Chemistry and Physics of Lipids最新文献

{"title":"The puzzle of sphingolipids and cholesterol under the atomic force microscope: bilayer thicknesses and breakthrough forces","authors":"Aritz B. García-Arribas ,&nbsp;Alicia Alonso ,&nbsp;Félix M. Goñi","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A variety of studies published in the last decades in the field of lipid biophysics deal with the <em>puzzle</em> regarding the relationship between the signaling power of bioactive lipids (sphingolipids) and their capacity to induce lipid membrane heterogeneity (domains). Advances in technology, particularly Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), have provided a solid contribution in this regard. Moreover, supported planar bilayers (SPB) have become an established membrane model in the study of lipid-lipid interactions. However, in spite of the large amount of published results in this field, the data remain scattered, and a coherent collection that allows easy access to the investigator is missing. This review summarizes the relevant results obtained in our laboratory through the use of AFM under comparable experimental conditions, offering a collection of data on supported lipid bilayer thicknesses and breakthrough forces. An extensive list of lipid compositions including phospholipids, cholesterol and sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides), at varying molecular ratios, has been considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of milk-sphingomyelin gel phases by glycosphingolipids: An in-vitro study on the characteristics of milk sphingolipid gel phases","authors":"Md Abdullah Al Sazzad ,&nbsp;Max Lönnfors ,&nbsp;Baoru Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sphingolipids constitute a class of bioactive lipids essential for the structural and functional integrity of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Milk sphingomyelin (milk-SM), as a key component of MFGM, contributes to the stability of milk fat emulsions. Milk-SM and other sphingolipids, like glycosphingolipids (GSL), coexist in the same outer bilayer of MFGM, suggesting significant role of their interaction in shaping the structural properties and functions of MFGM. In this study, using an <em>in-vitro</em> model membrane system, we investigated the impact of various GSLs, including cerebrosides and gangliosides, on the lateral segregation and phase behavior of milk-SM in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<em>sn</em>-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers. We also incorporated N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-ceramide for a comparative analysis of the impacts of sphingolipid head groups. The lateral segregation of sphingolipid gel phases was assessed using <em>trans</em>-parinaric acid (tPA) fluorescence lifetime analysis, and their thermostability was examined using steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of tPA. Additionally, we assessed the binary interactions between milk-SM and GSLs using the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The results indicate that GSLs promote the lateral segregation and stabilization of milk-SM-rich gel phases in the membrane bilayers. The size of the GSL head groups significantly influenced the degree of this stabilization, with larger head groups demonstrating diminished interactions with milk-SM. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of various sphingolipid structures in membrane phase behavior and organization. Comprehensive understanding of the interactions of these important sphingolipids in MFGM environment is crucial due to their structural and functional importance in dairy and nutritional applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogenous and deuterated phospholipid extracts from Escherichia coli as biomimetic cytoplasmic bacterial membranes","authors":"Giacomo Corucci ,&nbsp;Pablo Sánchez-Puga ,&nbsp;Krishna Chaithanya Batchu ,&nbsp;Nicolò Paracini ,&nbsp;Samantha Micciulla ,&nbsp;Valérie Laux ,&nbsp;Javier Carrascosa-Tejedor ,&nbsp;Moritz Paul Karl Frewein ,&nbsp;Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté ,&nbsp;Cyrille Botté ,&nbsp;Giovanna Fragneto ,&nbsp;Alessandra Luchini","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model lipid bilayers, reconstituted by using bacterial lipid extracts, are reliable systems to investigate the physical properties of bacterial membranes, and can be used, for example, to aid the design of new antibiotics. Here, we discuss the optimisation of a protocol for the production of hydrogenous and deuterated glycerophospholipid (GPL) extracts from <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and their reconstitution into model membranes. This protocol stands apart from state-of-the-art methods by introducing an additional purification step, which ensures a better separation of the GPL molecules from other membrane components such as neutral lipids. The composition of these extracts was characterised with different analytical methods. Experimental conditions were optimised for producing bacterial membrane models in the form of vesicles, lipid monolayers at the air/water interface and supported lipid bilayers. A combination of biophysical techniques, including Langmuir isotherms, neutron reflectometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, and small angle X-ray scattering provided detailed information on the self-assembled structures, and highlighted interesting differences between hydrogenous and deuterated extracts. Altogether, we report a detailed description of extraction and characterisation of hydrogenous and deuterated <em>E. coli</em> GPL extracts. The study of such complex lipid mixtures is important to recreate highly biologically relevant bacterial membrane models for studies aimed at understanding the biological function of bacterial membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gramicidin A on the constant tension-induced rupture of giant unilamellar vesicles and the underlying mechanisms","authors":"Mir Jubair Ahamed ,&nbsp;Tawfika Nasrin ,&nbsp;Zarin Tasnim Rakhy ,&nbsp;Md. Masum Billah ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abu Sayem Karal","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gramicidin A (GrA), a well-known ionophore, plays a significant role in modifying the biophysical properties of membranes. However, its mechanism of action in influencing rupture kinetics of vesicles and the stability of membranes under constant mechanical tension remains unclear. To investigate this, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of DOPG and DOPC phospholipids, with varying molar fractions of GrA (ranging from 0 % to 5 %), were synthesized using the natural swelling method. These GUVs were then subjected to mechanical tension using the micropipette aspiration technique. The rupture kinetics were assessed by quantifying the fraction of intact vesicles over time under a fixed mechanical tension, allowing the determination of the rupture rate constant. The results revealed a non-monotonic effect of GrA on membrane rupture: at low concentrations (up to 1 % GrA), GUVs exhibited increased structural stability, while at higher concentrations (1–5 % GrA), rupture probability significantly increased. Additionally, the area compressibility modulus of the GUV membranes was evaluated, showing that GrA incorporation led to alterations in membrane elasticity. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which GrA modulates membrane integrity under mechanical stress, offering valuable implications for biophysical studies of ionophore-lipid interactions and membrane stability in biological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of water in the responsiveness of lipid membranes: Application of non-equilibrium thermodynamics","authors":"E. Anibal Disalvo,&nbsp;Jimena del P. Cejas,&nbsp;Agustín González Paz,&nbsp;María de los A. Frías","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenological description of a lipid membrane within the frame of the interphase model in which membrane is a bidimensional solution of hydrated lipids allows to make compatible the membrane theory and Ling hypothesis by considering the physical chemical properties of the aqueous lipid interphase.</div><div>The membrane suffers mechanical stress inducing changes in hydration and changes in composition. These conditions affect the amount of labile active water propense to response to bioeffectors. This behavior is properly described with the approach of thermodynamic of irreversible processes in which the membrane is an open system and is in a metastable state propense to react due to bioeffectors in the adjacent aqueous solution. In terms of this analysis, the hydration shell is inert to bioeffectors and the response of the membrane is given by the excess of water that is labile and osmotically exchangeable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location and dynamics of astaxanthin in the membrane","authors":"José Villalaín","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Astaxanthin (ASX) is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid recognized for its strong antioxidant bioactive function, and it has been used in the prevention of heart disease, inflammation, neurological disorders, scavenger of environmental produced free radicals and as an anti-aging and anti-cancer biomolecule. ASX is a long lipophilic molecule with two terminal relatively polar rings connected by a long hydrophobic chain. This work describes the dynamics, orientation, location and interactions of ASX in a complex biomembrane. In water, ASX form high-order aggregates where the molecules are joined together by the hydrophobic chain. Depending on the number of ASX molecules, the aggregates can have different structures and the polar groups positioned superficially contacting the solvent. ASX molecules are not able to insert themselves into the membrane, forming high-order aggregates quickly. In the membrane, ASX molecules do not aggregate, remaining all time in the monomeric state. ASX is capable of reaching both membrane surfaces, one at a time. The ASX molecules form an approximate angle of 20º with respect to the membrane perpendicular and it is inserted between the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains, increasing slightly the membrane fluidity. ASX is readily miscible with membrane phospholipids and its location within the membrane is suited for its potent antioxidant activity. Furthermore, since ASX has two polar groups at both ends, the molecule can function in a wide range of depths. ASX is therefore perfectly suited for its antioxidant task in the membrane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between lactic acid bacteria and bile acids: Molecular and biophysical insights","authors":"A.Y. Bustos ,&nbsp;M.P. Taranto","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic interactions between microbes and host are essential to stimulate the immune system, maintain intestinal homeostasis, and prevent pathogen colonization. In recent decades lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have received attention due to their probiotic potential and their impact on gut microbiota and host health. This paper aims to review the main molecular mechanisms by which bile acids (BA) modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota and bacterial viability, with special emphasis on the effect on LAB. The results discussed here suggest that the BA disorganize the structure of the bacterial cell wall, modify their surface properties, their adhesion capacity and compromise the integrity of the membranes, with loss of essential ions and nutrients. They then enter the cell interior, at rates that depend on their hydrobicity. There, they dissociate, causing intracellular acidification and dissipation of membrane potential. This leads to a deficiency in the biological energy needed for critical processes, leading to cell death at high concentrations. In addition, BA causes alteration and oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids. The extent of damage caused by BA is influenced by their structure, physicochemical properties—particularly hydrophobicity—and concentration. The response of LAB depends on both their intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms. Advancing research on these interactions represents a new frontier, enabling the development of strategies to modulate intestinal microbiota composition, ultimately benefiting human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid membrane composition modulates Hinokitiol's effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts","authors":"Beata Wyżga ,&nbsp;Kamil Kamiński ,&nbsp;Kinga Głowacka ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Hąc-Wydro","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) is a natural antimicrobial agent used in cosmetics. The aim of presented studies was to gain insight into the interactions of hinokitiol with lipids in model membranes and to correlate this with the selective effect of hinokitiol on cells. To reach this goal, the toxicity of hinokitiol was evaluated using keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines, and studies were performed on lipid monolayers (both one component and mixed systems). During investigations the surface pressure - area measurements, penetration studies and Brewster angle microscopy experiments were done. The analysis of the parameters calculated from the experimental data and the comparison of BAM images evidenced that, at membrane – related surface pressure, hinokitiol does not insert into model keratinocyte and fibroblast membranes and its impact on these systems is very weak. This important conclusion correlates with the <em>in vitro</em> experiments. The results for one component systems evidenced that the effect of hinokitiol on mammalian lipid films depends on the monolayer organisation and the lipid structure (especially the lipid polar head). In consequence, the type and proportion of lipids determines the effect of hinokitiol on the mixed films. The latter corroborates with the differences in the influence of hinokitiol on bacteria compared to mammalian lipids. It was concluded that hinokitiol exhibits selective activity toward bacterial cells compared to mammalian cells and their corresponding model membranes. Thus, the predominance of hinokitiol's antibacterial properties over its toxicity to skin cells may therefore be related to interactions of this compound with membrane lipids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer: A comprehensive review of two decades of advancements","authors":"Pooja Tiwary ,&nbsp;Krishil Oswal ,&nbsp;Ryan Varghese ,&nbsp;Harsh Anchan ,&nbsp;Pardeep Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies among men, with a staggering 1.5 million new cases and 350,000 deaths reported globally in 2022. Conventional treatment methods, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and hormonal therapy, often encounter significant challenges such as systemic toxicity and diminished efficacy, particularly in the advanced stages of the disease. Treatment of prostate cancer remains a formidable challenge because of the poor water solubility of many chemotherapeutic agents, which severely limits their bioavailability. However, the rise of targeted therapies has catalyzed the development of innovative drug delivery systems designed to enhance the bioavailability and precision of therapeutic agents. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a promising solution that can effectively encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents and genetic materials. Their unique attributes, such as biocompatibility, controlled release profile, and customizable surface properties, make them advantageous alternatives to conventional treatment strategies, effectively addressing the inherent limitations of prostate cancer therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To provide the context, relevant publications were searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Dimension AI, and EBSCO Host using specific keywords such as controlled drug release, cationic surfactants, drug delivery, drug loading, drug encapsulation lipid, prostate cancer, surface modification, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), tumor microenvironment, to list a few. We did not add any limits to the publication date during the inclusion of papers. However, it is noteworthy that the initial reports including the aforementioned keywords have been published starting from 2010.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SLNs demonstrate substantial potential as effective nanocarriers for precise delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and genetic materials to prostate cancer cells. Their targeted delivery to these cells by surface modification with suitable ligands, antigens, peptides, and other recognition molecules has enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Further research on the interaction of SLN with the tumor environment is imperative to fully comprehend the uptake pathways. Extensive translation and preclinical studies are required to determine the safety and efficacy of SLNs before their use in clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detergent-resistant membranes in HeLa cells. A comparative study with an electrochemical and lipidomic perspective","authors":"Anastasie Mateckaja ,&nbsp;Martina Zatloukalová ,&nbsp;Gabriel Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Richard Masař ,&nbsp;Lukáš Najdekr ,&nbsp;Zdeněk Dostál ,&nbsp;Vlastimil Dorčák ,&nbsp;Jan Vacek","doi":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2025.105509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two procedures are compared for the isolation of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) from the HeLa model cell line. The isolation was based on application of Triton X-100 followed by 4 or 18 h ultracentrifugation in sucrose (5–42.5, % <em>w</em>) or Optiprep™ (10–25, % <em>w</em>) gradients. In the fractions obtained, the total amount of protein, cholesterol, and free thiols was evaluated using spectrophotometry. Increased protein as well as free thiol contents were demonstrated in higher density fractions. In contrast, the highest cholesterol levels were observed in light or medium heavy fractions with a low proportion of sucrose or Optiprep, especially after 18 h of centrifugation. For the sucrose gradient, we used voltammetric determination of the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction at the Hg-electrode for individual fractions. The catalytic response, expressed as the height of the presodium wave, increased from light to heavy fractions corresponding to the protein content and/or other catalytically active species. The size of the DRMs or their associates ranged from 20 to 1000 nm, independently of the isolation protocol used. Proteins typically associated with DRMs such as caveolin and flotillin and characteristic for light and medium heavy gradient fractions, were determined using immunochemistry. We studied the subcellular localization of caveolin, flotillin, raftlin and transferrin, a control protein found intracellularly in the cytoplasm. Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we confirmed the presence of caveolin and flotillin in the cytoplasmic membrane of HeLa cells. Raftlin was identified in both the membrane, and as part of the cell nucleus. We also performed untargeted lipidomic LC-MS analysis of the individual fractions of sucrose ultracentrifugation gradient obtained after 18 h. The predominant lipid subclasses were phosphatidylcholines and diacylglycerols. Apart from cholesterol and its ester, the rest of identified lipid classes was similar to that found in full HeLa cell lysates. The presented findings could be important for interpreting interlaboratory results and may be used as a guide for further studies on DRMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":275,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry and Physics of Lipids","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}