Chemistry and Physics of Lipids最新文献

{"title":"Astrocaryum vulgare M. oil-composed nanostructured lipid carriers for topical administration: optimization by 2² factorial design and development of a semi-solid formulation.","authors":"Maria Eugênia B Rocha, Raquel da Ana, Faezeh Fathi, M Beatriz P P Oliveira, Leticia Kakuda, Wanderley P Oliveira, Eliana B Souto","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The selection of lipids and their ratios play a critical role in determining drug loading capacity and the structural properties of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), directly impacting their stability. Among liquid lipids, vegetable oils have been explored both as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and as excipients in NLCs intended for topical use. The pulp oil of Tucumã, derived from Brazilian biodiversity, is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, attributed to its high content of flavonoids and carotenoids. This study focused on evaluating the compatibility of Tucumã oil with various solid lipids (SLs) commonly used in NLC production, developing an optimized NLC formulation containing this oil, and monitoring its stability over a 28-days' period. Lipid screening was performed to assess SL compatibility, followed by pilot formulations to determine the type and concentration range of SL and surfactant for the experimental design. A 2²-factorial design was applied to understand and identify the significant effects and interactions of lipid and surfactant concentrations on Tucumã oil-loaded NLC, and the stability of the optimized formulation was monitored by determining the mean particle size (z-Ave), polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), and recrystallization index (RI%) over 28 days. Compritol® was identified as the most suitable SL, resulting in round shaped NLC with z-Ave of 309nm, PI of 0.23 and high ZP (-25.5mV). The RI% was shown to be influenced by storage time and temperature. The optimal formulation contained 8% total lipid phase (at a 20:80 of oil to SL) and 3% of Tween® 80 as surfactant, showing stability at 5ºC, 25ºC and 40ºC. The experimental design revealed a positive effect of surfactant concentration on z-Ave and PI, with no significant impact on ZP. Over time, NLCs exhibited a gradual color loss (becoming whiter), with no other signs of instability. These findings support the potential use of Tucumã oil for producing stable NLC suitable for topical delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":" ","pages":"105548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tocopherols and tocotrienols. A molecular dynamics study","authors":"José Villalaín","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitamin E denotes a cluster of eight molecules, i.e., α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, β-tocotrienol, δ-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol, where the α-tocopherol isoform is the major form. Vitamin E is one of the natural most potent antioxidants and an indispensable molecule for human health, since its major function is the inhibition of free-radical lipid peroxidation propagation. Vitamin E has a lipophilic nature and localize in membranes and lipoproteins and could affect either both its biological properties or membrane structure. I have used molecular dynamics to know the position and orientation of these eight biomolecules in water and inside a biomembrane, besides finding any interactions with their lipidic components. When they are in the membrane, all molecules tend towards their most extended conformation, inserting well between the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains. Our data agree with the general consensus, i.e., the chromanol group is located near the oxygen atom of cholesterol, whereas its hydrophobic chain extends to the membrane middle. This does not prevent the existence of flip-flop between the two monolayers. Significantly, the tocopherol/tocotrienol molecules inside the membrane did not aggregate. Remarkable, α-tocopherol presented a relatively high diffusion coefficient when compared to the other molecules and the α-tocopherol transfer protein seems to be the most suitable for its transport and transfer to the membrane. Although in principle any tocopherol or tocotrienol could function as an antioxidant, nature has chosen α-tocopherol thanks to the sum of a series of very subtle characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 105541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of α-tocopherol derivatives on the structural and functional properties of model lipid nanocarriers: A biophysical modeling study","authors":"Anita Dudek ,&nbsp;Maciej Spiegel ,&nbsp;Dominika Benkowska-Biernacka ,&nbsp;Magdalena Domańska ,&nbsp;Hanna Pruchnik","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While α-tocopherol is widely studied for its antioxidant role in membranes, its potential as a functional component of liposomal carriers remains underexplored, despite their range of interesting biological activities and growing use in nanocarrier systems. This study systematically evaluates how three tocopherol derivatives - α-tocopherol phosphate (TP), α-tocopherol succinate (TS), and α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)—affect nanoliposomes, focusing on colloidal stability, encapsulation efficiency, and fundamental membrane properties such as fluidity, hydration, and thermotropic behavior. Results showed that all α-tocopherol derivatives significantly altered membrane properties, inducing structural changes in both the lipid chain and polar regions of the liposome bilayer. TS enhanced membrane rigidity and reduced permeability, while TP increased fluidity and promoted payload release. TPGS, with its bulky PEG chain, stabilized liposomes but induced phase heterogeneity. Additionally, all derivatives lowered the lipid main phase transition temperature and altered its thermotropic behavior. Despite these disruptions, the derivatives preserved nanoscale vesicle sizes (∼100 nm) and monodisperse distributions (PDI &lt; 0.3) over extended storage. These experimental observations were further supported by molecular dynamics simulations, which confirmed differences in membrane affinity among the derivatives, with TS showing the strongest binding affinity. The simulations also revealed that the derivatives' positioning within the bilayer and their interactions—mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts—contribute to their distinct effects on membrane structure and dynamics. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that α-tocopherol derivatives distinctly modulate liposomal membrane architecture and behavior in a structure-dependent manner, offering promising tools for tuning nanocarrier performance in pharmaceutical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 105539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raman spectroscopy characterization of interbilayer water of hydrated phospholipid multibilayers","authors":"E.A. Dobrynina,&nbsp;S.V. Adichtchev,&nbsp;N.V. Surovtsev","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The properties of phospholipid bilayers, which are important in various biophysical and biomedical studies, critically depend on the hydration of the lipid bilayer. Interbilayer water in multilamellar vesicles or planar multilayers is a very convenient object for studying the interfacial lipid-water interaction. However, many parameters of the interbilayer water remain incompletely studied, and in some cases different experimental methods yield different parameters of interbilayer water. Here, we developed a Raman spectroscopy method for characterizing interbilayer water in multilayer phospholipid samples. This method was applied to one saturated (DPPC) and one unsaturated (DOPC) phospholipid hydrated at high relative humidity and studied over a wide temperature range. It was found that although above the freezing point of water the OH stretching spectra of interbilayer water were similar to those of bulk water, only about one-fifth of the interbilayer water crystallized at the lowest experimental temperature (110 K). In combination with Raman spectra of aqueous suspensions of phospholipids of known compositions, the number of interbilayer H₂O molecules per lipid molecule (hydration number) was determined. The hydration number was found for the ordered (gel) and disordered (fluid) phases of hydrated phospholipid bilayers at different temperatures and several relative humidities. The results were compared with values of the hydration number obtained by other methods, and an interpretation was proposed that takes into account the fractions of the free and non-free (perturbed) interbilayer water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bamboo charcoal mitigates oxidised LDL-induced foam cell formation via molecular interaction and adsorption: Evidence from in silico and in vitro studies","authors":"Mutaman Hussein Abdullah ,&nbsp;Ahmad Naqib Shuid ,&nbsp;Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz ,&nbsp;Muhammad Azrul Zabidi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ,&nbsp;Rafeezul Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atherosclerosis is partially driven by the accumulation of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which facilitates foam cell formation and vascular inflammation. This research examines the efficacy of bamboo charcoal (BC) as a bioactive agent for neutralising oxLDL using both <em>in silico</em> and <em>in vitro</em> methodologies. Molecular docking demonstrated significant binding affinities between BC and essential constituents of oxLDL, such as oxidised cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-100, facilitated by π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the stability of these complexes over 300 ns, indicating sustained molecular interactions. Quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory showed a narrow HOMO–LUMO gap of 0.45 eV and a significant dipole moment of approximately 45 D, underscoring the reactive and polar characteristics of BC. Electrostatic potential mapping and thermodynamic analyses provided additional evidence for BC's spontaneous and stable binding to oxLDL components. The Oil Red O staining and total cholesterol estimation assays were conducted on oxLDL-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages <em>in vitro</em> indicated that BC significantly decreased macrophage-derived foam cell formation, thereby confirming its ability to reduce oxLDL-induced lipid accumulation. The findings suggest that BC functions as a physical adsorbent and a participant in direct chemical interactions with oxLDL, providing a dual-action therapeutic approach to atherosclerosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The puzzle of sphingolipids and cholesterol under the atomic force microscope: bilayer thicknesses and breakthrough forces","authors":"Aritz B. García-Arribas ,&nbsp;Alicia Alonso ,&nbsp;Félix M. Goñi","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A variety of studies published in the last decades in the field of lipid biophysics deal with the <em>puzzle</em> regarding the relationship between the signaling power of bioactive lipids (sphingolipids) and their capacity to induce lipid membrane heterogeneity (domains). Advances in technology, particularly Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), have provided a solid contribution in this regard. Moreover, supported planar bilayers (SPB) have become an established membrane model in the study of lipid-lipid interactions. However, in spite of the large amount of published results in this field, the data remain scattered, and a coherent collection that allows easy access to the investigator is missing. This review summarizes the relevant results obtained in our laboratory through the use of AFM under comparable experimental conditions, offering a collection of data on supported lipid bilayer thicknesses and breakthrough forces. An extensive list of lipid compositions including phospholipids, cholesterol and sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides), at varying molecular ratios, has been considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of milk-sphingomyelin gel phases by glycosphingolipids: An in-vitro study on the characteristics of milk sphingolipid gel phases","authors":"Md Abdullah Al Sazzad ,&nbsp;Max Lönnfors ,&nbsp;Baoru Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sphingolipids constitute a class of bioactive lipids essential for the structural and functional integrity of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Milk sphingomyelin (milk-SM), as a key component of MFGM, contributes to the stability of milk fat emulsions. Milk-SM and other sphingolipids, like glycosphingolipids (GSL), coexist in the same outer bilayer of MFGM, suggesting significant role of their interaction in shaping the structural properties and functions of MFGM. In this study, using an <em>in-vitro</em> model membrane system, we investigated the impact of various GSLs, including cerebrosides and gangliosides, on the lateral segregation and phase behavior of milk-SM in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<em>sn</em>-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers. We also incorporated N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-ceramide for a comparative analysis of the impacts of sphingolipid head groups. The lateral segregation of sphingolipid gel phases was assessed using <em>trans</em>-parinaric acid (tPA) fluorescence lifetime analysis, and their thermostability was examined using steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of tPA. Additionally, we assessed the binary interactions between milk-SM and GSLs using the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The results indicate that GSLs promote the lateral segregation and stabilization of milk-SM-rich gel phases in the membrane bilayers. The size of the GSL head groups significantly influenced the degree of this stabilization, with larger head groups demonstrating diminished interactions with milk-SM. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of various sphingolipid structures in membrane phase behavior and organization. Comprehensive understanding of the interactions of these important sphingolipids in MFGM environment is crucial due to their structural and functional importance in dairy and nutritional applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogenous and deuterated phospholipid extracts from Escherichia coli as biomimetic cytoplasmic bacterial membranes","authors":"Giacomo Corucci ,&nbsp;Pablo Sánchez-Puga ,&nbsp;Krishna Chaithanya Batchu ,&nbsp;Nicolò Paracini ,&nbsp;Samantha Micciulla ,&nbsp;Valérie Laux ,&nbsp;Javier Carrascosa-Tejedor ,&nbsp;Moritz Paul Karl Frewein ,&nbsp;Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté ,&nbsp;Cyrille Botté ,&nbsp;Giovanna Fragneto ,&nbsp;Alessandra Luchini","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model lipid bilayers, reconstituted by using bacterial lipid extracts, are reliable systems to investigate the physical properties of bacterial membranes, and can be used, for example, to aid the design of new antibiotics. Here, we discuss the optimisation of a protocol for the production of hydrogenous and deuterated glycerophospholipid (GPL) extracts from <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and their reconstitution into model membranes. This protocol stands apart from state-of-the-art methods by introducing an additional purification step, which ensures a better separation of the GPL molecules from other membrane components such as neutral lipids. The composition of these extracts was characterised with different analytical methods. Experimental conditions were optimised for producing bacterial membrane models in the form of vesicles, lipid monolayers at the air/water interface and supported lipid bilayers. A combination of biophysical techniques, including Langmuir isotherms, neutron reflectometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, and small angle X-ray scattering provided detailed information on the self-assembled structures, and highlighted interesting differences between hydrogenous and deuterated extracts. Altogether, we report a detailed description of extraction and characterisation of hydrogenous and deuterated <em>E. coli</em> GPL extracts. The study of such complex lipid mixtures is important to recreate highly biologically relevant bacterial membrane models for studies aimed at understanding the biological function of bacterial membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gramicidin A on the constant tension-induced rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles and the underlying mechanisms","authors":"Mir Jubair Ahamed ,&nbsp;Tawfika Nasrin ,&nbsp;Zarin Tasnim Rakhy ,&nbsp;Md. Masum Billah ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gramicidin A (GrA), a well-known ionophore, plays a significant role in modifying the biophysical properties of membranes. However, its mechanism of action in influencing rupture kinetics of vesicles and the stability of membranes under constant mechanical tension remains unclear. To investigate this, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of DOPG and DOPC phospholipids, with varying molar fractions of GrA (ranging from 0 % to 5 %), were synthesized using the natural swelling method. These GUVs were then subjected to mechanical tension using the micropipette aspiration technique. The rupture kinetics were assessed by quantifying the fraction of intact vesicles over time under a fixed mechanical tension, allowing the determination of the rupture rate constant. The results revealed a non-monotonic effect of GrA on membrane rupture: at low concentrations (up to 1 % GrA), GUVs exhibited increased structural stability, while at higher concentrations (1–5 % GrA), rupture probability significantly increased. Additionally, the area compressibility modulus of the GUV membranes was evaluated, showing that GrA incorporation led to alterations in membrane elasticity. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which GrA modulates membrane integrity under mechanical stress, offering valuable implications for biophysical studies of ionophore-lipid interactions and membrane stability in biological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of water in the responsiveness of lipid membranes: Application of non-equilibrium thermodynamics","authors":"E. Anibal Disalvo,&nbsp;Jimena del P. Cejas,&nbsp;Agustín González Paz,&nbsp;María de los A. Frías","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenological description of a lipid membrane within the frame of the interphase model in which membrane is a bidimensional solution of hydrated lipids allows to make compatible the membrane theory and Ling hypothesis by considering the physical chemical properties of the aqueous lipid interphase.</div><div>The membrane suffers mechanical stress inducing changes in hydration and changes in composition. These conditions affect the amount of labile active water propense to response to bioeffectors. This behavior is properly described with the approach of thermodynamic of irreversible processes in which the membrane is an open system and is in a metastable state propense to react due to bioeffectors in the adjacent aqueous solution. In terms of this analysis, the hydration shell is inert to bioeffectors and the response of the membrane is given by the excess of water that is labile and osmotically exchangeable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}