Xiaowei Jiang, Wenjin Zhang, Xiaodong Wang, Ling Liu
{"title":"High deformation/damage localization accuracy of fibrous composites through deep-learning of single channel data from carbon nanotube sensors","authors":"Xiaowei Jiang, Wenjin Zhang, Xiaodong Wang, Ling Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A convolutional neural network (CNN) model by deep-learning single channel data from a serpentine carbon nanotube sensor (S-CNT) with gradient distributed CNTs is proposed for locating deformation/damage in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). The real-time resistance-time data caused by bending deformation of CFRP embedded with S-CNT are encoded into more discriminative 2D images for training the CNN. The results show that an accurate deformation localization within 1.5 mm for the trained positions can be obtained. Moreover, static-indentation loading reveals that the CNN model also has high localization accuracy for new deformation/damage locations in CFRP, with an error of less than 5.5 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108512"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kiran Kumar Reddy , AR. Veerappan , Nivish George
{"title":"Vibro-acoustic characterization of Functionally Graded Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube composite cylindrical panels: An experimental approach","authors":"R. Kiran Kumar Reddy , AR. Veerappan , Nivish George","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the vibro-acoustic properties of Functionally Graded Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (FG-V MWCNT) Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite cylindrical panels, a topic often explored through numerical methods. A novel process methodology is introduced to realize FG-V MWCNT composites, and the results are compared with those of uniformly distributed and conventional composites. Using an in-house developed experimental setup, the natural frequencies, mode shapes, acceleration, and Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) are measured. The FG-V MWCNT composites demonstrate a notable enhancement in fundamental frequency (21.13%) and a reduction in SPL in the lower frequency range compared to conventional composites. The proposed material composition and process methodology show potential for creating lightweight, structurally efficient large airframe components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108518"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of the surface energy of a basalt fiber on capillary wicking and in-plane permeability of reinforcements","authors":"Romain Ravel , Monica Francesca Pucci , Pierre-Jacques Liotier","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the influence of a thermal treatment of a basalt fiber on capillary wicking tests and in-plane permeability experiments, under several pressure differences. The impact of the treatment was characterized at three scales: microscopic, to determine the fiber surface energy; mesoscopic, to estimate an equivalent capillary pressure (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) of the fabric in spontaneous impregnation; and macroscopic, to determine the saturated (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and unsaturated (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) permeability of the fibrous preform at the process scale. Results at the microscopic scale showed that the thermal treatment increased the polarity of the fiber by 22% and decreased its surface roughness. Capillary wicking tests showed that the treated fabric presents a better affinity with water, increasing <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> by 68%. At the process scale, permeability experiments showed the increase of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> after treatment. Finally, results of capillary pressure (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) showed a dominance of capillary effects under the negative pressure difference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108496"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dounia Boushab , Aniket Mote , Matthew W. Priddy , Santanu Kundu , Qingsheng Wang , Jaime C. Grunlan , Charles U. Pittman Jr , Thomas E. Lacy Jr
{"title":"Fractographic investigation of carbon/epoxy PRSEUS composites exposed to flame after compressive failure","authors":"Dounia Boushab , Aniket Mote , Matthew W. Priddy , Santanu Kundu , Qingsheng Wang , Jaime C. Grunlan , Charles U. Pittman Jr , Thomas E. Lacy Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>After a structural-related composite aircraft crash, a fractographic forensic analysis of the damaged surfaces is typically performed to assess the root causes of mechanical failures. Such accident reconstruction efforts, however, can be impeded if the aircraft catches on fire on the ground (<em>i.e.</em>, a post-crash fire occurs), where flames or heat exposure can obscure or destroy the fracture surface morphologies of the fibers (<em>i.e.</em>, the primary load carrying constituent). In this study, carbon/epoxy Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) skin-stringer assemblies were subjected to uniaxial compression and subsequently exposed to direct flame using a Bunsen burner. Specimens were oriented parallel, orthogonal, and at 45° to the flame axis for durations of 60 <!--> <!-->s. Additional vertical burn tests were performed for durations up to 300 <!--> <!-->s. Fractographic inspection of the failure surfaces before and after flame exposure was performed using a combination of destructive sectioning and scanning electron microscopy. The warp-knitted skin (fascia) surrounding the pultruded rod effectively served as a thermal protection layer, which shielded the rod’s broken filaments from significant thermal degradation and facilitated the identification of microbuckling and other mechanical failure mechanisms. This suggests that the presence of fascia, bulkheads, ribs, skins, and other intermediate layers in aircraft structures may significantly shield underlying principal structural element failure surfaces from fire exposure, facilitating post-crash forensic assessments of composite aircraft. Additionally, the through-thickness Vectran<sup>TM</sup> stitching remained intact even after extended flame exposure, suggesting that such stitching can enhance the fire resistance of composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108507"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley Victoria , Peter John Hine , Keeran Ward , Michael Edward Ries
{"title":"Design of experiments investigation into the production of all cellulose composites using regenerated cellulosic textiles","authors":"Ashley Victoria , Peter John Hine , Keeran Ward , Michael Edward Ries","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All cellulose composites (ACCs) can be produced from native and man-made cellulosic fibres; use of the latter provides an additional application for waste-derived regenerated fibers. ACCs were prepared using an ionic liquid dissolution method, utilizing a regenerated cellulose (Tencel) textile, with and without an interleaf cellulosic film. A design of experiments methodology was applied to explore process-property relationships; concentration of the ionic liquid and the processing time and temperature were investigated. It was found that the film remained in-between the textile layers, rather than penetrating the fiber assembly, in contrast to our previous work on cotton-based ACCs. This is due to the structural differences between Tencel and cotton fabric. A multi-response optimization was conducted through a central composite face centered strategy, which captured the film system more strongly. Optimized processing conditions were identified, yielding a Young’s modulus and strain-to-failure of 5.3 GPa and 3.5% respectively, validated through in-lab samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108510"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization and property prediction of fibre structures within discontinuous-fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites using 3D fibre cells assisted by contrastive learning","authors":"Yuheng Zhou, Pascal Hubert","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fibre-cell-based fibre structure characterization approach was proposed recently to characterize the fibre distribution within discontinuous-fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites (DFR PMCs) over a 2D domain. This approach determines the distribution state of each fibre based on the relative size and topological features of its fibre cell. In this study, the fibre-cell-based approach is extended for 3D fibre domains. A convolutional neural network (CNN) encoder is trained through contrastive learning to quantitatively represent topological features of 3D fibre cells. Subsequently, the feature–property correlations are established using an artificial neural network (ANN). For practical application, the ANN is integrated with an image analysis software to provide in situ predictions of local elastic modulus of a DFR PMC based on its fibre structures observed from micro-CT images. The predictions are also compared with the experimental measurements acquired through microindentation testing, and it shows a good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108506"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fabrication of PEI/CF composite parts with multi-angle reinforced mechanical properties by a micro-extrusion foaming FDM process","authors":"Zelin Wang , Mengnan Zhou , Junjie Jiang, Hanyi Huang, Bichi Chen, Yaozong Li, Wentao Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of fused deposition modeling (FDM) and foaming technology enables the fabrication of complex hierarchical and lightweight parts. However, this approach is hindered by a reduction in the mechanical properties of final parts. To this end, with the aim of addressing the challenge of the fabrication of 3D-printed parts with enhanced mechanical and lightweight features, a micro-extrusion foaming FDM process using CO<sub>2</sub> as a blowing agent was hereby established, and the carbon fiber (CF) was selected as a reinforcing filler. Compared to pure polyetherimide (PEI) parts, the longitudinal tensile strength of the PEI/CF parts with 5.0 wt% CF added increased by 30.3 %, while the interfacial bonding strength of PEI/CF-5.0 foamed parts increased by 86.3 % compared to the unfoamed parts. Furthermore, the PEI/CF-5.0 foamed parts, weighing only about 1.7 g, could bear a load of a 60 kg human body in multiple directions. Additionally, focusing on the filler orientation and the enhanced interdiffusion and entanglement of polymer chains at interfaces, the reinforcement mechanisms of the foamed parts fabricated by micro-extrusion foaming FDM process were discussed. The micro-extrusion foaming FDM process demonstrated the capability to produce lightweight parts with enhanced mechanical properties, making it a promising technology for applications in the aerospace and military industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoren Wang , Yafeng Han , Jiping Lu , Shuiyuan Tang , Hongli Fan , Yuhan Xia , Zezhi Xiang , Chenglong Gong , Run Wang , Shiye Chen , Le Tang
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced composites with variable volume fractions","authors":"Haoren Wang , Yafeng Han , Jiping Lu , Shuiyuan Tang , Hongli Fan , Yuhan Xia , Zezhi Xiang , Chenglong Gong , Run Wang , Shiye Chen , Le Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel approach to additive manufacturing for Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites (CFRCs), featuring an adjustable nozzle, enabling variable volume fraction control of continuous fibers. By modifying the dimensions of the print head, this method allows for a seamless adjustment of the continuous fiber volume fraction, ranging from 3.6% to 32%, throughout the fabrication process. Concurrently, an optimization method for the printing path, grounded in the analysis of principal stress trajectories, has been developed. This algorithm has been rigorously validated through advanced simulation techniques, proving its efficacy in enhancing the mechanical properties of the fabricated specimens. Subsequent experimental validation using the developed equipment resulted in a 61.04% increase in tensile strength, without any increase in fiber content, thereby highlighting the efficiency of the developed process. The study confirms the potential of this strategy in advancing composite material technology for complex part manufacturing with improved mechanical performance. The equipment also promises to produce a greater number of high-quality printed samples with optimized paths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108504"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingfan Zhang , Jian Liu , Weiwen Gu , Jun Sun , Xiaoyu Gu , Hongfei Li , Jingmao Zhao , Sheng Zhang
{"title":"Preparation of flame-retardant and toughened polycarbonate via reactive blending of polyborosiloxane elastomer","authors":"Jingfan Zhang , Jian Liu , Weiwen Gu , Jun Sun , Xiaoyu Gu , Hongfei Li , Jingmao Zhao , Sheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for flame retardant and toughened properties in PC for practical applications has attracted much attention from researchers. Herein, a polyborosiloxane elastomer (PBASi) was synthesized using an eco-friendly method and incorporated into PC through reactive blending. The addition of 2 wt% PBASi resulted in PC achieving a UL-94V-0 rating and an LOI value of 30.4 %. The incorporation of PBASi also led to a reduction in peak heat release rate and total smoke production by 30.8 % and 29.7 %, respectively, compared to pure PC. The formation of a sea-island structure between PC and PBASi, along with an ester exchange reaction at their interface during blending, improved compatibility. The PBASi mitigated the notch sensitivity of PC and enhanced elongation at the break by 58.8 % and notched impact strength by 502.1 % compared to pure PC. These results suggest PBASi have great potential in developing flame-retardant and toughened PC composites for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108505"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ge Bai , Chunhua Niu , Lixia Lang , Xuexue Liang , Wanjun Gu , Zhong Wei , Kai Chen , Klemen Bohinc , Xuhong Guo
{"title":"In-situ formation of dual-gradient hydrogels through microfluidic mixing and co-extrusion for constructing an engineered antibacterial platform","authors":"Ge Bai , Chunhua Niu , Lixia Lang , Xuexue Liang , Wanjun Gu , Zhong Wei , Kai Chen , Klemen Bohinc , Xuhong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The explosive release of antibiotics caused by drug delivery hydrogels can potentially cause cell damage. To balance the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of drug-loaded hydrogels, we present a double gradient hydrogel (PCHH) using microfluidic mixing co-extrusion technology. The gradient structure of the hydrogel can be controlled by adjusting the distribution of sodium alginate and amikacin. This allows for different swelling and drug release behaviors which can maintain a wet environment and optimize drug release behaviors. Amikacin is released at a rate of 50 % within 24 h and achieves sustained and uniform drug release in the later stages. The antibacterial properties displays that the synergistic antibacterial activity between amikacin and carbon dots reduces the dosage of amikacin and decreases bacterial resistance. This design principle offers new opportunities for hydrogels engineered with microfluidic chemistry, which can be applied in tissue engineering, soft robotics, and active medical implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 108497"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}