2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON最新文献

{"title":"In Practice: Operationalizing Life Cycle Assessment for Design Teams","authors":"Alex Ianchanko, B. Jones","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.10","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of ongoing anthropogenic climate change, the building sector bears a significant responsibility to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. To quantify and reduce their environmental impact, building industry professionals are rapidly adopting life cycle assessment (LCA) tools. However, before LCA is adopted in practice as a routine part of the design process, three gaps must be addressed – the knowledge gap of understanding upstream emissions from other economic sectors, the communication gap of effectively conveying LCA study results, and the method gap of matching LCA tools to design team needs. This paper presents a meta-analysis of forty-nine recent LCA studies completed by the Miller Hull Partnership in pursuit of carbon-sequestering design, and describes lessons learned in traversing the knowledge, communication, and method gaps in order to embed LCA in the design process. Our experience demonstrates three possible strategies – the knowledge gap can be closed when practitioners engage with professionals in adjacent sectors in interdisciplinary research; the communication gap can be closed when design teams leverage replicable data collection and visualization tools; and the method gap can be addressed by deliberately framing LCA studies as iterative hotspot analyses rather than retroactive, static performance studies.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131061581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Carbon Concrete Construction: The Past, Present, and Future of Concrete Design in India","authors":"M. Ismail, C. Mueller","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.23","url":null,"abstract":"The concrete frame gave freedom to the design of the interior and eliminated the need for external load-bearing walls. Today, due to rapid urbanization and constrained urban space, the concrete frame has become the ubiquitous system of construction in growing cities. As a result, steel-reinforced concrete frames dominate the skylines of Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) like India. Consequently, the mounting use of concrete in India has garnered concern for the ecological impacts of construction. This suggests an opportunity to reduce the carbon emissions associated with concrete construction through efficient concrete construction, building more with less. Importantly, India has a rich history of efficient concrete architecture that utilized material efficiency when material costs constrained the cost of construction. These designers cultivated a spirit of structural expression and a command of physical forces that informed a new architectural idiom for Modern India. Today, the generally risk-averse nature of development has pushed concrete construction towards standardized typologies of monolithic construction and repeated modules for ease of construction. From a structural mechanics point of view, though, these modular systems of prismatic slabs, beams, and columns, are mate- rially inefficient. In response to the demand for materially efficient concrete construction, this paper looks back at the work of novel designers in India and presents a potential application of their ideas to future urban construction in both India and beyond. The scope of this paper is the use of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the early 20th century up until today. Several key structures and designers will be highlighted for their contributions to concrete architecture’s history before concluding with a proposal for the future of concrete design in LEDC cities. Applying an understanding of concrete mechanics and digital structural design, this research explores structural systems suited to the constraints of Indian construction.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"424 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126719491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does EUI Fully Capture the Carbon Footprint of a VRF System? Using a Life Cycle Approach to Assess VRF System Emissions","authors":"Vicki Rybl","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.13","url":null,"abstract":"Variable refrigerant flow systems are a popular technology for heating and cooling buildings due to their energy efficiency. VRF systems run on electricity, with no onsite fossil fuel combustion, which makes them attractive in the context of GHG emissions reductions through building electrification and grid decarbonization. Traditionally, the environmental performance of HVAC systems has been measured using the energy use intensity metric. This study aims to assess whether EUI adequately captures the GHG emissions associated with the life cycle of the VRF system. While life cycle assessments have been performed on HVAC systems, this is the first known cradle-to-grave LCA of a VRF system. The study aims to quantify GHG emissions for a VRF system in use at a LEED-certified office building in Seattle, WA. The LCA examines carbon impacts in three key categories: the materials required for system assembly, operational electricity, and refrigerant use. Results show that electricity use represents 47% of the carbon footprint and refrigerant use represents 52%. System materials are a less significant contributor to carbon footprint, at 1% of the total. The results suggest that energy use intensity is not a sufficient metric to quantify the carbon footprint of VRF systems and that a greater focus on refrigerant management is needed. Building designers should design VRF systems with a focus on optimized energy efficiency and low-impact refrigerant strategies, and not on equipment quantity, in order to minimize the carbon footprint of VRF systems over their lifetimes.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115184195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing for Sustainable and Resilient Neighborhoods: The Case of Peacock Park in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)","authors":"Ruben Garcia-Rubio, Taylor Scott","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.14","url":null,"abstract":"Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, has dramatically increased in population and land cover over the last decade. This expansion in both population and urbanization has strained the functional capacity of city infrastructure and many parts of the urban population lack access to basic public services. Moreover, this reality is compounded with the increasing negative effects of climate change. Together, these effects will continue to compromise the future of Addis Ababa.This article uncovers the initial outcomes of the “Addis Ababa River City” research project, which aims to create a holistic urban resilience strategy for Ethiopia’s capital through urban and architectural design. This document will address the design methodology and the resulting sustainable infrastructure design proposed for the upper region of the Kebana river. The sustainable infrastructure proposal primarily uses existing ecologies to address and pose solutions to the city’s most urgent urban issues. This text will culminate in highlighting the strategic intervention for Peacock Park, a key site within the sustainable infrastructure wherein a comprehensive redesign of the area proposes a more sustainable and resilient neighborhood.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129733838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Construction Through the Buildings Workforce","authors":"Sarah Truitt, Madeline Salzman","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.3","url":null,"abstract":"Buildings are America’s energy hogs, consuming more than 70% of all electricity and more than 50% of all natural gas produced across the country.1 Achieving a clean energy future requires us to reinvent how buildings manage energy resources and how consumers demand it. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is investing in a range of technological advancements that are paving the way to a future in which buildings are no longer simply energy consumers, but rather are part of an integrated system that helps manage energy resources in a way that supports the electricity grid. This paradigm shift presents an opportunity to increase the efficiency of the built environment but will only be realized if we build a knowledgeable workforce to design, construct, and operate these high-performance buildings2 in step with the rate of technological advancement.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128703199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Oil Environments: Responsive Design Strategies for Coastal City-Landscapes of Oil","authors":"Oswald Jenewein","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes parts of an interdisciplinary research and design project on climate adaptation strategies on the scale of architecture and the city within the case-study territory of Corpus Christi Bay in South Texas. In particular, this paper assesses the challenges of the emerging process of re-industrialization along the Texas Coast, highlighting significant impacts of industrial growth on the city landscape of Downtown Corpus Christi, which is located directly adjacent to the industrial oil port. A proposed masterplan is shown in this paper to demonstrate how responsive design strategies may benefit post-oil city-landscapes in the age of anthropogenic climate change. The emphasis is storm-water and flood mitigation, walkability, alternative transportation, and urban place-making in response to community input related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the AIA Framework for Designing for Equitable Communities. Methodologically, this project builds upon a mixed-methods approach. It includes qualitative and quantitative data gathered through Participatory Action Research, a successful tool to connect the research team and students to local communities, stakeholders, and constituents. The paper suggests that this era of re-industrialization needs to be seen as a transformative process that enables the aging city landscape to adapt to both changing ecological conditions and the time after this late oil boom. Urban identity, socio-economic diversity, and healthy conditions for urban ecosystems are essential parameters to inform the development of comprehensive strategies for the built environment. The responsive design strategies shown in this paper pro- pose the implementation of an infrastructural landscape addressing these challenges. The central element of the master plan is a canal that serves multiple purposes, including disaster preparation and response infrastructure, stormwater management, and alternative transportation for inner-city and city-to-city connections, has been developed to adapt Downtown Corpus Christi to the projected ecological changes.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129955630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Air Capture Technology: An Investigation of Net Carbon Impacts","authors":"Manander Singh, Ryan Sharston","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.17","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Direct Air Capture (DAC) has been emerging as a promising negative emission technology, primarily due to its flexibility of location and capability to absorb CO2, generated from non-localized sources. This study evaluates the two variants of DAC i.e. DAC-1 utilizing liquid solvents and DAC-2 using solid sorbents, in terms of overall emissions generated as a result of the process of CO2 removal from atmosphere. It was found that majority of overall emissions generated during the life cycle of DAC, may be attributed to the operational phase. The operational emissions were then classified into three major steps i.e. CO2 capture, CO2 separation and compression. The impact of the choice of energy source on generated emissions was then analyzed in the cases of both DAC-1 and DAC-2, separately for the three classifications. Both the variants were found to be reasonably efficient in terms of net CO2 removed from atmosphere, provided the energy requirements are sourced from renewable energy resources. Additionally, we analyzed the secondary impacts in terms of land use requirements and water loss during the process.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123730442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-Tagging","authors":"Brittany Utting, Daniel Jacobs","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.6","url":null,"abstract":"The finish schedule specifies a material product, condition, and treatment for each surface in a building, creating a tagged data set that ties aesthetic intent to the material economies, commodity markets, and labor pools of the built environment. However, in doing so, the informational interface of the finish schedule simultaneously abstracts the building material from its processes of production and circulation. By divorcing the architect’s visual intent from the profoundly resource-heavy transactions inherent in the making of architecture, the data set conceals the complex chain of financial, ecological, and geopolitical exchange. As Building Information Modeling (BIM) softwares and systems layer an increasingly deep cache of product information into the digital architectural mode, we argue that the finish schedule could more explicitly reveal the true material conditions of architectural production. This paper will unpack the critical frames and practical applications of our recent research and design project entitled RE-TAGGING. The proposal deploys a series of site-specific notations that are tied to an open-source and live-updating material schedule, seeking to make visible the ecosystems of architectural sourcing within the built environment. For the project, we produced a series of tags and stickers that could be placed on any architectural surface or component. Each tag contains a simple annotation, such as CC-01 or ST-02, like in a typical finish schedule, locating the material onto an open-access commodity spreadsheet online. For the exhibition, people were invited to place the tags throughout their built environment, creating site-specific notations that would literalize the finish schedule, making visible the ecosystems of architectural sourcing. Part performance and part pedagogical project, RE-TAGGING embodies a strategy of post-occupancy literacy, reconnecting new constituencies to material usage in the built environment. The project works toward a strategy for carbon awareness that aims to provide tools of increased ecological literacy for both the public and architects.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121846763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZERO HOUS[ING] 1:1 Prototype + Process: Collaborative and Experiential Education in the Global Housing and Climate Crisis","authors":"Cheryl L. H. Atkinson","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.35","url":null,"abstract":"Zero Hous[ing] is a recently built energy-neutral midrise housing prototype that investigated alternative sites, and alternative forms of practice and production. It used prefabrication and a carbon-sequestering palette to address the housing affordability and climate crisis. While it was produced and reads as a single-family house— it was designed to work as housing for metropolitan areas. This project considers urban typology, architectural design for aesthetics, function, health and well-being, and innovative construction methodologies to look at this problem from the bottom-up and across sectors. The objective was to build demand with consumers and industry for net-zero energy and carbon-sequestering housing by making a healthy and attractive architecture, creating site location and construction efficiencies, and demonstrating through this built prototype and its life-cycle cost and energy analysis, that it might be accessible to the many rather than the few. We realized this building with custom prefabrication and a deeply integrated design process engaging a cross-disciplinary team of professionals, educators, builders and students in all stages of the work. This project is remarkable for the ambition and scope of its definition of sustainable design (urban design, carbon footprint, energy use and construction methodology) and for its recognition that, in order to change existing paradigms we need to actively interact, and through experiments like this, develop new ways to design, build, and live collaboratively. This educational project integrated architecture, engineering, and business faculty and students at Ryerson University, Toronto Canada and an industry construction/education partner called The Endeavour Centre. We collaborated on this one-to-one scale prototype using Passive House principles, and prefabrication as an ethic. We built it using our industry partner’s team of apprentice carpenters and it is now being enjoyed as a full-time residence for its owner while we monitor its performance.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133396309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labor Histories and Carbon Futures","authors":"J. Fritz, Federico Garcia Fritz","doi":"10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.2","url":null,"abstract":"The link between construction labor and the effects of carbon upon climate and globalized labor forces is not central to architectural education. The next ten years of curriculum design in the Department of Architecture (DoArch) at South Dakota State University posits that long-term carbon management should be tied to core educational strategies. This paper outlines a proposed theory sequence that connects the production of architecture with the ongoing global movement and displacement of people. Long-term carbon management strategies and the history of people’s movement across the world are linked through four required classes: Drawing Architecture, Reading Architecture, Writing Architecture, and Practicing Architecture. By positioning carbon footprints beyond technological deterministic outcomes, the relationship between carbon management and the politics of construction labor are foregrounded in the DoArch curriculum.","PeriodicalId":288990,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference: CARBON","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}