Chemosphere最新文献

{"title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) perturbs skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation by a different mechanism than liver","authors":"Jazmine A. Eccles-Miller ,&nbsp;Lanie A. Williams ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Leonard ,&nbsp;Nishanth Tharayil ,&nbsp;Elliet L. Buslee ,&nbsp;Joanna Fiddler ,&nbsp;William S. Baldwin","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PFOS perturbs normal energy metabolism such as lipid metabolism; however, despite being a highly metabolic organ, skeletal muscle toxicity has not been widely studied. Skeletal muscle, a healthy body's largest metabolic organ, presents a target for PFOS-induced metabolic toxicity due to its high mitochondrial content. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the response of skeletal muscle to PFOS in vivo and compare the responses to liver. Mice were treated with 0, 1, or 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for 21-days and gastrocnemius and liver collected. All mice exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in bodyweight following PFOS treatment; only females were susceptible to loss of muscle mass. In contrast, liver weight increased in all mice. PFOS showed significant bioaccumulation in gastrocnemius, albeit lower than the liver. Despite reduced bioaccumulation, gastrocnemius was highly sensitive to transcriptomic changes. Only 5 % of differentially expressed genes were shared between the tissues. In gastrocnemius, mitochondrial OXPHOS pathways were highly sensitive to PFOS with ETC 1 most sensitive based on GO term and KEGG pathway analysis. In liver, PPAR transcription and fatty acid metabolism were some of the more sensitive pathways. Mitochondrial respiration assays (Seahorse) confirmed that complex I and IV capacity in PFOS-treated female gastrocnemius was repressed, whereas complex II capacity was repressed by PFOS treatment in liver. An increase in fast-oxidative fibers may have provided males, in comparison to females, some compensatory protection from the effects of PFOS. These results indicate that skeletal muscle is sensitive to PFOS toxicity, and PFOS perturbs different pathways in skeletal muscle than liver.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144815"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental tobacco smoke is a major contributor to lead, cadmium, and arsenic in settled house dust","authors":"Nicolas Lopez-Galvez ,&nbsp;E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens ,&nbsp;Penelope J.E. Quintana ,&nbsp;Ashley L. Merianos ,&nbsp;Nathan G. Dodder ,&nbsp;Eunha Hoh ,&nbsp;Lara Stone ,&nbsp;Kayo Watanabe ,&nbsp;Georg E. Matt","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tobacco smoke contains toxic chemicals, including heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), that are found in secondhand and thirdhand smoke, the chemical residue that lingers and accumulates in indoor environments. This study examined tobacco smoke's contribution to heavy metal accumulation in house dust after smoking stops. Dust samples were collected from 179 homes of cigarette smokers with young children and analyzed for nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pb, Cd, and As were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Bivariate correlation and multivariable models were used to examine associations between tobacco use markers and heavy metal dust loading, controlling for sociodemographic, home, and smoking characteristics. All samples contained Pb (geometric mean: 34.2 μg/m²), Cd (0.40 μg/m²), As (1.6 μg/m²), nicotine (15.7 μg/m²), and TSNAs (6.0 ng/m²); 100 % exceeded the current EPA standard for Pb (0 μg/ft²). Metals correlated positively with nicotine (Pb: r = 0.68; Cd: r = 0.70; As: r = 0.70; all p &lt; 0.001) and TSNAs (Pb: r = 0.50; Cd: r = 0.47; As: r = 0.51; all p &lt; 0.001). Nicotine loading was strongly associated with higher loading of the other contaminants (Pb: <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 0.68; Cd: <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 0.71; As: <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 0.69; TSNAs: <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = 0.83; all p &lt; 0.001). The semi-partial R² values showed that nicotine uniquely explained 43 % of Pb, 58 % of Cd, and 54 % of As dust-loading variance. Our model projected that, in a fully tobacco-free home, dust loadings of Pb, Cd, and As would decrease by 87 %, 49 %, and 38 %, respectively. This study provides compelling evidence that tobacco smoke residue is a significant yet underrecognized source of toxic metals in household dust, independent of established factors such as housing age. It substantially contributes to indoor lead, cadmium, and arsenic levels. Given children's heightened vulnerability, these findings highlight the urgency of smoke-free policies and thirdhand smoke remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144820"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment and valorization of spent caustic brine: A critical review with emphasis on membrane technologies","authors":"Rouba D. Al Bostami ,&nbsp;Amani Al Othman ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tawalbeh ,&nbsp;Kerry N. McPhedran ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi A. Shirazi","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spent caustic brine (SCB) is a hazardous yet resource-rich industrial waste, primarily composed of sodium hydroxide, water, and contaminants such as sulfides, phenols, organic compounds, heavy metals, and valuable minerals. Originating from industries such as oil and gas, metal finishing, and food processing, SCB poses high pH (&gt;11), high total dissolved solids (up to 58,000 ppm), heavy metal content, and elevated chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this work, treatment and valorization methods for SCB are categorized into three groups: traditional techniques without caustic or water recovery, conventional techniques with limited recovery, and membrane technologies offering effective caustic and water recovery (85 % and 90 %, respectively). This review emphasizes membrane technologies due to their potential for resource recovery and environmental sustainability. Traditional and conventional methods are also discussed to provide a comprehensive overview. Unlike approaches that focus solely on treatment, this work critically examines valorization strategies that align with circular economy principles, aiming to recover valuable resources rather than dispose of them. The novelty of this study lies in its shift from waste treatment to resource and water recovery, promoting sustainable management practices. Future research should focus on advancing membrane technologies and integrating valorization pathways to minimize environmental impact and maximize economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 144835"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare earth element abundances and gadolinium contamination in tap water worldwide","authors":"Jean-Alix Barrat ,&nbsp;Germain Bayon ,&nbsp;Raphaël Tripier ,&nbsp;Marie-Laure Rouget ,&nbsp;Yoan Germain ,&nbsp;Douraied Ben Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and have emerged as persistent contaminants in surface and drinking water since the 1990s. We present a method based on the coprecipitation of rare earth elements (REEs) with iron hydroxides to estimate the amount of macrocyclic GBCAs in water, and apply it here for the first time to investigate the degree of Gd contamination in tap water worldwide. Our results indicate that Gd contamination is widespread in drinking water distribution systems. Tap water in big European cities such as Berlin, Amsterdam, Paris, and Lyon is more contaminated in Gd than tap water from Asian (Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Shanghai, Seoul, Tokyo) or American megacities (Los Angeles, New York, and Rio de Janeiro). Furthermore, our data suggest that drinking water treatment processes degrade Gd complexes to varying extent, which can increase the bioavailability of free Gd ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144812"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keto-enol insecticides disrupt ovarian Wnt/armadillo signaling and redox balance, inducing generational toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Berenyce González Marín ,&nbsp;José Pedraza-Chaverri ,&nbsp;Omar Noel Medina-Campos ,&nbsp;Edmundo Bonilla ,&nbsp;Hilda Zamira Vilchis González ,&nbsp;Mauricio Reyes Acuña ,&nbsp;María Elena Calderón-Segura","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is the first to detect Wnt/armadillo signaling pathway activity in the germarium of Fz3-RFP transgenic <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> females orally exposure to sublethal concentrations of the keto-enol insecticides Movento® 240 SC (0, 11.2, 22.4, 37.3 mg/L) and Envidor® 240 SC (0, 12.3, 24.6, 41.1 mg/L) for 72 h. Both insecticides induced irregular overexpression of receptor Fz3 in regions 1 and 2a of the germarium, accompanied by morphological changes, tissue disorganization, and reduced cell number compared to controls. In wild-type females, oxidative stress was evidenced by increased MDA (malondialdehyde) levels and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) following exposure. These effects correlated with reduced fertility, reproduction, and generational alterations, assessed via oviposition and hatching rates, and larval development (L1, L2, L3). Movento® 240 SC and Envidor® 240 SC significantly increased MDA (0.32–0.78 and 0.21–0.57 nmol mg⁻¹ protein) and enzymatic activities of CAT (0.16–0.20 and 0.13–0.15 U mg⁻¹ protein) and SOD (0.40–0.69 and 0.19–0.54 U mg⁻¹ protein), respectively, compared to controls. Oviposition and hatching rates decreased to 22–62 % and 47–86 %. Larval progression from L1 to L3 was delayed, with reductions of 30–97 %. Additionally, 60 % of L1 larvae from females exposed to 22.4 and 37.3 mg/L Movento® 240 SC and 24.6 and 41.1 mg/L Envidor® 240 SC exhibited locomotor defects, including reduced head-thrust intensity, body curling, and diminished burrowing, highlighting significant generational impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 144816"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilised native bacterial consortia for algal toxin removal: Towards sustainable in-situ remediation","authors":"Maanashi Tripathi ,&nbsp;S. Murty Bhallamudi ,&nbsp;Ligy Philip","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel <em>in-situ</em> bioremediation strategy for the removal of highly toxic algal metabolites released during Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). The target algal toxins are Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Anatoxin-a (Atx-a) as they are acutely toxic, environmentally stable, evade conventional treatment processes and contribute to disinfection by-products formation. Native bacterial consortia isolated from lakes with recurrent algal blooms were immobilised on three matrices: polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PU), and cellulose sponge (CS). Suspended systems achieved 90.4 % (MC-LR) and 92.5 % (Atx-a) removal at 50 μg/L, but efficiencies declined to 77.8 % and 80.0 %, respectively, at 250 μg/L. In contrast, immobilised systems maintained high removal efficiencies even at an initial toxin concentration as high as 250 μg/L, achieving 100 % toxin removal with PU and CS and over 90 % with PE. Although CS showed complete removal, its biodegradable nature limits long-term use. PU emerged as the most durable and effective carrier, ensuring stable microbial activity and negligible sorption. Microbial degradation was confirmed as the dominant mechanism, with <em>Burkholderia sp.</em> identified as the key degrader. This study also provides insight on Atx-a attenuation by identifying degradation products and proposing a potential co-metabolic biodegradation pathway. Microplastic analysis revealed minor particle release from PU, which can be further mitigated by enclosing the immobilised matrices in permeable barrier during field deployment to prevent secondary contamination. Present study highlights the promise of combining native consortia with immobilised systems as a scalable and environmentally compatible strategy for <em>in-situ</em> algal toxin remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144783"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dynamics and seasonal variation of organochlorine pesticides in harvested rainwater: Implications for urban water quality management in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"Ilemobayo Ifedayo Oguntimehin ,&nbsp;Thompson Faraday Ediagbonya ,&nbsp;Adejoke Dorcas Adejugbagbe","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the temporal dynamics and seasonal variation of 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in harvested rainwater across Lagos, Nigeria, from April to August 2024, to assess their sources, environmental drivers and associated human health risks. Monthly samples were collected from five representative rooftop catchments during the peak rainy season, and OCPs were extracted through liquid-liquid extraction and quantified using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Statistical techniques including ANOVA, correlation analysis, diagnostic ratio evaluation and human health risk assessment were applied. Significant temporal fluctuations were observed, with peak concentrations for several OCPs including endosulfan I, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and BHC isomers occurring in April and May. Strong correlations between α-BHC, β-BHC, heptachlor and electrical conductivity indicated notable anthropogenic inputs. Human health risk assessment revealed hazard quotient values above 1 for dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide, signalling potential non-cancer risks, while cancer risk values for these compounds fell within ranges of concern. These findings underscore the influence of seasonal rainfall patterns and urbanization on OCP mobilization and highlight serious public health implications for populations reliant on untreated harvested rainwater, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, public awareness and improved water treatment strategies in Lagos and similar megacities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144795"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of nanozeolite Y from sponge-iron industry byproduct for optimized adsorptive removal of sulfamethoxazole from water","authors":"Deeptimayee Pal,&nbsp;Sujit Sen","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable management of industrial byproducts via value-added conversion is essential for promoting circular economy goals. This study successfully valorized dolochar, a hazardous solid waste from the sponge-iron industry, into nanozeolite Y (NaY) by a hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized NaY was characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, Raman spectroscopy, TG-DTA, and zeta potential analysis. NaY demonstrated significant crystallinity (87.178 %), a specific surface area of 543.661 m²/g, and a mesoporous structure favorable for adsorption. The synthesized NaY was used for the adsorptive elimination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly employed and environmentally persistent antibiotic. To improve performance, sono-assisted adsorption was used, and process parameters, including pH, sonication duration, adsorbent dose, and SMX concentration, were statistically optimized by Response Surface Methodology, Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD). Under optimal conditions (pH 6.123, 56.729 min of sonication, 0.467 g/L NaY dosage, 11.977 mg/L SMX), a maximum removal efficiency of 98.417 % was attained. The adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Regeneration analyses demonstrated consistent performance throughout multiple cycles, indicating the material's reusability. The adsorption mechanism was ascribed to pore filling, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding between SMX and the surface functional groups of NaY. This study emphasizes the simultaneous benefits of resource recovery from industrial waste and the elimination of emerging contaminants, providing a scalable and sustainable solution for water treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 144823"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in consumer food packaging","authors":"Kevin Stroski ,&nbsp;Yelena Sapozhnikova","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.144824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been detected in food and food contact materials (FCMs) worldwide, causing concerns for human exposure through diet. In this study, we have developed and validated a new method for analysis of 73 PFAS from 15 different classes in paper and plastic FCMs. The method was based on methanolic extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and was validated at three spiking levels with five replicates per level. Acceptable recoveries and repeatability were achieved for 96–100 % of analytes between various spiking levels and food packaging materials. We further applied the validated method to test 66 paper and plastic food packaging materials that were in direct contact with the previously tested food samples of chicken, pork, beef and catfish purchased from grocery stores in the US. Nine PFAS were detected in the samples: 8:2 FTSA, 6:2 diPAP, 8:2 diPAP, diSAmPAP, PFBA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFBS and PFOS with ∑PFAS concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 16.3 ng/g. At least one PFAS was detected in 64 % of the samples. The most frequently detected PFAS was 6:2 diPAP found in 61 % of samples, across all material types in concentrations 0.09–10.3 ng/g. Results suggest no evidence of PFAS transfer from FCMs tested in this study to packaged food tested in our previous study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 144824"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper toxicity as stressor in Chaetoceros calcitrans under different salinity levels: Growth inhibition, ROS accumulation, and alterations in fatty acid and PUA profiles","authors":"Rajaa Kholssi ,&nbsp;Juan Rodríguez-Márquez ,&nbsp;María Úbeda-Manzanaro ,&nbsp;Marta Sendra ,&nbsp;Ignacio Moreno-Garrido ,&nbsp;Ana Bartual ,&nbsp;María J. Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sensitivity of marine microalgae to metal contamination, particularly copper (Cu), is well recognized in ecotoxicology, providing key insights into predicting marine pollution impacts. This study examined the combined effects of Cu toxicity and salinity on the diatom <em>Chaetoceros calcitrans</em> under controlled laboratory conditions. Toxicity assays were conducted using two environmentally relevant Cu concentrations (2 and 5 μg L⁻¹) and three salinity levels (33, 36, and 39) over 96 h, with cell responses analyzed via flow cytometry. Specific growth rate (SGR), chlorophyll fluorescence, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition, polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated. Results showed that SGR increased from 1.7 d⁻¹ at salinity 33 to 1.9 d⁻¹ at 39, indicating enhanced growth at higher salinity. However, Cu exposure significantly reduced SGR, particularly under 5 μg L⁻¹ Cu at salinity 33, where SGR dropped to 0.86 d⁻¹. ROS levels were highest under the combined low salinity (33) and 5 μg L⁻¹ Cu treatment, suggesting strong oxidative stress. PUA profiles shifted with Cu and salinity, with stress-related compounds such as 2<em>E</em>,4<em>E</em>/<em>Z</em>-decadienal and 2<em>E</em>,4<em>E</em>/<em>Z</em>,7<em>Z</em>-decatrienal increasing at low salinity. Fatty acid analysis revealed marked rises in saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid (C16:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), under Cu exposure. In the Cu2/39 treatment, C16:0 reached 1.34 × 10⁴ fmol cell⁻¹ compared to 1.36 × 10³ fmol cell⁻¹ in the control. Monounsaturated fatty acids, notably palmitoleic acid (C16:1), also increased, reaching 7. 46 × 10³ fmol cell⁻¹ versus 1.71 × 10³ fmol cell⁻¹ in the control. Conversely, polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3), decreased significantly following Cu exposure. Overall, elevated salinity mitigated Cu-induced growth inhibition but intensified oxidative and biochemical stress, underscoring the complex, endpoint-specific responses of <em>C. calcitrans</em> to multiple environmental stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"394 ","pages":"Article 144790"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}