe Gao, Artur M Schweidtmann","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transformation toward renewable energy and feedstock supply in the chemical industry requires new conceptual process design approaches. Recently, deep reinforcement learning (RL), a subclass of machine learning, has shown the potential to solve complex decision-making problems and aid sustainable process design. However, its suitability in static process design still needs to be examined. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of RL for process design. Then, we survey state-of-the-art research through three major elements: (1) information representation, (2) agent architecture, and (3) environment and reward. Moreover, we discuss perspectives on underlying challenges and promising future works to unfold the full potential of RL for process design in chemical engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101012"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211339824000133/pdfft?md5=48434807719d11339aadf8ef46d44883&pid=1-s2.0-S2211339824000133-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140134347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial overview: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","authors":"Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101001"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139985118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antony C Minja , Karthick Raj AG , Arno Raes , Rituraj Borah , Sammy W Verbruggen
{"title":"Recent progress in developing non-noble metal-based photocathodes for solar green hydrogen production","authors":"Antony C Minja , Karthick Raj AG , Arno Raes , Rituraj Borah , Sammy W Verbruggen","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2024.101000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2024.101000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photocathodes play a vital role in photoelectrocatalytic water splitting by acting as catalysts for reducing protons to hydrogen gas when exposed to light. Recent advancements in photocathodes have focused on addressing the limitations of noble metal-based materials. These noble metal-based photocathodes rely on expensive and scarce metals such as platinum and gold as cocatalysts or ohmic back contacts, respectively, rendering the final system less sustainable and costly when applied at scale. This mini-review summarizes the important recent progress in the development of non-noble metal-based photocathodes and their performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction during photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. These advancements bring non-noble metal-based photocathodes closer to their noble metal-based counterparts in terms of performance, thereby paving the way forward toward industrial-scale photoelectrolyzers or PEC cells for green hydrogen production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139505407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}