Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering最新文献

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Radical-chemistry-driven polymer synthesis, modification, and recycling: trends in modeling to upgrade our knowledge and process design 自由基化学驱动的聚合物合成,改性和回收:建模趋势,以升级我们的知识和工艺设计
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101144
Dagmar R D’hooge
{"title":"Radical-chemistry-driven polymer synthesis, modification, and recycling: trends in modeling to upgrade our knowledge and process design","authors":"Dagmar R D’hooge","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer synthesis, modification, and recycling are important polymer reaction engineering (PRE) processes that rely in many cases on radical chemistry. The optimal settings and innovation depend strongly on the characterization degree, which is complicated by the many chain lengths, compositions, and topologies. To grasp macromolecular variations, we need to bridge experimental and modeling methods, the latter the focus of the present work. Emphasis is on (i) faster kinetic Monte Carlo simulations; (ii) the striving for universal solvers; (iii) protocols for parameter determination; (iv) modeling outputs for structure-property relationships; and (v) optimization via artificial intelligence and machine learning methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101144"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Insights into the biodegradation and bioremediation of microplastics: mechanisms and analytical methods 洞察微塑料的生物降解和生物修复:机制和分析方法
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101133
Kanika Dogra , Manish Kumar , Nancy Ornelas-Soto , Abrahan Mora , Dibyendu Sarkar , Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian , Kanchan Deoli Bahukhandi , Jürgen Mahlknecht
{"title":"Insights into the biodegradation and bioremediation of microplastics: mechanisms and analytical methods","authors":"Kanika Dogra ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar ,&nbsp;Nancy Ornelas-Soto ,&nbsp;Abrahan Mora ,&nbsp;Dibyendu Sarkar ,&nbsp;Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian ,&nbsp;Kanchan Deoli Bahukhandi ,&nbsp;Jürgen Mahlknecht","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) degrade through various abiotic processes (thermal, mechanical, hydrolytic, and photo-oxidative) and biotic processes involving microorganisms. This study investigates specific bacteria, fungi, and algae that contribute to MP biodegradation, focusing on species like <em>Bacillus, Rhodococcus</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas</em>, which produce enzymes such as PETase, laccases, and peroxidases to break down high- and low-density polyethylene. However, the biodegradation process varies based on environmental factors and the durability of plastics. There is an urgent need to use advanced methods to understand degradation and its byproducts. Microbial degradation holds promise for addressing MPs, but further research is needed to enhance efficiency and develop sustainable solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101133"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Current status of chemical- or enzyme-assisted ultrasonic pre-treatment processes for lignocellulosic biomass to assess industrialization progress: A review 木质纤维素生物质化学或酶辅助超声预处理工艺的现状及产业化进展综述
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101124
Salla Kälkäjä , Katja Lappalainen , François Delattre , Jean-Marc Lévêque
{"title":"Current status of chemical- or enzyme-assisted ultrasonic pre-treatment processes for lignocellulosic biomass to assess industrialization progress: A review","authors":"Salla Kälkäjä ,&nbsp;Katja Lappalainen ,&nbsp;François Delattre ,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Lévêque","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming and rising pollution levels require a paradigm shift from fossil fuels to renewable feedstock. The valorization of lignocellulose, a virtually endless resource, implies the selective extraction of the three main components, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, to then treat them separately. Among the methods of pretreatment/preferential dissolution of biomass, low-frequency ultrasound (US) has shown to be a promising disruptive technology. Eager to be combined with physical technologies, chemical agents or enzymes, many examples under low-frequency US exist at the lab scale. However, examples of scaling-up of US-processing of biomass remain yet scarce. It appears quite challenging to design ultrasonic equipment that allows sufficient and homogeneous energy powers in large volumes, although recent pioneering work shows considerable progress. This review aims at highlighting the latest works on biomass pretreatment under chemically or enzymatically assisted ultrasonic irradiation on both lab and pilot/semi-industrial scales together with future directions to enable scale-up of ultrasonic processes for biomass valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101124"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using advanced X-ray spectroscopy to reveal molecular level insights into water treatment 使用先进的x射线光谱学揭示水处理分子水平的见解
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101103
Hande Demir , Pinar Aydogan Gokturk , Ethan J Crumlin
{"title":"Using advanced X-ray spectroscopy to reveal molecular level insights into water treatment","authors":"Hande Demir ,&nbsp;Pinar Aydogan Gokturk ,&nbsp;Ethan J Crumlin","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water treatment technologies separate relevant solutes from water resources for water reuse, valuable resource recovery, and increasing the equity and availability of clean water worldwide. Although a variety of treatment methods exist, their performance needs to be improved to enable selective separation with increased durability and fouling resistance. To achieve this, we need to gain a better understanding of how molecular-level physics and chemistry impact integrated systems. Regarding current research on water treatment techniques, there is a clear need to study such systems under realistic environmental conditions. In this review, we aim to show that X-ray spectroscopic techniques are uniquely positioned to provide such information by obtaining detailed molecular insight into phenomena relevant to water research. By doing so, we hope to accelerate the rational design of novel treatment materials and processes. Specifically, a deeper understanding of the complex and interconnected phenomena that impact multilevel water treatment processes will lead to the successful development of next-generation water purification technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Industrialization of hydrodynamic cavitation in plant resource extraction 水动力空化在植物资源提取中的产业化研究
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101140
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
{"title":"Industrialization of hydrodynamic cavitation in plant resource extraction","authors":"Francesco Meneguzzo,&nbsp;Federica Zabini","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Substantial evidence has accumulated about the outstanding effectiveness and efficiency of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) processes for extracting plant resources, as well as its compliance with the principles of green extraction of natural products. A few applications, such as the manufacturing of certain vegetable beverages and beer, offer considerable potential for industrial applications. However, resistance to innovation and possibly the issue of capital costs needed to replace or integrate existing installations can represent important barriers. Further promising application fields concern the manufacturing of dry extracts rich in bioactive compounds from plant resources. However, water removal steps account for most of the energy consumption, thus as high as possible biomass concentration should be used, which sets the design and test of effective strategies to intensify cavitation as a research priority. This short review surveys the most recent studies and proposes practical recommendations toward the actual industrialization of HC processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101140"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advancing hydrogen storage: critical insights to potentials, challenges, and pathways to sustainability 推进氢储存:对潜力、挑战和可持续发展途径的关键见解
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101135
Nisha T Padmanabhan , Laura Clarizia , Priyanka Ganguly
{"title":"Advancing hydrogen storage: critical insights to potentials, challenges, and pathways to sustainability","authors":"Nisha T Padmanabhan ,&nbsp;Laura Clarizia ,&nbsp;Priyanka Ganguly","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research in green hydrogen production is advancing through photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, but storage remains a challenge. Promising hydrogen carriers, such as methanol, ammonia, formic acid, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, and metal hydrides, face issues like low hydrogen content and high energy demands. This review highlights innovations in hydrogen storage, focusing on carrier synthesis and photocatalytic hydrogen release for sustainable, energy-efficient solutions. Advancing catalysts, reactors, lifecycle assessments, and economic feasibility is crucial. Hybrid approaches and augmented intelligence are essential for developing cost-effective, high-efficiency storage systems, driving progress toward a sustainable hydrogen economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101135"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent advances in ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products using novel solvents: a mini-review 超声辅助提取天然产物新溶剂的最新进展:综述
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101132
Santosh Sethi, Virendra K Rathod
{"title":"Recent advances in ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products using novel solvents: a mini-review","authors":"Santosh Sethi,&nbsp;Virendra K Rathod","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key factor in the successful extraction of natural products is the choice of solvent and mass transfer tool, which directly affects the efficiency, yield, selectivity, and quality of the natural products. However, the limitations of traditional solvents and the growing demand for more sustainable and efficient processes have driven interest in novel solvents. This shift is further encouraged by strict environmental regulations aimed at reducing emissions and avoiding hazardous chemicals. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has emerged as a promising technique, enhancing yields and preserving compound quality through the cavitation phenomenon. Recent advancements combine ultrasound with novel solvents, showcasing their synergistic potential to further intensify natural product extraction. This review highlights the comparative performance of UAE and novel solvents, offering insights into their roles and challenges in achieving high-efficiency extraction. These findings aim to guide researchers, educators, and industry professionals toward sustainable and innovative extraction methods that align with environmental and industrial goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101132"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nanoplastic mitigation technologies: challenges and sustainability considerations 纳米塑料减缓技术:挑战和可持续性考虑
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101107
Nisha Singh , Nitin Khandelwal , Ryota Nakajima , Amina K Stoddart , Graham A Gagnon
{"title":"Nanoplastic mitigation technologies: challenges and sustainability considerations","authors":"Nisha Singh ,&nbsp;Nitin Khandelwal ,&nbsp;Ryota Nakajima ,&nbsp;Amina K Stoddart ,&nbsp;Graham A Gagnon","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise of plastic pollution has led to widespread environmental contamination by their tiny fragments, posing alarming environmental threats and health risks. Nanoplastics, NPs (&lt;1000 nm) are particularly concerning due to their enhanced reactivity, potential to cross biological barriers and complex interactions with environmental matrices. Laboratory studies rely heavily on synthetic polystyrene beads, despite polystyrene constituting only 4.5% of global plastic production. Real-world NPs exist as hetero-aggregates with eco-corona layers, significantly altering their reactivity and toxicity. Furthermore, NPs interact with heavy metals and organic pollutants, modifying their fate and altering transport and remediation outcomes.</div><div>This perspective discusses the limitations of current water treatment plant (WTP) processes, highlighting emerging mitigation technologies, associated challenges, and the possibility of their incorporation into existing treatment settings. Enhanced adsorption, nano-enabled membrane filtration, photocatalytic degradation, magnetic microrobots, emulsions, deep eutectic solvents, and plasma technology show initial promise but face challenges like integration in existing treatment setups, high costs, regeneration difficulties, and potential for secondary pollution. Future research should focus on adapting mitigation techniques to diverse environmental matrices and their integration into existing setups, ensuring sustainability and resource recovery while achieving complete mineralization or recovery of NPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101107"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ferroelectric BiFeO3 and BaTiO3 photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting 用于光电化学水分解的铁电BiFeO3和BaTiO3光催化剂
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101123
Samutr Assavachin , Montree Sawangphruk , Frank E Osterloh
{"title":"Ferroelectric BiFeO3 and BaTiO3 photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting","authors":"Samutr Assavachin ,&nbsp;Montree Sawangphruk ,&nbsp;Frank E Osterloh","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocatalytic water splitting offers a sustainable route for hydrogen production but is often hindered by rapid charge carrier recombination and slow kinetics. Traditional strategies to enhance charge separation include solid–solid junctions, facet engineering, and cocatalyst addition. This review explores an alternative approach using ferroelectric materials to improve photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting efficiency. Ferroelectric materials exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, generating internal electric fields that modulate band bending at the solid–liquid interface. This intrinsic property enhances charge carrier separation and directs photogenerated electrons and holes toward specific redox sites or cocatalysts. We highlight key studies demonstrating the effectiveness of ferroelectric materials in PEC applications. Electric polarization of BiFeO<sub>3</sub> thin films resulted in controlled enhancement of water oxidation by directly influencing band bending and charge transfer processes. Similarly, BaTiO<sub>3</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> core–shell structures with Ni(OH)₂ cocatalysts exhibited improved PEC activity through polarization-mediated charge separation. BaTiO<sub>3</sub> particles also demonstrated enhanced PEC water oxidation and hydrogen evolution in both film and suspension systems due to ferroelectric effects. These findings underscore the potential of ferroelectric materials to optimize charge carrier dynamics in photocatalytic processes for better solar energy conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101123"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Applications and applicability of the cavitation technology 空化技术的应用与适用性
IF 8 2区 工程技术
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101129
Melissa G Galloni , Vincenzo Fabbrizio , Roberto Giannantonio , Ermelinda Falletta , Claudia L Bianchi
{"title":"Applications and applicability of the cavitation technology","authors":"Melissa G Galloni ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Fabbrizio ,&nbsp;Roberto Giannantonio ,&nbsp;Ermelinda Falletta ,&nbsp;Claudia L Bianchi","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cavitation technology, encompassing acoustic and hydrodynamic methods, represents a transformative approach to process intensification, enabling high-efficiency energy and mass transfer across diverse industrial applications. Acoustic cavitation exploits high-frequency ultrasonic waves to generate transient and stable bubbles, leading to localized high temperatures, pressures, and reactive species formation. Hydrodynamic cavitation, achieved through fluidic devices, such as Venturi tubes and vortex diodes, generates cavities under controlled low-pressure zones, providing scalable solutions for large-scale operations. This study critically examines the industrial viability of cavitation technologies, emphasizing their unique ability to combine mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy release. A detailed comparative analysis reveals the limitations of acoustic cavitation, including energy attenuation and equipment wear, against the superior scalability of hydrodynamic systems. Key challenges, such as enhancing hydroxyl radical yield, reducing operational costs, and improving system robustness, are explored alongside potential synergies with complementary technologies, like advanced oxidation processes and photocatalysis. Emerging industrial implementations, including biogas enhancement and chemical processing, underscore the evolving landscape of cavitation-based innovations. This work highlights the necessity for multidisciplinary strategies, integrating experimental, computational, and engineering perspectives to advance cavitation technology. By addressing scalability and cost-effectiveness, cavitation systems can unlock transformative opportunities for sustainable industrial applications, aligning with global environmental and economic imperatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 101129"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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