ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"A Contribution to the Empirics of Reservation Wages","authors":"A. Krueger, Andreas I. Mueller","doi":"10.1257/POL.20140211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/POL.20140211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides evidence on the behavior of reservation wages over the spell of unemployment using high‐frequency longitudinal data. Using data from our survey of unemployed workers in New Jersey, where workers were interviewed each week for up to 24 weeks, we find that self‐reported reservation wages decline at a modest rate over the spell of unemployment, with point estimates ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 percent per week of unemployment. The decline in reservation wages is driven primarily by older individuals and those with personal savings at the start of the survey. The longitudinal nature of the data also allows us to test the relationship between job acceptance and the reservation wage and offered wage, where the reservation wage is measured from a previous interview to avoid bias due to cognitive dissonance. Job offers are more likely to be accepted if the offered wage exceeds the reservation wage, and the reservation wage has more predictive power in this regard than the pre‐displacement wage, suggesting the reservation wage contains useful information about workers' future decisions. In addition, there is a discrete rise in job acceptance when the offered wage exceeds the reservation wage. In comparison to a calibrated job search model, the reservation wage starts out too high and declines too slowly, on average, suggesting that many workers persistently misjudge their prospects or anchor their reservation wage on their previous wage.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127023159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Microeconometric Model of Household Labour Supply to Design Optimal Income Taxes","authors":"R. Aaberge, U. Colombino","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12015","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present an exercise where we identify optimal income tax rules according to various social welfare criteria, keeping fixed the total net tax revenue. Empirical applications of optimal taxation theory have typically adopted analytical expressions for the optimal taxes and then imputed numerical values to their parameters by using \"calibration\" procedures or previous econometric estimates. Besides the restrictiveness of the assumptions needed to obtain analytical solutions to the optimal taxation problem, a shortcoming of that procedure is the possible inconsistency between the theoretical assumptions and the assumptions implicit in the empirical evidence. In this paper we follow a different procedure, based on a computational approach to the optimal taxation problem. To this end, we estimate a microeconomic model with 78 parameters that capture heterogeneity in consumption-leisure preferences for singles and couples as well as in job opportunities across individuals based on detailed Norwegian household data for 1994. For any given tax rule, the estimated model can be used to simulate the labour supply choices made by single individuals and couples. Those choices are therefore generated by preferences and opportunities that vary across the decision units. We then identify optimal tax rules – within a class of 9-parameter piece-wise linear rules - by iteratively running the model until a given social welfare function attains its maximum under the constraint of keeping constant the total net tax revenue. The parameters to be determined are an exemption level, four marginal tax rates, three \"kink points\" and a lump sum transfer that can be positive (benefit) or negative (tax). We explore a variety of social welfare functions with differing degree of inequality aversion. All the social welfare functions imply monotonically increasing marginal tax rates. When compared with the current (1994) tax systems, the optimal rules imply a lower average tax rate. Moreover, all the optimal rules imply – with respect to the current rule – lower marginal rates on low and/or average income levels and higher marginal rates on relatively high income levels. These results are partially at odds with the tax reforms that took place in many countries during the last decades. While those reforms embodied the idea of lowering average tax rates, the way to implement it has typically consisted in reducing the top marginal rates. Our results instead suggest to lower average tax rates by reducing marginal rates on low and average income levels and increasing marginal rates on very high income levels.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131242417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Short Dynamic Panels in The Presence of Cross-Sectional Dependence and Dynamic Heterogeneity","authors":"Robert Gilhooly, M. Weale, Tomasz Wieladek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2689565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2689565","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a Bayesian approach to dynamic panel estimation in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and dynamic heterogeneity which is suitable for inference in short panels, unlike alternative estimators. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that our estimator produces less bias, and a lower root mean squared error, than existing estimators. The method is illustrated by estimating a panel VAR on sector level data for labour productivity and hours worked growth for Canada, Germany, France, Italy, the UK and the US from 1992 Q1 to 2011 Q3. We use historical decompositions to examine the determinants of recent output growth in each country. This exercise demonstrates that failure to take cross-sectional dependence into account leads to highly misleading results.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122743556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Employment, Household Employment and Risk of Poverty in the EU. A Decomposition Analysis","authors":"V. Corluy, F. Vandenbroucke","doi":"10.2785/41846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2785/41846","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we explore missing links between employment policy success (or failure) and inclusion policy success (or failure), relying on the EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS) and the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). At the inclusion side of the equation, our focus is on the share of individuals at risk of poverty in the 20-to-59 age cohort. The analysis proceeds in two steps. The first step considers the distribution of individual jobs over households, thus establishing a link between individual employment rates and household employment rates. Following the work by Gregg, Scutella and Wadsworth a ‘polarization index’ is defined in terms of the difference between, on the one hand, the hypothetical share of individuals living in jobless households assuming that individual employment is distributed randomly across households, and, on the other, the actual share of individuals living in jobless households. Actual changes in household joblessness are decomposed in (i) changes due to changes in polarization and (ii) changes due to changing individual employment rates and changing household structures. The second step in the analysis decomposes changes in the at-risk-of-poverty rates on the basis of (i) changes in the poverty risks of jobless households, and (ii) changes in the poverty risks of other (non-jobless) households; (iii) changes in household joblessness due to changes in individual employment rates and changing household structures (changes one would expect if no changes in polarization would occur) and (iv) changes in polarization. The proposed technique does yield interesting insights into the trajectories that EU welfare states have followed over the past ten years.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122569121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State Income Migration and Border Tax Burdens","authors":"J. Feldman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2023511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023511","url":null,"abstract":"Citizens are departing high tax US states for low tax rates. These effects are particularly strong among bordering states. Each positive 1 percentage point tax burden differential between states decreases the ratio of income migration into the high tax state by 6.78 percent in a given year. This paper highlights the states which are regionally competitive (Texas and Tennessee), regionally non-competitive (California, Florida, and New Jersey), and those states on the edge of being non-competitive on all borders (Illinois and New York).","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125813284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Swedish Earned Income Tax Credit","authors":"Karin Edmark, E. Moerk, Che-Yuan Liang, H̊akan Selin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2066470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2066470","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last twenty years we have seen an increasing use of in-work tax subsidies to encourage labor supply among low-income groups. In Sweden, a non-targeted earned income tax credit was introduced in 2007, and was reinforced in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The stated motive of the reform was to boost employment; in particular to provide incentives for individuals to go from unemployment to, at least, part-time work. In this paper we try to analyze the extensive margin labor supply effects of the Swedish earned income tax credit reform up to 2008. For identification we exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit, as well as the resulting average tax rate, is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working. However, throughout the analysis we find placebo effects that are similar in size to the estimated reform effects. In addition, the results are sensitive with respect to how we define employment, which is especially true when we analyze different subgroups such as men and women, married and singles. Our conclusion is that the identifying variation is too small and potentially endogenous and that it is therefore not possible to use this variation to perform a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Swedish EITC-reform.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128926235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequity Aversion Differences: Experimental Evidence Among Prospective Teachers and Lawyers","authors":"M. Perez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2018697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2018697","url":null,"abstract":"Merit pay for teachers is one of the most contentious issues in the K-12 education policy arena. Proponents of merit pay suggest that rewarding teachers for student gains will improve the quality of the teacher workforce. The literature has focused largely on how merit pay affects teacher motivation, and has not investigated the mechanism through which merit pay would change the composition of the teaching force. Presumably, merit pay systems result in highly effective teachers receiving higher pay than ineffective teachers, encouraging the desired pattern of retention and turnover. In addition, it is argued that tying pay to performance will attract new individuals to enter the profession who would not have otherwise done so under the uniform salary scheme, generating a larger pool of teachers from which to hire. These theoretical predictions rest on the basic assumption that highly effective teachers are neutral when it comes to their preferences for uncertain and competitive pay schemes, and are not averse to unequal outcomes among their peers. In this study, I conduct a controlled behavioral experiment to investigate how risk aversion, inequity aversion and preferences toward competition differed among highly effective prospective teachers and lawyers. I find that prospective female teachers and lawyers do not differ in their level of risk aversion. However, female teachers had a much stronger aversion to inequity and were less likely to generate a competitive environment than female lawyers that were planning a career in private practice. Interestingly, there were no statistical differences between prospective female teachers and lawyers who planned careers in public practice.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123828960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Returns to Educational Mismatch with Panel Data: The Role of Unobserved Heterogeneity","authors":"M. Pecoraro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2293903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2293903","url":null,"abstract":"Using longitudinal data from the Swiss Household Panel, this analysis suggests that the cross-sectional estimates of the returns to educational mismatch are significantly biased when unobserved heterogeneity is omitted in the wage equation. The results of the standard fixed effects model indeed demonstrate that the wage returns to education are independent of the job requirements. Hence, this empirical analysis supports the human capital interpretation of the Swiss labour market.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129850904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonparametric Evidence on the Effects of Retirement Benefits on Labor Force Participation Decisions","authors":"Dayanand Manoli, A. Weber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2316888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2316888","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new empirical evidence on the effects of retirement benefits on labor force participation decisions. We use administrative data on the census of private sector employees in Austria and variation from mandated discontinuous changes in retirement benefits from the Austrian pension system. We present nonparametric, graphical evidence documenting labor supply responses to the policy discontinuities. Next, based on the nonparametric evidence and mandated financial incentives, we estimate extensive margin labor supply elasticities. We estimate elasticities of 0.12 for men and 0.38 for women. The evidence indicates these elasticities are primarily driven by substitution effects rather than wealth effects.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130149344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Does the Private Sector React Like the Public to Law 133? A Microeconometric Analysis of Sickness Absence in Italy","authors":"Alessandra Del Boca, M. Parisi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2118774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2118774","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of absenteeism has taken the centre of the stage of public attention when Renato Brunetta, the Public Employment Secretary, launched a reform of the public sector which started with a law on absenteeism. After the law was passed, the first evidence collected showed an average drop of 47% in sickness absence. This result was received with scepticism, but now we have enough evidence and research to draw some firm conclusions. This paper plans to investigate the effects of the Law 133/2008 and the shocks occurred after the changes in the law itself. We will study how employees characteristics in the private and public sector are related to absentee behaviour. The relationship between individual characteristics, such as wage, gender, age, tenure, education and the labor-leisure decision made by workers will be estimated in a micro-data model. The data come from a panel of individuals working in a large private company, operating all over Italy in the security sector, and one public sector institution,(AE) the tax collection Agency. The results indicate a remarkable direct and indirect reaction to the law in the public and also private sectors.","PeriodicalId":289235,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Labor Markets & Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117023653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}