{"title":"Automatic concolic test generation with virtual prototypes for post-silicon validation","authors":"Kai Cong, Fei Xie, Li Lei","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691136","url":null,"abstract":"Post-silicon validation is a crucial stage in the system development cycle. To accelerate post-silicon validation, high-quality tests should be ready before the first silicon prototype becomes available. In this paper, we present a concolic testing approach to generation of post-silicon tests with virtual prototypes. We identify device states under test from concrete executions of a virtual prototype based on the concept of device transaction, symbolically execute the virtual prototype from these device states to generate tests, and issue the generated tests concretely to the silicon device. We have applied this approach to virtual prototypes of three network adapters to generate their tests. The generated test cases have been issued to both virtual prototypes and silicon devices. We observed significant coverage improvement with generated test cases. Furthermore, we detected 20 inconsistencies between virtual prototypes and silicon devices, each of which reveals a virtual prototype or silicon device defect.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129401405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zigang Xiao, Yuelin Du, Haitong Tian, Martin D. F. Wong
{"title":"Optimally minimizing overlay violation in self-aligned double patterning decomposition for row-based standard cell layout in polynomial time","authors":"Zigang Xiao, Yuelin Du, Haitong Tian, Martin D. F. Wong","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691094","url":null,"abstract":"Self-aligned double patterning is one of the most promising double patterning techniques for sub-20nm nodes. As in any multiple patterning techniques, layout decomposition is the most important problem. In SADP decomposition, overlay is among the most primary concerns. Most of the existing works target at minimizing the overall overlay, while others totally forbid the overlay. On the other hand, most of the works either rely on exponential time methods, or apply heuristic that cannot guarantee to find a solution. In this paper, we consider the SADP decomposition problem in row-based standard cell layout, where the overlay violations are minimized. Although SADP decomposition has been shown to be NP-hard in general, we showed that it can be solved in polynomial time when the layout is row-based standard cells. We propose a polynomial time optimal algorithm that finds a decomposition with minimum overlay violations. The efficiency of our method is further demonstrated by the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133397018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of interconnects between accelerators and shared memories in dark silicon","authors":"J. Cong, Bingjun Xiao","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691182","url":null,"abstract":"Application-specific accelerators provide orders-of-magnitude improvement in energy-efficiency over CPUs, and accelerator-rich computing platforms are showing promise in the dark silicon age. Memory sharing among accelerators leads to huge transistor savings, but needs novel designs of interconnects between accelerators and shared memories. Accelerators run 100x faster than CPUs and post a high demand on data. This leads to resource-consuming interconnects if we follow the same design rules as those for interconnects between CPUs and shared memories, and simply duplicate the interconnect hardware to meet the accelerator data demand. In this work we develop a novel design of interconnects between accelerators and shared memories and exploit three optimization opportunities that emerge in accelerator-rich computing platforms: 1) The multiple data ports of the same accelerators are powered on/off together, and the competition for shared resources among these ports can be eliminated to save interconnect transistor cost; 2) In dark silicon, the number of active accelerators in an accelerator-rich platform is usually limited, and the interconnects can be partially populated to just fit the data access demand limited by the power budget; 3) The heterogeneity of accelerators leads to execution patterns among accelerators and, based on the probability analysis to identify these patterns, interconnects can be optimized for the expected utilization. Experiments show that our interconnect design outperforms prior work that was optimized for CPU cores or signal routing.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133622996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ICCAD-2013 CAD contest in mask optimization and benchmark suite","authors":"Shayak Banerjee, Zhuo Li, S. Nassif","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691131","url":null,"abstract":"Optical microlithography is the technique of printing a set of shapes on a wafer using light transmitted through a template called a mask. Repeatedly printing and stacking such shapes on top of each other to build electrical circuits allows us to manufacture chips in high volume. However this technique has now reached its fundamental physical limits of resolution. Current 193nm wavelength light is no longer sufficient to reliably transfer patterns which are now in the sub-100nm dimensional range. This has led to increased research in optimizing lithographic masks to pre-compensate for distortions introduced by the lithographic process. This is called mask optimization. In this contest, students are provided with a sample lithographic model which simulates the transfer of a mask pattern on to wafer. The mask is assumed to be a pixelated template, where every pixel can be turned on or off, to indicate where light passes through, or is blocked. Contestants are also provided with models to predict the robustness of their pattern i.e. how much variability is in the transferred pattern. Given these tools, the objective is to minimize the variability in the wafer image, as measured by process variability (PV) bands. This is subject to the constraints of runtime and satisfying pattern fidelity i.e. the transferred pattern should resemble the target pattern. Benchmarks are provided in the form of collections of geometric shapes, each of which provides a challenge in printing at sub-wavelength.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132167286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving platform energy-chip area trade-off in near-threshold computing environment","authors":"Hao Wang, Abhishek A. Sinkar, N. Kim","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691138","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies on near-threshold computing (NTC) investigated an optimum supply voltage which yields minimum energy per operation (Emin), and proposed various optimization techniques at the device, circuit, and architecture levels to further minimize Emn. However, most of these studies often overlooked the significance of (i) energy consumption of off-chip memory accesses; (ii) energy loss of voltage regulators (VRs); and (iii) the cost of chip area in NTC environment. In this paper, we first demonstrate the increasing significance of (i) and (ii) in NTC environment with a comprehensive set of device, circuit, and architectural-level models. Second, we explore technology optimization to improve the trade-off between platform energy and chip area considering (iii) in NTC environment. The experimental results show that our optimized technology achieves 4% to 21% energy reduction for various chip area constraints, achieving significant improvement in trade-off between platform energy and chip area for a wide range of parallel benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128865338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoichi Iizuka, M. Mizuno, D. Kuroda, M. Hashimoto, T. Onoye
{"title":"Stochastic error rate estimation for adaptive speed control with field delay testing","authors":"Shoichi Iizuka, M. Mizuno, D. Kuroda, M. Hashimoto, T. Onoye","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a stochastic framework for error rate estimation that models adaptive speed control as a continuous-time Markov process and derives its transition rates using developed similarity database. The proposed framework is implemented for adaptive speed control systems based on timing error prediction and scan-test. Experimental results show that the proposed framework enabled 12 orders of magnitude faster MTTF estimation than ordinary logic simulation. The accuracy of MTTF estimation under random delay fluctuation is clarified through a comparison with logic simulation. The proposed estimation can contribute to design and validation of adaptive speed control systems with field delay testing.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115398239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rostami, F. Koushanfar, Jeyavijayan Rajendran, R. Karri
{"title":"Hardware security: Threat models and metrics","authors":"M. Rostami, F. Koushanfar, Jeyavijayan Rajendran, R. Karri","doi":"10.5555/2561828.2561985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5555/2561828.2561985","url":null,"abstract":"The globalized semiconductor supply chain is vulnerable to hardware attacks including: Trojans, piracy of intellectual properties (IPs) and/or overbuilding of integrated circuits (ICs), reverse engineering, side-channels, and counterfeiting. In this paper, we explain the threat models, the state-of-the-art defenses, and the metrics used to evaluate the defenses. The threat models outlined in this paper enables one to understand the attacks. Defenses and metrics can help defenders to build stronger countermeasures and evaluate them against other protection techniques using the metrics.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115680003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Younghyun Kim, Donghwa Shin, Massimo Petricca, Sangyoung Park, M. Poncino, N. Chang
{"title":"Computer-aided design of electrical energy systems","authors":"Younghyun Kim, Donghwa Shin, Massimo Petricca, Sangyoung Park, M. Poncino, N. Chang","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691118","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical energy systems (EESs) include energy generation, distribution, storage, and consumption, and involve many diverse components and sub-systems to implement these tasks. This paper represents a first step towards the computer-aided design for EESs, encompassing modeling, simulation, design and optimization of these systems. CAD for EESs is a challenging task that mandates a multidisciplinary and heterogeneous approach. We identify similarities and differences between electrical energy systems and electronics systems in order to inherit as much as possible the profound legacy resources of electronic design automation (EDA). We introduce fundamental concepts, from the general problem formulation to the development and deployment of efficient, scalable, and versatile CAD and EDA methods and framework for the optimal or near-optimal EESs.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125068002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mojtaba Ebrahimi, Fabian Oboril, S. Kiamehr, M. Tahoori
{"title":"Aging-aware logic synthesis","authors":"Mojtaba Ebrahimi, Fabian Oboril, S. Kiamehr, M. Tahoori","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691098","url":null,"abstract":"As CMOS technology scales down into the nanometer regime, designers have to add pessimistic timing margins to the circuit as guardbands to avoid timing violations due to various reliability effects, in particular accelerated transistor aging. Since aging is workload-dependent, the aging rates of different paths are non-uniform, and hence, design time delay-balanced circuits become significantly unbalanced after some operational time. In this paper, an aging-aware logic synthesis approach is proposed to increase circuit lifetime with respect to a specific guardband. Our main objective is to optimize the design timing with respect to post-aging delay in a way that all paths reach the assigned guardband at the same time. In this regard, in an iterative process, after computing the post-aging delays, the lifetime is improved by putting tighter timing constraints on paths with higher aging rate and looser constraints on paths which have less post-aging delay than the desired guarband. The experimental results shows that the proposed approach improves circuit lifetime in average by more than 3X with negligible impact on area. Our approach is implemented on top of a commercial synthesis toolchain, and hence scales very well.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128392131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Joint sizing and adaptive independent gate control for FinFET circuits operating in multiple voltage regimes using the logical effort method","authors":"X. Lin, Yanzhi Wang, Massoud Pedram","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691155","url":null,"abstract":"FinFET has been proposed as an alternative for bulk CMOS in current and future technology nodes due to more effective channel control, reduced random dopant fluctuation, high ON/OFF current ratio, lower energy consumption, etc. Key characteristics of FinFET operating in the sub/near-threshold region are very different from those in the strong-inversion region. This paper first introduces an analytical transregional FinFET model with high accuracy in both sub- and near-threshold regimes. Next, the paper extends the well-known and widely-adopted logical effort delay calculation and optimization method to FinFET circuits operating in multiple voltage (sub/near/super-threshold) regimes. More specifically, a joint optimization of gate sizing and adaptive independent gate control is presented and solved in order to minimize the delay of FinFET circuits operating in multiple voltage regimes. Experimental results on a 32nm Predictive Technology Model for FinFET demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed logical effort-based delay optimization framework.","PeriodicalId":278154,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131688771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}