{"title":"The effect of catalyst particle size and temperature on CNT growth on supported Fe catalysts during methane pyrolysis","authors":"Jing Shen , Jason Olfert , Ehsan Abbasi-Atibeh , Natalia Semagina","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron catalysts supported on magnesium aluminate at different loadings were used in methane pyrolysis between 700 and 850 °C to evaluate the effect of particle size on the amount and properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT). All particles associated with CNTs were detached from the support, exhibiting a tip-growth mechanism. The lowest-loading catalysts with the average particle size of 6 nm produced the most carbon products with the lowest defect-to-graphite intensity ratios in Raman spectroscopy (0.13) when the reactor was at the lowest temperature. Higher temperatures led to iron particle sintering and lower carbon accumulation; at 850 °C, the thermal contribution to the total carbon mass was significant, catalyst particle encapsulation with graphite occurred and there was no CNT formation. There was no difference in the diameter of CNTs produced at different temperatures when the tubes were associated with the same Fe particle size, while reactions at the same temperature but different particle sizes produced CNTs of various diameters. The same correlation of CNT diameter with Fe particle size, rather than temperature, was observed in the characteristics of Raman spectra. This work provides evidence of the importance of particle size control and lower methane pyrolysis temperatures to enable enhanced production of CNT with higher quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115275"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115272
Débora Álvarez-Hernández, Svetlana Ivanova, Miguel Ángel Centeno
{"title":"Mechanistic insights into the conversion of glucose to formic acid over vanadium-based catalyst","authors":"Débora Álvarez-Hernández, Svetlana Ivanova, Miguel Ángel Centeno","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The catalytic oxidation of biomass-derived compounds represents a promising and sustainable pathway for the production of valuable chemicals, such as formic acid, which is a key candidate for hydrogen storage and CO₂-neutral energy applications. This study investigates the selective oxidation of glucose to formic acid using vanadium oxide supported on titania (VOx/TiO₂) as the catalytic system. This paper elucidates the reaction mechanism and analyzes the product distribution over time under controlled experimental conditions. The system exhibited selective glucose conversion, with formic acid emerging as the primary product, followed by intermediates such as arabinose, glyceraldehyde, acetic acid, and formaldehyde. Mechanistic studies suggested that the selective formation of formic acid proceeds via successive C1–C2 bond cleavage assisted by the peroxo species of vanadium. These findings highlight the key role of molecular and activated oxygen in the reaction pathway, while excluding the direct decomposition pathways for formic acid. This mechanistic insight and the role of vanadium-based peroxo species formed on the catalyst surface provide a critical foundation for optimizing catalyst design for biomass conversion processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115273
J. Chávez-Caiza , M. Navlani-García , J. Fernández-Catalá , Anand Bhardwaj , Cláudio M. Lousada , Lyubov M. Belova , Á. Berenguer-Murcia , D. Cazorla-Amorós
{"title":"CuxO-modified inkjet printed TiO2 thin films photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting","authors":"J. Chávez-Caiza , M. Navlani-García , J. Fernández-Catalá , Anand Bhardwaj , Cláudio M. Lousada , Lyubov M. Belova , Á. Berenguer-Murcia , D. Cazorla-Amorós","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the past decades, the scientific community has attempted to develop photocatalysts to obtain green hydrogen to diversify the current energy vectors, largely based on fossil fuels. In this context, many researchers have focused on modifying well-known photocatalysts such as TiO<sub>2</sub> using other transition metals to boost photocatalytic activity in H<sub>2</sub> production. However, powdered materials are difficult to reuse after prolonged exposure to liquid media in photocatalytic reactors. In this work, we have taken an alternative approach by developing structured catalysts based on TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films and different Cu species. Photoluminescence analysis showed that incorporating Cu species on the TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film decreases the e<sup>-</sup>-h<sup>+</sup> recombination rate. The photocatalytic activity of the nanostructured thin films is 298 µmol g<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> which is comparable to the reports described in the literature. Additionally, the thin films have simple and reproducible manufacturing, are easy to handle, are reusable and cost-effective. All these facts, make them a significantly more efficient technology than the counterpart powder materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115277
Wasim Ullah Khan , Dwi Hantoko , Shakeel Ahmed , Ahmed Al Shoaibi , Srinivasakannan Chandrasekar , Mohammad Mozahar Hossain
{"title":"Synthesis of lanthanum oxide supported transition metal-based catalysts for clean hydrogen production: The role of reducibility","authors":"Wasim Ullah Khan , Dwi Hantoko , Shakeel Ahmed , Ahmed Al Shoaibi , Srinivasakannan Chandrasekar , Mohammad Mozahar Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transition metal-based catalysts containing 20 wt% of nickel, cobalt, iron, and molybdenum doped over lanthanum dioxide (La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) were investigated for clean hydrogen production. The diffraction patterns showed the formation of corresponding metal oxides and their spinel species. The reduction profiles indicated the unique initial reduction temperatures that played a role in the catalytic performance. The activity profiles indicated that nickel-based catalyst (Ni-La) outperformed the rest of the catalysts with an initial activity of 82.3 % that reaches 83.6 % at the end of 170 min time-on-stream. The rest of the catalysts suffered deactivation over time and hence Ni-La turned out to be the active and stable catalyst among the tested catalysts. The high-resolution transition electron microscopy images of the best performing catalyst (Ni-La) revealed the growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon formation followed simultaneously tip- as well as base-growth mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115277"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115274
Karolina A. Tarach , Anna Walczyk , Agata Olszewska , Julia Sobalska , Oliwia Rogala , Kinga Góra-Marek
{"title":"Operando FT-IR and UV–vis spectroscopic studies emphasise the nature of coke species formed over SSZ-13 zeolite during ethanol-to-hydrocarbons process","authors":"Karolina A. Tarach , Anna Walczyk , Agata Olszewska , Julia Sobalska , Oliwia Rogala , Kinga Góra-Marek","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the conversion of ethanol to higher olefins using protonic chabazite (SSZ-13, SiAl = 8) zeolite, employing advanced FT-IR and UV–vis operando spectroscopic techniques, with concurrent mass spectrometry and gas chromatography examinations of the products. The utilisation of varying ethanol loads facilitates the examination of coke production and its progression relative to the feed quantity. The spectroscopic analysis clarifies the species formed on the catalyst's surface, while mass spectrometry and gas chromatography techniques verify the desorbed products. The counterparts in transforming ethanol and methanol to olefins via the recognised intermediates of the hydrocarbon pool mechanism are identified and examined in detail. Significant value-added information is obtained from in situ FT-IR studies complemented by mass spectrometry examination of the gas phase. The MCR-ALS analysis is utilised in spectroscopic operando investigations and offers significant insights into the findings. Furthermore, these investigations are substantiated by chromatographic examination of coke species obtained from spent catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115271
Xi Shen , Zhenyu Zhao , Hong Li , Xin Gao
{"title":"Iron-doped carbon nanotubes via microwave shock: Recyclability in polypropylene pyrolysis for ORR catalyst manufacturing","authors":"Xi Shen , Zhenyu Zhao , Hong Li , Xin Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling and upcycling of waste plastics into high-value products by pyrolysis is a critical challenge caused by its time/energy-consuming problems, which can be overcome by employing microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis due to its rapid pyrolysis rates and high product yields. This study presents a facile method for the synthesis of catalysts for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste plastics, utilizing the pyrolytic products as raw materials. In this case, a microwave thermal shock strategy is developed to efficiently anchor iron nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This method recycles a portion of pyrolysis products back into the catalyst pool for plastic transformation into new CNTs, reducing the consumption for preparing additional catalysts. The precursors exposed to 50 W microwave irradiation reaches above 2000 °C within seconds, allowing Fe nanoparticles to be uniformly impregnated within the carbon nanotube matrix. The formed iron-doped CNTs shows high activity for microwave-assisted pyrolysis, generating CNTs with D/G ratios at 0.31. The recycling and reconstruction of CNTs after multiple pyrolysis form a cross-lined network structure, which facilitates electron transition and can be utilized for fabricating electrocatalysts. Nitrogen doping further improves the onset potential to 0.923 V vs. RHE, making them viable candidates for electrocatalytic applications in oxygen reduction reactions. In summary, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to reactive pyrolysis products that serve as catalysis for microwave-assisted pyrolysis, with the potential to reduce volatile organic compound emissions and capital expenditure in catalyst preparation, offering a greener and more efficient pathway for plastic waste management and catalyst production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115271"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115262
V.D. Mercader, P. Aragüés-Aldea, P. Durán, E. Francés, J. Herguido, J.A. Peña
{"title":"Optimizing Sorption Enhanced Methanation (SEM) of CO2 with Ni3Fe + LTA 5 A mixtures","authors":"V.D. Mercader, P. Aragüés-Aldea, P. Durán, E. Francés, J. Herguido, J.A. Peña","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the integration of catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> methanation and water adsorption using a Ni-Fe-based catalyst and LTA 5 A zeolite to enhance methane production via the Sabatier reaction. By mitigating thermodynamic limitations through <em>in situ</em> water removal, the research explores key operational parameters, including temperature, space velocity, and H₂:CO₂ feed ratios, to optimize process performance. The findings highlight that a temperature of 300 °C, a <em>WHSV</em> of 1.50 × 10<sup>4</sup> (STP) mL·g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup> (4.86 g<sub>CO2</sub>·g<sub>cat</sub>⁻¹·h⁻¹), and a H₂:CO₂ molar ratio equal to 5:1, result in enhanced methane yields, shifting thermodynamic equilibrium due to water sorption during initial stages. The presence of methane in the feed, representative of a biogas, demonstrated negligible effects on methane yields under optimal conditions, underscoring the method’s feasibility for direct biogas upgrading. While the process achieved significant intensification, challenges such as loss of activity of the bed of solids (catalyst plus water adsorbent) were identified, necessitating further advancements in both catalyst and adsorbent stability, as well as a deeper study on their interaction. The study provides a pathway for scaling up adsorption-enhanced methanation technologies to achieve renewable methane production, addressing the dual goals of carbon management and energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115262"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115260
Lidia López-Gómez , Marina Ronda-Leal , Salvador Pérez-Huertas , Antonio A. Romero , Rafael Luque
{"title":"Mechanochemical vs impregnation synthesis of metal oxides from pyrolyzed MOFs in microwave-assisted methyl levulinate conversion to gamma-valerolactone","authors":"Lidia López-Gómez , Marina Ronda-Leal , Salvador Pérez-Huertas , Antonio A. Romero , Rafael Luque","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of bimetallic oxides (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>@C) has been synthesized using a metal-organic-framework (NH<sub>2</sub>-UiO-66) as a sacrificial agent by both impregnation and mechanochemical methods. The synthesized materials were used in heterogeneous catalysis for the direct conversion of a promising biomass-based building block, i.e., methyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone (GVL). A complete set of characterization, including N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out. The incorporation of aluminum into the catalyst system led to a significant increase in the GVL yield. The conversion rate achieved with the mechanochemistry-based samples doubled that obtained by the impregnation samples. The material prepared via mechanochemistry with the larger Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> ratio exhibited the greatest catalytic activity, i.e., 79 % conversion and 87 % selectivity. GVL is considered a promising biomass-derived platform chemical for numerous applications, including bio-materials, fuels or fuel additives, and various chemical intermediates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115260"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115257
Ho-Ryong Park , Beom-Jun Kim , Su-Jin Ryu , Yukwon Jeon , Sang Soo Lee , Jong-Wook Bae , Hyun-Seog Roh
{"title":"Super-dry reforming of methane over surface oxygen mobility enhanced Ni/MgO-Ce/SBA-15 catalysts","authors":"Ho-Ryong Park , Beom-Jun Kim , Su-Jin Ryu , Yukwon Jeon , Sang Soo Lee , Jong-Wook Bae , Hyun-Seog Roh","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We developed a customized catalyst for the super-dry reforming of methane (S-DRM) reaction, designed to maximize CO<sub>2</sub> utilization compared to the conventional dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. The introduction of CeO<sub>2</sub> induced strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) in the Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalyst, facilitating the high dispersion of Ni particles. Consequently, the crystallite size of metallic Ni (Ni<sup>0</sup>) was reduced, resulting in an increased number of Ni active sites. Furthermore, the incorporation of CeO<sub>2</sub> promoted the formation of oxygen vacancies (OVs), thereby enhancing CO<sub>2</sub> activation and improving the efficiency of the S-DRM reaction. As the CeO<sub>2</sub> content increased, the proportion of SBA-15 decreased, leading to a gradual reduction in surface area. However, at excessive CeO<sub>2</sub> content, a drastic decline in surface area was observed, which also resulted in a decrease in OVs that had previously shown an increasing trend with rising CeO<sub>2</sub> content. These changes could potentially diminish catalyst performance despite the enhanced SMSI. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate ratio of CeO<sub>2</sub>:SBA-15 is crucial for maximizing catalyst performance and ensuring prolonged stability. The optimal catalyst, NMCS250, effectively balanced these factors, exhibiting high Ni dispersion, increased OVs, and basicity, which contributed to excellent catalytic activity and stability. Overall, NMCS250 was identified as the optimal catalyst, demonstrating superior catalytic performance due to its elevated Ni dispersion, increased oxygen vacancies, and basicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115257"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalysis TodayPub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115261
Alua M. Manabayeva , Päivi Mäki-Arvela , Zuzana Vajglová , Mark Martinéz-Klimov , Olha Yevdokimova , Anssi Peuronen , Mika Lastusaari , Teija Tirri , Svetlana A. Tungatarova , Tolkyn S. Baizhumanova , Kaisar Kassymkan , Gulnar N. Kaumenova , Manapkhan Zhumabek , Daulet A. Zhumadullaev , Dinmukhamed Shoganbek , Dmitry Yu. Murzin
{"title":"Mg-modified Ni-based catalysts prepared by the solution combustion synthesis for dry reforming of methane","authors":"Alua M. Manabayeva , Päivi Mäki-Arvela , Zuzana Vajglová , Mark Martinéz-Klimov , Olha Yevdokimova , Anssi Peuronen , Mika Lastusaari , Teija Tirri , Svetlana A. Tungatarova , Tolkyn S. Baizhumanova , Kaisar Kassymkan , Gulnar N. Kaumenova , Manapkhan Zhumabek , Daulet A. Zhumadullaev , Dinmukhamed Shoganbek , Dmitry Yu. Murzin","doi":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current work, nickel and magnesia containing catalysts synthesized by solution combustion synthesis (SCS) and impregnation were used for dry reforming of methane (DRM). The present research showcased the difference of two preparation methods and demonstrated the influence of temperature cycling and various duration on the activity of Ni-Mg catalysts (30 min, 10 h, 20 h, 200 h TOS). It was reported that Ni-Mg-Al catalysts exhibited mainly crystalline MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and nickel oxide in both fresh and spent catalysts confirmed by XRD results. As seen from TEM images, nickel particles ranged from 12 to 36 nm. Small metal particles indicate the strong interactions between the metal and the support. Moreover, these particles were localized at the tip of carbon nanotube indicating their activity. According to TPD, for all catalysts large amounts of basic sites and strong interactions between the metal and CO<sub>2</sub> were observed. Ni-Mg-Al obtained with SCS possesses 0.19 wt%·g<sup>−1</sup><sub>Ni</sub> of carbon content, which was much lower than that of Ni-Mg catalyst. It was found that SCS derived Ni-Mg-Al catalyst exhibited higher activity compared to its reduced analogue prepared by impregnation. The former catalyst showed stable performance during 200 h test with a decreasing coking rate. The metal particle size was lower for this spent catalyst in comparison with Ni-Mg-Al tested for 20 h test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":264,"journal":{"name":"Catalysis Today","volume":"453 ","pages":"Article 115261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}