Annals of Biomedical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Reflections on initial reactions and transmission patterns of hiv/aids in sub-saharan Africa.","authors":"N. Aniekwu","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V3I1.40655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V3I1.40655","url":null,"abstract":"The sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS epidemic has since become a global concern, while the pattern and spread of the disease remain an extraordinary phenomenon. Despite glaring statistics and evidence of HIV/AIDS as a major health crisis, there was initial under-reaction, self denial, and subdued population response to the disease in the region in the eighties and early nineties. Many of the risk factors and problems associated with HIV/AIDS, including curable STIs, migration, poverty and gender violence were not adequately addressed. Political, business and other leaders either refused to acknowledge the impact of HIV on society, or believed that their particular sector would ‘weather the storm'. After HIV became clearly established in South and Eastern Africa's general populations in the late eighties, the unity of purpose and commitment needed to limit and reverse the spread of infection were still clearly lacking. Although large health corporations considered the consequences of the epidemic, their attitude to it remained largely ambivalent.\u0000This article is a review of HIV/AIDS in its early stages in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a historical perspective of the initial reactions and transmission patterns of a disease that was evident and prevalent in the eighties and early nineties but largely ignored by national and international governments until quite recently.\u0000 Keywords : Reactions, Sub-Saharan Africa, Transmission, HIV/AIDS, Epidemic. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 3 (1&2) 2004: pp. 1-11","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131242656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psycho – social aspects of squint.","authors":"O. A. Dowadu","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V1I1.40621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V1I1.40621","url":null,"abstract":"A prospective study of thirty –five individuals with manifest squint was carried out in two tertiary institutions based in Benin City and Irrua in Edo State.\u0000Questionnaires were used to obtain information from them regarding how they felt about having a squint, what they felt was the cause, and previous attempts at finding a solution. They were also asked about the effect of squint on their relationship with the opposite sex as well as the effect on a marriage proposal, if the prospective partner had a squint.\u0000 Many of the patients felt self conscious and embarrassed because of the squint. Several (62.9%) felt that there was prejudice against people with squint by the society and that squint is a major disability. Almost half of them (42.9%) have been called nicknames by their peers. Nonetheless, only 25% of the single respondents said that they would decline a marriage proposal from a prospective partner, as a result of squint.\u0000 The general public needs to be enlightened about the fact that squint is treatable especially when the patient presents early in childhood prior to the full maturation of the visual system.\u0000 Keywords : Squint, Psychosocial Aspects Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 1 (1) 2002: pp. 57-61","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116314412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects Of Subacute Administration Of Chloroquine On The Nissl Substance Of The Inferior Colliculus Of Adult Wistar Rats","authors":"J. Adjene, T. Adenowo","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V3I1.40658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V3I1.40658","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of subacute administration of chloroquine commonly used for prophylaxis or treatment of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosis on the inferior colliculus (IC) of adult wistar rats was studied. The rats of both sexes (n=17), average weight of 184g were randomly assigned into treatment (n=10) and control (n=7) groups. The rats in the treatment group received 2mg/kg body weight of chloroquine phosphate dissolved in distilled water daily for fourteen days. The control rats received equal volume of distilled water daily. The rats were fed with rat pellets and given water liberally and were then sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The inferior colliculus was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histological study.\u0000Histological findings of the nissl substance indicate that the treatment groups showed sparsely distributed neurons, which stain less intensely when compared with the control. The nissl substance in some of the neurons appeared degenerative while some hypertrophied. These findings indicate that chronic administration of chloroquine has a deleterious effect on the nissl substance of the inferior colliculus. Chloroquine may have adverse effects on auditory sensibilities by its deleterious effects on the nissl substance of the inferior colliculus of the adult wistar rats. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these observations be carried out.\u0000 Keywords : Chloroquine, nissl substance, inferior colliculus and wistar rats. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol.3 (1&2) 2004: pp. 33-38","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134226324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary gland tumours in kaduna; a ten-year review.","authors":"D. Adeola, S. Eguma","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V2I2.40649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V2I2.40649","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper was to review salivary gland tumours seen in Kaduna with emphasis on their prevalence, clinical presentation and management outcome.\u0000A retrospective study of 224 patients with salivary gland tumours seen and managed at the Maxillo-Facial unit of the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Kaduna over a period of 10 years was carried out using information from patients' records.\u0000Of the 224 patients treated, 54% were males and 46% were females. Salivary gland tumours were seen and treated in all age group with a peak incidence between the third and fourth decades. About fifty nine percent (58.9%) of cases treated were adenomas, 34.4% carcinomas, 5.4% carcinoma ex pleomorphic and 1.3% were non-epithelial tumours. The palate was the most common site of tumour occurrence while the parotid was the major salivary gland affected. Patients with salivary gland adenomas presented most often with painless swellings while those with carcinomas had painful swellings with cervical lymph node swelling and ulceration as the presenting complaints. Eighty percent of malignant salivary gland tumours metastasized to the lungs. Treatment of tumours was surgical, combined with radiotherapy.\u0000It appears that salivary gland tumour are not as rare among blacks as previously believed. It is rarer at the extremes of age with a peak incidence in the third and fourth decades. Adenomas of the salivary glands are more common than carcinomas.\u0000 Keywords : Review, Salivary glands tumours, Nigeria Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 2 (2) 2003: pp. 74-81","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134424845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic osteomyelitis in owo, ondo state – a 2-year experience","authors":"A. Olawoye, A. Olasinde","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V2I1.40641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V2I1.40641","url":null,"abstract":"A 2-year prospective study of all patients presenting with chronic osteomyelitis at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State was undertaken to determine the clinical presentation and outcome of treatment. There were forty-two patients with a male: female ratio of 1.8:1. The peak age incidence were in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life and the femur was the most commonly involved bone. Twenty-nine patients (69%) were from the lower socio-economic classes. Twenty-two of the 31 patients who patronised traditional bonesetter were from the lower socio-economic classes. The duration of symptoms before presentation ranged from eight months to 14 years. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism isolated. Eighteen patients had operative treatment while 24 were treated conservatively. Sequestrectomy, saucerisation curettage were the most common procedures with 22% recurrence rate. It is concluded that chronic osteomyelitis is still a disease associated with poverty and ignorance and that patronage of the traditional bonesetter should be discouraged using public enlightenment programmes. Keywords : Chronic osteomyelitis, Bonesetter. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 2 (1) 2003: pp. 30-35","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133934498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study Of The Relationship Of Age And The Rate-Pressure Product (Rpp) Response To Endotracheal Intubation","authors":"F. Amadasun","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V4I1.40668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V4I1.40668","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of age on the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation is not widely studied especially among members of the black race. One hundred and sixteen patients were included in the study comprising 52 males and 64 females, aged between 18 and 67 years (mean 41 ± 18.2yrs). In the operating theatre, each patient's baseline heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and rate pressure product (RPP) were determined. Anaesthesia was induced with 4mg Kg-1 I.V. thiopentone and 1.5 mg Kg-1 suxamethonium chloride. Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation were undertaken. One minute after intubation, the HR, SAP and RPP were determined. The post intubation change in the haemodynamic variables was taken as the haemodynamic response to intubation.\u0000The patients were divided into five 10-year age groups. The relationship between the RPP response to intubation and the patients' age group was determined and rational conclusions deduced. The five age groups were 18-27 yrs, 28-37 yrs, 38 – 47yrs, 48-57 yrs, and 58 – 67 yrs. Of these, the median age group in the study (38-47 yrs), showed the greatest increase in RPP after intubation. The response tapered on both sides of the median age group.\u0000 Keywords : Endotracheal Intubation, Rate-Pressure Product Response, Age. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 26-34","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116252422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chest radiographic findings in Human Immunodeficiency Virus disease in Benin City, Nigeria.","authors":"A. Adeyekun, A. Onunu","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V1I2.40633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V1I2.40633","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to determine findings on chest radiographs in HIV positive/AIDS patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) Benin City. All consecutive HIV positive/AIDS patients, managed at the UBTH between 1991 and 2001 were included in the study. Patients had postero-anterior (PA) chest radiographs done in full inspiration, with a Roentgen 301 radiographic machine (GEC Medical) using the following factors; KVp = 65, focus-film distance = 150cm and 12 – 15mAs. A total of 308 confirmed HIV- positive patients had chest radiographic examinations. Ninety-nine (32.14%) patients had normal findings, while 209 (67.86%) were abnormal. Abnormal findings included, cardiomegaly, 84 (27.27%) patients; radiological features of cardiac failure, 44 (14.28%) patients; lung cavitations, 47 (15.4%) patients; pleural effusions, 40 (13.09%) patients, fibrocystic changes, 40 (13.09%) patients, lobar consolidation, 29 (09.52%) patients, non-specific (atypical) infiltrates 70 (22.62%) patients, and hilar-adenopathy 7 (02.38%) patients. Soft tissue wasting was seen in 47 (15.25%) patients. Chest radiography remains a good instrument for detecting pulmonary and cardiovascular abnormalities even in HIV positive/AIDS patients Keywords : HIV/AIDS patients, Chest radiographic findings Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 1 (2) 2002: pp. 131-135","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114952587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breastfeeding In Pmtct Services; Tilting The Balance In Favour Of Cost-Effective Programme","authors":"J. Onakewhor, P. Abiodun","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40671","url":null,"abstract":"By 2005, the world's estimated population of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) was 40.3 million. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) contributed 25.8 million (over 64%) and almost one million more than in 2003. Of the estimated 4.9 million people newly infected with the virus in 2005, SSA contributed 3.2million (over 65%).1 With an estimated population of 3.7million people infected with the virus,3 Nigeria has the third largest population of PLWHA, being next to India and South Africa in that order.1The implication of this is that the devastation of the disease was yet to take a downward trend. It is estimated that over 14% of all new HIV infections are in paediatric patients compared with 10% in 2003. Over 90% of these infections are from vertical transmission. World-wide, over 95% of the under-5 infected with HIV are Africans without preventive measures, about 35% of all children born to HIV-positive mothers will be infected. HIV infection is now a chronic treatable but yet incurable disease in developed countries but this is not so in SSA where the preponderance of the infection is on the increase and mortality of the infection is most severe. Preventing vertical transmission (VT) is the noble goal of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programmes. In the absence of a cure, it is a cost-effective way of reducing the HIV burden and ensuring a future HIV- free generation. The interventions are targeted at the antenatal, intrapartum and the post natal periods.4-9 Post natal interventions target optimal child feeding options and paediatric antiretroviral therapy for post exposure prophylaxis in addition to counseling on other harmful socio-cultural practices. Of all the interventions aimed at reducing VT, breastfeeding is the only one that is most influenced by culture and social belief and dichotomized by racial and socio-economic factors. Fortunately, it is also the only one that the would- be-mother can positively or negatively influence its effect on the outcome on the infant. Though, the Nigerian PMTCT programme started since 2002, no scientific figures are available for VT for breastfed and non-breastfed infants. In spite of this, mothers are often left to make the choice between breastfeeding and formula feeding of their infants in the so called informed choice. But records available from Africa and elsewhere have often revealed the deleterious effects of breast feeding in good PMTCT programmes. From our practical experience, the issue of breastfeeding is still contentious can easily cause a divide among counselors themselves and clinicians too. This review focuses on the issue of breastfeeding, the past, the present and a look into the future as it is likely to affect the PMTCT programme and its implications for the Nigeria populace. It also examined factors that may be militating against success of interventions aimed at reduction of VT in the programme. We are of the view that those women who are electing for breastfeeding may not ","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131058047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study Of Intra-Operative Pelvimetry With Calipers And X-Ray Pelvimetry","authors":"A. Ehigiegba, E. Aghahowa, C. E. Evbuomwan","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40673","url":null,"abstract":"The pelvic measurement of patients who have had a caesarean section was done using Pelvic Calipers (intra-operative) and x-ray methods. In the former method, during Caesarean sections and after closure of the lower uterine segment incision, a pair of pelvic calipers was used to measure the true conjugate of the pelvis. In the other method and same subject, between the 5th and 7th post-operative days when the patient could stand up right, an erect lateral pelvimetry was done (if this was not done prior to delivery) and the true conjugate was measured independently by the radiologist. For those who had x-ray pelvimetry prior to delivery, the true conjugate was measured from the previous radiograph. The average age and height of the patients were 27.5yrs and 160cm respectively. Cephalo-pelvic disproportion was the indication for sixteen (42%) of the primary Caesarean sections. The mean true conjugate diameter of the pelvis (cm) obtained by intra-operative pelvimetry and x-ray pelvimetry were 10.80 (SD 1.28) and 10.90 (SD 1.27) respectively. The difference between the two values was not significant (t Keywords : Pelvic measurement, caesarean section, X-ray pelvimetry. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 19-24","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130088788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perinatal Outcome Of Pregnancies Complicated By Hypertensive Disorders At The University Of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria","authors":"A. N. Onyiriuka, A. Okolo","doi":"10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ABS.V4I2.40674","url":null,"abstract":"In this case-control study, we examined the perinatal outcome in 272 pregnancies complicated by hypertension and compared the result with that of 816 control cases. The overall prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) was 7.2%. There was significantly higher perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of 110.3 per 1000 deliveries in hypertensive mothers compared with 33.0 per 1000 deliveries in normotensive mothers. Comparing the various subtypes of HDP, chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia was associated with the highest PMR of 714.3 per 1000 deliveries. The rate of delivery of low birth weight and preterm infants were significantly higher in hypertensive compared with normotensive mother. Comparing hypertensive and normotensive mothers, the Caesarean delivery rate was 35.7% versus 26.6%. The incidence rate of birth asphyxia was significantly higher in babies of hypertensive mothers compared with babies of normotensive mothers. Proportionate intrauterine growth retardation was found in infants born to mothers with chronic hypertension in contrast to disproportionate form found in infants born to mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension.\u0000\u0000In conclusion, HDP is associated with several adverse outcome such as premature birth, intrauterine growth restriction, birth asphyxia, fetal demise.\u0000 Keywords : Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy; perinatal outcome. Annals of Biomedical Science Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 25-34","PeriodicalId":268599,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Sciences","volume":"467 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121769308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}