2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON最新文献

{"title":"From Carbon to Human Health: Lifecycle of Fossil Fuels, Toxic Polymers and Social Justice in Philadelphia","authors":"F. Trubiano","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.28","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous use of plastics in architectural design and construction obfuscates the very real human health risks which exist when polymers—derived from petroleum, coal, or natural gas—are used in the building industry. For more than fifty years, a majority of construction materials have been engineered using polymers for the purposes of achieving a range of advanced performance capacities. These materials are widely manipulated using fossil fuel derivatives for augmenting their structural strength, moisture resistance, form finding, or general resistance to weathering. Polyvinyl chlorides, for example, are used in plumbing supplies, exterior sheathing, interior surfaces, furniture, and landscaping, for these reasons. Indeed, nearly everything in our built environment is permeated by chemicals derived from fossil fuels. This is obviously problematic for carbon emissions: it is all the more critical in what concerns human health. More than half a century following the deliberate and orchestrated flooding of the construction market with inexpensive plastics, very little data is disclosed about the potential health risks associated with adopting such large quantities of nonrenewable, nonrecyclable, and wasteful materials. Architects, engineers, builders, clients, and the general public are poorly informed on the toxic accumulation of highly synthetic building polymers that originate in carbon-intensive fossil fuel industries and that saturate our air, water, and physical bodies. In response, this paper reports on the results of a funded research project aimed at identifying the sources, risks, and impacts of using such materials in the building industry. Funded by the Kleinman Center and the Penn Undergraduate Research Mentoring program at the University of Pennsylvania, the project studies site-specific material flows involved in the lifecycle of a set of polymers manufactured in the Philadelphia region. Invisible to most, yet present in many communities, are industrial sites which distill, manufacture, and fabricate the polymerized materials that pose the highest risks when building. This has been the case in the city of Philadelphia where for decades fossil fuels and their derivatives intended for the building industry have been manipulated, with risk. Sharing evidence of this, is the focus of this paper.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123640829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Use Plasters: Process and Waste in Gypsum Wallboard Systems","authors":"Alyssa Kuhns","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.20","url":null,"abstract":"2017 marked the 100th Anniversary of Sheetrock.1 Sheetrock, a proprietary eponym for gypsum wallboard, is the dominant material used in the construction and finishing of interior partitions. It, along with other stock materials used in interior finishing, is a readily available commodity and is specified in nearly all new construction. Despite its proliferation, both the product manufacturing and installation methods of Sheetrock have remained essentially unchanged in its hundred years of existence. As a result of the unchallenged product manufacturing and installation methods, contemporary construction issues related to labor, waste, and environmental health are not addressed throughout the gypsum wallboard material system. Considering these issues, this paper outlines the environmental and carbon impacts of the entire material system of this lasting, ubiquitous material. The purpose of this work is to inform future innovation and development of the products and processes included in common interior finishing practices. This research summarizes an understand- ing of the current context of the gypsum wallboard material system gained through on-site observation and discussions with industry contacts. Successes and shortcomings dis- covered within the material system serve as design criteria for the reconsideration of contemporary interior finishing practices, e.g. the installation of gypsum wallboard and the application of joint compound, as a single modular system. Physical testing and prototyping of the modular system considers industry impact including sustainable construction practices, the reduction of debris and material waste, and shortages in skilled labor as well as aesthetic and functional qualities of the interior.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129326271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PULP: Research and Experimentation in BiodegradableThin Shell Structures","authors":"Stephanie Davidson","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.21","url":null,"abstract":"This presentation documents in-progress design research in temporary, biodegradable structures. The experimental, thin-shell monocoque structures have been cast using a variety of cellulose-based materials, and represent a sampling of the outcome of a studio taught at three different architecture schools. The work and the process of making the work serves as an example of how designers can take responsibility for both where the materials that they choose come from, and also, where they end up. Made of exclusively recycled paper and fabric pulp, the structures have the capacity to biodegrade completely. The idea for the experimental structures came from witnessing the dumpsters overflowing with models and scrap material at the end of each semester. The conviction underlying the work is that mindful handling of resources should begin in architectural education if it is going to successfully make its way further into the discipline, profession and construction industry.Beyond handling the materials directly, students gained insight into the microstructures of the materials through the tools and knowledge offered by Peter Bush, material scientist and director of the microscopy lab at the State University of New York at Buffalo. The design task shows students how materials are responsive and constantly changing; they are not static, fixed objects. Paper is a particularly ephemeral material, highly vulnerable to moisture. Designing something with an intentionally short lifespan, and witnessing how it can break down and decay, introduces students to the transformative nature of materials, and shows how degradation and eventual decay could be a design strength. The projects are unique in that they expose students to an entire lifecycle of a full-scale spatial project, from conception through fabrication and finally, decay and complete disintegration. The process of decay and disintegration is studied with the same rigor and emphasis as the fabrication methods, through cast swatches. Because the work – both process and final, full-scale structures – is completely biodegradable, the studio avoids the creation of needless waste.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127933080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ectothermic Approach to Heating and Cooling in Buildings","authors":"A. Tsamis, Theodorian Borca-Tascuic, Youngjin Hwang","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.31","url":null,"abstract":"The built environment is responsible for nearly 40% of global energy use, significantly contributing to carbon emissions. Targeting a carbon-negative future would require a rethinking of the way we heat and cool buildings, distancing ourselves from the predominant model for the building envelope as a boundary that excludes the weather and instead adopting alternatives that transform the building envelope to a mediator that actively regulates heat exchange. In this paper, we explore the potential for a building boundary that actively heats and cools a building by forming dynamic relationships with surroundings. Most decarbonizing efforts today focus on realizing net-zero operational carbon either via the production and distribution of renewable energy or via passive house strategies that target the reduction of the active energy demand. We propose a third alternative. Instead of an endothermic model for heating and cooling in which energy is brought in the interior, transformed by a mechanical system and then distributed, we propose an ectothermic envelope system that dynamically forms a relationship with its environment, by choosing to absorb or release heat directly from or to the environment. From a design perspective, we will show a modular building energy system, comprised of a double hydronic heating and cooling layer. In essence, we are developing for a building, the equivalent to a vascular system that can move liquids at different locations to thermo-regulate. We will show how this vascular system can use ambient heat as heating and cooling sources for a building. From a more technical perspective, since all simulation tools available today assume an endothermic approach, we will show an alternative using Modelica and co-simulation for simulating an ectothermic approach. We are developing a weather chamber, which can generate an artificial version of the weather from data to test how our system would dynamically respond.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116758808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood+: Strategies for a Material Shift in Architectural Design","authors":"C. Hoyos, Bruce Haglund","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.26","url":null,"abstract":"Our architecture program is committed to promote the use of wood as the major structural material in architectural design, reinforcing a much-needed material shift to mitigate climate change. Wood is a robust alternative to concrete and steel, sequestering carbon rather than spewing it into the atmosphere. Our region is experiencing a rapid re-emergence of the use of timber and manufactured wood structural products. Timber can be sustainably harvested and locally milled, further reducing carbon pollution in the supply chain. The development of timber construction offers an opportunity to increase our Architecture Program’s commitment to address- ing environmental sustainability in architecture education. Our program has addressed this commitment by expanding curricular and pedagogical strategies encouraging a material shift in key courses in undergraduate and graduate curricula. This paper presents those strategies in four of our architectural design studios where a wood-focused theme inspires our students to be “future stewards to shape zero-net-car- bon buildings and communities1” These strategies exemplify efforts to explore intersections between research and teach- ing, and partnerships between academia and industry in the United States and abroad. The four architectural design studios discussed include: a third-year undergraduate competition-based studio that is tied to our one-year structural systems sequence and is sponsored by a State Commission funded by the forest industry since 2012; a 400/500 level vertical studio; and our Integrated Architectural Design graduate studio where we have defined the use of mass timber as the theme for comprehensive architectural design projects that include the AIA Framework for Design Excellence (previously known as the COTE Top Ten Toolkit2); and our immersive United Kingdom (UK) Study Abroad graduate program (a spring preparatory seminar and a summer research studio in the UK) where we expanded content and pedagogical strategies on green buildings and cities to include cross-laminated timber (CLT).","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133182437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There Goes the Neighborhood: How a NZE Passive House Changed the Culture of a Community","authors":"Charles Mcbride","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.34","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019 a small, single-family house was sold to a family excited to be part of a trailblazing and strangely controversial project. While many net zero energy (NZE) and/or Passive House examples have now been completed across the US, small communities, especially in the flyover country of the upper Midwest, have proudly doubled down against the “unknown” of these new models, reinforcing traditional project delivery and the absence of energy codes. This project and initiative not only serves as an example for students and evolving pedagogy, but also has become a touchstone in the community, challenging the preconceptions of modern design, neighborhood investment, homebuilding practice, and the public image of a university grappling with an evolving “design culture.” The complexities of any architectural project are numerous but often predictable. Like any student design-build project, this house dealt with its share of delays and changes. And like any grant-funded project, it dealt with additional oversight, reviews and red tape. Now in its final phase, the project begins post-occupancy monitoring. Teaching the homeowners about building performance blends the pragmatics of understanding equipment with the global responsibility and mission of NZE and passive house. An early decision to work within an existing, walkable neighborhood lead unexpectedly to a very public debate on neighborhood design. These and other lessons are a reminder that architectural practice requires teaching your client, and often, your community. This paper will focus on the larger impact that the house continues to have on both the community and university. This includes the cultural challenges of meeting design expectations, the potential of infill as a community revitalization tool, and convincing a skeptical public that energy consciousness and evolving construction techniques have real value. It will also discuss how these issues, understood and accepted as given within the design and academic community, are still radically new in this (and many) regions across the country. A discussion of pedagogy and community design are balanced with quantitative energy data, impact, and continuing observation.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127977635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Denominators","authors":"D. Fannon, M. Laboy","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.9","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigating climate change demands rapid reductions of greenhouse gas emissions from the construction and operation of buildings. As the design and construction industry improves tools and techniques for adding up buildings’ contributions to greenhouse gas emissions it must also consider and critique the methods used to normalize these data for analysis: how to divide them. Using Life Cycle Assessment methods, we accounted for the lifetime global warming potential of four case study buildings, each endemic of a primary structural material: steel, concrete, masonry, and mass timber. To improve the critical understanding of these denominators role in comparisons and decisions, we normalized the absolute totals using spatial (kgCO2eq/m2), temporal (kgCO2eq/year), and human (kgCO2eq/person) dimensions. The expanded analysis and visualization of lifetime carbon using novel metrics more closely associates these impacts with buildings’ purpose to shelter people over time. Attributing emissions to people, rather than buildings offers a meaningful and nuanced basis for comparison, for example, normalizing based on occupants shows that as the density increases, carbon intensity per person declines. Attending to the spatial demands of use, dividing emissions by net rather than gross area means emissions intensity decreases as building systems become more spatially efficient, while simultaneously increasing the potential occupant density. In long-lived buildings, the temporal carbon intensity (per year, or per generation) declines with age, and the time value of carbon suggests that future emissions reductions may be worth less than the present emissions to achieve them compared to even the least carbon-intensive new construction, thus emphasizing the urgent need for adaptation of existing buildings. A critical reassessment of the denominators used to normalize emissions complicates short-term considerations of life cycle emissions and militates for an architecture of persistence: designed for human use and reuse, for adaptation and maintenance.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134590412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Low-Carbon Life: The Pandemic and the Ponzi Scheme","authors":"T. Fisher","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.1","url":null,"abstract":"The global events of 2020 – the Black Lives Matter protests, the climate-change-related catastrophes, and the COVID-19 pandemic – are all part of a collapsing, 500-year-old Ponzi Scheme with the planet that has enriched half a billion people across the globe (probably including everyone reading these words) through the exploitation of people of color, the extraction of finite fossil fuels, and the extinction of species and the increase in zoonotic disease. That Ponzi Scheme has also led to Jevons Paradox, in which well-intentioned efforts to reduce fossil-fuel use have led to an increase in the use of fossil fuels globally. The pandemic, in turn, has accelerated us into the future (as all pandemics do) and enlisted us all in a global experiment of living a low-carbon life, in which the demand for fossil fuels has greatly diminished as a result of our increasingly moving bits rather than bodies around the world. This challenges assumptions in the architectural profession about the value of single-use buildings or districts at a time when 2/3rds of the economy now occurs in people’s homes, about the need for new buildings in the face of a vast amount of empty space in existing ones, and about the need for more carbon-based construction given the enormous amount of carbon already embedded in the built environment. The low-carbon, post-Ponzi-Scheme life will require a new architecture ethic around multi-use buildings and mixed-use districts as well as a new architectural aesthetic around the reuse of existing buildings and the reimagining of neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132036190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tall Wood, Thin Concrete: Digitally Drafting and Crafting in UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete) and Mass Timber","authors":"Jerry Hacker, S. Boyle","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.22","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates how a graduate design studio can seek out an innovative and comprehensive design process, while simultaneously addressing two current crises in the architectural profession: 1) A perceived disconnect between the abstraction of design education and the realities of practice; and, 2) The critically time-sensitive imperative of transforming ecological practices in building materials and building energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131810770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmworks: Building as a Machine for Growing Food","authors":"E. Ellis, D. Kratzer","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.19","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional agricultural production is impacted by the fertility and availability of land, length of the growing season, access to freshwater, pests, CO2 fertilization, and extreme weather events. On the other hand, if a farming operation were to be integrated with the built environment in a high-performance building, then the growing operation would not be bound by season or weather conditions. Further, if this farming operation were to be attached or adjacent to a major food supplier, then transportation costs and carbon emissions would be significantly reduced. Most importantly, with today’s technology the building interior could be tuned to optimize a particular plant’s needs for light and the appropriate wavelengths for germinating, growing and flowering; the interior temperature could be adjusted to support the different temperature requirements for growing, harvesting, packaging and shipping (with temperature ranges from 38-75°F); water could be supplied with the appropriate nutrients for a specific plant, eliminating the need for organic fertilizer, which also reduces the likelihood of introducing bacteria or insects into the food; the planting beds could be stacked vertically, accessed via a forklift; and the growing day could be shifted with respect to the outdoor environment to equalize the heat produced by the lighting indoors with outdoor temperatures and seasonal variation. Farmworks is a machine for growing: the wavelength of the lighting in this indoor environment is tuned to optimize plant growth and moves vertically in pace with the plant’s height, the HVAC system keeps temperature and humidity optimal, and the building envelope is insulated and pressurized to balance interior and exterior conditions and to prevent water from condensing in the exterior wall. Here, the entire supply chain of food production occurs in one building, producing the equivalent of one acre of land using only two-and-a-half 4’x9’ towers.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121451833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}