{"title":"Ouvéa","authors":"Pim Higginson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.25","url":null,"abstract":"Between 22nd of April and the 5th of May 1988, the now infamous ‘Grotte d’Ouvéa’, event took place. Ouvéa is one of the ‘Loyalty’ islands off the French colony of New Caledonia. Militants fighting for independence took local police hostage and took refuge in a cave. The incident ended with 19 anti-colonial indigenous (or Kanak) fighters and two hostages dead at the hands of French military and paramilitary forces. A year later, Djubelly Wéa gunned down the great Kanak political leader, Jean-Marie Tjibaou (1936-1989) and his aide Yeiwéné Yeiwéné during a ceremony on Ouvéa marking the end to the period of mourning for those killed in the raid. Wéa felt that Djibaou had sold out his people in signing the Matignon accords, a compromise between the forces of the white land-holders and the native people that hoped to end the mounting bloodshed. Djibaou’s death would close a significant chapter in the most recent struggle for independence from French imperialism by an indigenous people. It would also seal the destiny of Ouvéa, and particularly the caves, as a distinct and powerful postcolonial ‘realm of memory.’","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121313453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regions/Province","authors":"K. Marsh","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.10","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, it aims to show the various ways in which regions in metropolitan France were connected materially and affectively with overseas territories in what became popularly known during the interwar period as la plus grande France. Second, it explores how departmental archives, established in part to document local imperialism from the perspective of la France colonisatrice, not only allow an examination of changing reactions to vestiges of the colonial past, but also reveal examples of resistance to the colonial project. Departmental archives further reveal that, rather than being unidirectional from Paris to the provinces, the production of colonial knowledge could be locally specific in its form and its generation.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126469658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Literary Prestige","authors":"Claire Ducournau","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.9","url":null,"abstract":"Literary recognition comprises a good part of the fourth volume of Les Lieux de mémoire, published in 1986. This essay proposes a postcolonial revisiting of literary institutions such as the Académie française or scholarly classics previously addressed in this volume – according to both the chronological and adversarial meanings of the term ‘postcolonial’. It reevaluates the status of those territories that were politically dominated outside the borders of the Hexagon within such realms of literary heritagization by expanding the edges of the nation as it had been envisioned. The French literary canon is home to a range of authors who accepted the colonial order as something that was not to be questioned, and even that should be vigorously defended, but also to writers who were inhabitants of (formerly) colonized territories. The marks of literary prestige obtained by authors from (ex)imperial territories, from the award of a Goncourt Prize to election to the Collège de France, are often determined by decisive conditions, such as the place of publication of literary works, the cultural resources of these writers, and the wider French political environment. This essay highlights the existence of silences and instances of marginalization in national literary heritage, as well as long-term demonstrations of resistance in the face of this colonial or neocolonial order.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125812138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Children’s Literature","authors":"Philip M. Dine","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.35","url":null,"abstract":"Adventure stories for a juvenile audience were a major vector for the inculcation of preferred images of the French empire. Thrilling colonial narratives were informed by ideologies that ranged from the nuanced Anglophilia of Jules Verne in the 1860s to the deep-rooted Anglophobia of Emile Driant (‘le captaine Danrit’) on the eve of the First World War. During the 1914-1918 hostilities, childhood favourites such as Bécassine were mobilized in defence of France, together with its overseas territories. With the rise of comic strips and comic books in the 1920s, Hergé’s now celebrated Tintin emerged as a particularly powerful advocate for the colonial cause. This literary inheritance would continue to be appealed to after the Second World War, until successive French defeats in Indo-China and Algeria finally allowed writing for younger audiences to engage critically with colonial memories and post-colonial identities","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128346450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vine and Wine","authors":"J. Dutton","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.38","url":null,"abstract":"Wine is an iconic marker of French identity. Through winemaking, France effectively colonized not just its own empire, but the entire world of wines. While Georges Durand’s article on Vine and Wine in Pierre Nora’s Les Lieux de mémoire celebrates French hegemony in the wine world, underscoring wine’s place in personal and collective historical memories, this article explores the development of indigenous and settler wine industries in France’s former colonies and territories – Canada, Reunion Island, Algeria and Vietnam. These (post)colonial experiences of winemaking challenge French visions for vines and wines in New World contexts, repudiating received wisdom about terroir, climate and culture. This article demonstrates that vine and wine are inherently imperial, but can be subversively harnessed for emancipation through experimentation.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115387959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bande dessinée","authors":"M. Mckinney","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.41","url":null,"abstract":"Some contemporary French cartoonists have published comics that either themselves serve as post-colonial lieux de mémoire in place of disappeared colonial people, places, events or objects, or that otherwise recall colonial lieux de mémoire. The graphic novel Cannibale (2009), adapted by Emmanuel Reuzé from Didier Daeninckx's eponymous prose novel (1998), returns to the International Colonial Exhibition in Paris, which has become a post-colonial lieu de mémoire. The 1931 event, staged at the zenith of French imperial rule, and overseen by Maréchal Lyautey, was grandiose in conception, size and scope, and racist too, in fact. Both versions of Cannibale feature a Kanak narrator sent to perform as a New Caledonian cannibal in the Parisian exhibition. This essay analyzes how Reuzé uses cartooning techniques such as visual symbolism, subjective viewpoints, visual and verbal narration, inset images, and visual rhymes to critique French colonialism and to commemorate its victims.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115028745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"L’École républicaine","authors":"Leon Sachs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.6","url":null,"abstract":"The longstanding image of the French school as an engine of national unity, egalitarian democracy and republican citizenship is, in the postcolonial era, faltering. Students from working class and/or non-European immigrant backgrounds struggle in a school system that, despite its egalitarian claims, favours students from wealthier families of European descent. The former thus feel excluded from full participation in French society. Such academic inequality casts doubt on the viability of republican universalism, a pillar of French schooling that treats students as autonomous rational actors and resists adjusting the curriculum to cultural particularities. Rooted in the Enlightenment rationalism of the Revolutionary period, this universalist doctrine views the school as a sanctuary where the student develops her or his intellectual faculties in an environment protected from the influence of outside opinion emanating from family, religion, or cultural particularities. Contemporary debates about the integration of France’s multicultural student population thus challenge the very philosophical foundations of French republicanism.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125662072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mediterranean","authors":"Kathryn A. Kleppinger","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.15","url":null,"abstract":"This essay demonstrates how unique geographic characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea dramatically shaped European colonial policy throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Mediterranean Sea created critical trade routes made the colonization of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco not only politically useful for establishing and maintaining France’s power relative to other European nations but also economically vital for France’s industrial production. After the decline of the French colonial empire, national immigration policies were dictated by the desire to maintain France’s economic strength and political influence in the region by controlling its surroundings in the Mediterranean. While the Mediterranean once represented the possibility of expanded control and geopolitical power, it now represents just the opposite, a source of anarchy and chaos that is frequently seen as requiring strong border control.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134414432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women’s Rights","authors":"Françoise Vergés","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.32","url":null,"abstract":"In 1971, French white male doctors were found not-guilty of having practiced thousands of abortions and sterilizations without consent upon poor women of color in Reunion Island, a French overseas territory. I analyze why, though it was still a crime severely punished in France, abortion was encouraged by the State in a French ‘postcolony’ and why the French Women’s Liberation Movement, despite being aware of the scandal, never confronted the dual politics of the State nor sought to understand what it meant for their struggle for rights. I see in this blindness the legacy of an indifference connected to what Aimé Césaire called the ‘shock in return’ of slavery and colonialism onto Europe, which has shaped even progressive movements such as feminism. I conclude that ‘the situation of poor and non-white women in overseas territories was ignored because it did not fit the narrative of a universal patriarchy that treated women in a similar way despite their race, ethnicity, age, ability, sexuality and class. The struggles of overseas feminist movements were also ignored because they did not fit the narrative of European women’s struggle for emancipation: they insisted too much on colonialism and anti-racism’.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133452728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La Sorbonne","authors":"R. Bush","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwvr2vr.7","url":null,"abstract":"This essay demonstrates the need to unpack the colonial and postcolonial history of the Sorbonne in order to better understand this institution’s symbolic meanings and in turn their epistemic implications for francophone universities on the African continent. The contribution explores these issues through analysis of two speeches by Léopold Sédar Senghor (one given at the Sorbonne, the other at the inauguration of the University of Dakar) and the landmark event of Cheikh Anta Diop’s viva at the Sorbonne in January 1960. Underpinning the discussion is a defense of humanistic concepts of education, borrowed and adapted by Senghor from Michel de Montaigne.","PeriodicalId":291835,"journal":{"name":"Postcolonial Realms of Memory","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123744628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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