Carbohydrate Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Double-layer biodegradable hydrogel based on tragacanth gum as an electrically conductive nanoplatform for TENS device application","authors":"Zohre Jafari Vafa ,&nbsp;Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Fadavi Eslam","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focuses on designing and creating a double-layer bio-hydrogel made from tragacanth gum (TG) and carboxylated graphene (Gr_F), coated with polyaniline (PANI) for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the PANI coating removed peaks associated with crystalline regions (13.99° and 16.87°) in the tragacanth gum/polyvinyl alcohol/carboxylated graphene (TPG) bio-hydrogel. This indicates strong interactions between the PANI layer and the TPG bio-hydrogel matrix, with reduced crystallinity due to structural changes. Conductivity tests revealed significant improvements from both Gr_F and the PANI coating. At low frequencies (80 Hz), the PANI coating increased the alternating current conductivity of the tragacanth gum/polyvinyl alcohol (TP) bio-hydrogel by 20,481 times and that of the TPG bio-hydrogel by 1804 times. Contact angle measurements indicated a low hydrophilic surface (61.4°), thanks to the Gr_F and PANI coating. FESEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of Gr_F within the bio-hydrogel and revealed two distinct shapes in the PANI coating, indicating improved structural integrity and functionality. Mechanical tests showed a 4.59-fold increase in tensile strength, improving durability. MTT assays confirmed biocompatibility (&gt;90.37 % cell viability), and the bio-hydrogel biodegraded completely within two months.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123540"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adhesive, antibacterial, conductive zwitterionic cellulose nanofibers-containing hydrogel for flexible strain sensors and super-capacitors","authors":"Ambar Farooq ,&nbsp;Hongying Wanyan ,&nbsp;Qin Li ,&nbsp;Shengchang Lu ,&nbsp;Weiqi Huang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqas ,&nbsp;Biqiong Hong ,&nbsp;Liulian Huang ,&nbsp;Lihui Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaxing Zhou ,&nbsp;Hui Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose-based hydrogels are promising materials for constructing flexible supercapacitors and energy storage devices due to their environmental sustainability and resource renewability. However, preparing cellulose-based hydrogel electrolytes with super flexibility, high conductivity, and high specific capacitance for practical applications is still challenging. Herein, an adhesive, antibacterial, conductive zwitterionic cellulose nanofibers-reinforced poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate-acrylic acid-acrylamide (ZCNF/PSAA) composite hydrogel was fabricated by a blue light-triggered free radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxy ethyl dimethyl-3-sulfopropyl ammonium hydroxide (SBMA), acrylic acid (AA), acryl amide (AM), dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) and zwitterionic cellulose nanofibers (ZCNF). The prepared hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength of 0.17 MPa, compressive strength of 0.87 MPa, and shear strength of 1.25 MPa, respectively. The zwitterionic groups significantly enhanced the hydrogel's conductivity (5.8 S/m). Moreover, the hydrogel with electrically sensitive perception of external strain (GF = 2.5), can withstand large bending and compression deformations and can be used as a motion sensor to monitor human movements such as arm and finger bending, pressing, and subtle fist clenching. The resulting hydrogel presented excellent antibacterial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus.</em> As the hydrogel was applied as electrolyte, the developed super-capacitor exhibited a desirable specific capacitance of 404.5 mF·cm⁻², with a maximum energy density of 53.93 Wh·kg⁻¹ and capacitance retention of 80.3 % after 2000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles. The ZCNF/PSAA hydrogel has great potential for applications in flexible strain sensors and energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123534"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step fabrication of electrospun nonwoven membranes of cellulose@g-C3N4@ZIF-67 with enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation performance","authors":"Xiaolin Xue ,&nbsp;Zengyan Sui ,&nbsp;Yuefei Zou ,&nbsp;Caizhe Sun ,&nbsp;Farshid Sefat ,&nbsp;Phil Coates ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Canhui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose-based electrospun nonwoven membranes capable of loading and fixing various MOF nanoparticles show remarkable potential in the PMS-assisted photodegradation processes owing to their intrinsic advantages, including renewability, abundant functional groups, easy of operability, and simple preparation process. In this work, a novel nonwoven membrane of cellulose@g-C₃N₄@ZIF-67 was fabricated through a one-step electrospinning process. Of note, a heterojunction between g-C₃N₄ and ZIF-67 was formed during the electrospinning process, which significantly enhanced the light absorption and the photodegradation performance of ZIF-67. In addition, the <em>in-situ</em> growth strategy of ZIF-67 on the fiber surface could effectively prevent the aggregation of ZIF-67 as well as their detachment during use. The leaching cobalt concentration after use was only 0.093 mg L⁻¹. The as-prepared cellulose@g-C₃N₄@ZIF-67 nonwoven membrane demonstrated high PMS photodegradation efficiencies for Norfloxacin, Tetracycline, and Congo Red with no-selectivity. And •SO₄⁻ was discovered as the dominant reactive species responsible during the PMS-assisted photodegradation process. Furthermore, the membrane exhibited excellent stability and recycling performance, showing high potential in future wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123508"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating size exclusion chromatography for nucleic acid removal in Klebsiella pneumoniae cell surface polysaccharide purification","authors":"Kanti N. Mihooliya ,&nbsp;Ambrish Kumar ,&nbsp;Christian Heiss ,&nbsp;Alka Kumari ,&nbsp;Camilla Boniche-Alfaro ,&nbsp;Parastoo Azadi ,&nbsp;Bettina C. Fries","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cell surface-associated polysaccharides in <em>Klebsiella</em> are major virulence determinants and crucial targets for developing vaccines. Traditionally, the purification of these cell surface polysaccharides from <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> involves a multi-step process comprising phenol extraction, nuclease digestion, ultracentrifugation, and repeated ethanol extractions. In this study, we evaluated size exclusion chromatography for effectively eliminating nucleic acid contamination while purifying high molecular weight cell surface-associated polysaccharides. Post-initial extraction, the nucleic acid content remains significantly elevated, and kinetic analysis reveals that DNase I and RNase A digestion is neither economically viable nor effective for removing these contaminants. Employing an appropriate size exclusion resin removes over 99 % of nucleic acid contamination, as confirmed by nucleic acid content analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Purity and structural analysis using ¹H 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR demonstrate that the cell surface-associated polysaccharide purified with this study is highly homogeneous and identified as antigenic O-polysaccharide. This approach streamlines the purification process by eliminating the need for nuclease digestion and additional ethanol precipitation steps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123531"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticancer and antimicrobial potential of novel xanthan gum derivatives synthesized via quaternary ammonium grafting","authors":"Karen Onofre-Rentería ,&nbsp;Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc ,&nbsp;Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares ,&nbsp;Alejandro Zugasti-Cruz ,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Enríquez-Medrano ,&nbsp;Denis Aidee Cabrera-Munguia ,&nbsp;Ernesto Oyervides-Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two new xanthan gum derivatives were synthesized by a Schiff base reaction with quaternary ammonium salts (PYB: 1-(2-aminoethyl) pyridinium bromide and TAB: 1-(2-aminoethyl) trimethylammonium bromide) to grant biological properties. The quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized through a quaternization reaction between trimethylamine or pyridine, and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide, obtaining two quaternary ammonium salts with a NH₂ group, which were chemically grafted onto the aldehyde groups of xanthan gum (XG) previously oxidized with sodium periodate. FTIR-ATR and ¹H NMR confirmed the chemical structures of the XG derivatives (XG-PYB and XG-TAB). Additionally, TGA analyzed thermal stability. Antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) through a cell proliferation assay (MTT) was tested, and the antibacterial activity through microbial challenge tests on <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>), <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>), and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (<em>P. aeruginosa</em>) were assessed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and SYTOX Green assay on <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> were also conducted, demonstrating that XG-TAB is the most promising molecule, as it showed greater thermal stability, decreased cancer cell viability, and almost completely inhibited bacterial growth of <em>E. coli</em> ATCC 11229 and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 6538, respectively by damage in plasmatic membrane. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of both derivatives was evaluated, showing no toxic effect on human-blood erythrocytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123536"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural localisation of catalytic H2O2 oxidation sites in starch","authors":"Onno J.O.P. Broekman ,&nbsp;Ciaran W. Lahive ,&nbsp;Warner Piersma ,&nbsp;Johanna A. Thomann ,&nbsp;André Heeres ,&nbsp;Thomas Wielema ,&nbsp;Madeleine J. Bussemaker ,&nbsp;Jelle Brinksma ,&nbsp;Peter J. Deuss","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The catalytic oxidation of potato starch by [MnIV2(μ-O)3(tmtacn)2][H2O](CH3COO)2 (Mncat, with tmtacn = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) with H2O2, was recently introduced as a promising alternative to ubiquitous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Here, we report an in-depth investigation into interactions of the catalyst with the starch granule. Pitted starches obtained by pre-treatment with high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) were shown to result in a uniquely homogeneous oxidation. To study this further, fractionation of oxidised potato starch was done which showed a preference for the oxidation of smaller granules with a higher relative surface area. This result was corroborated by chemical surface gelatinisation of fractionated granules. These studies showed that the inside of the granules was oxidised, but that Mncat had a moderate preference for oxidation of the periphery. Together, these results allow for a better understanding of oxidation of starch by Mncat and how it differs from NaOCl oxidation making further optimisation of the process possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123528"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional benefits of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides due to space mutagenesis","authors":"Bingqian Nie ,&nbsp;Jianle Chen ,&nbsp;Wenkang Wang ,&nbsp;Tong Cao ,&nbsp;Xingqian Ye ,&nbsp;Shiguo Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> samples from space-mutated strains transported by China's “Shenzhou” recoverable satellites, along with traditionally cultivated counterparts, were selected for this study. Polysaccharides from <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> were extracted using a two-step sequential method integrating hot water and alkaline extractions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to characterize polysaccharide structures (monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkages) and profile terpenoids, assessing the impact of space mutation. Results showed a significant increase (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) in polysaccharide and terpenoid contents, with polysaccharide yield rising from 178.59 % to 265.38 %. Space-mutated polysaccharides exhibited higher glucose content, altered monosaccharide composition, lower molecular weight, and an enriched β-1,3-glucan structure. They also demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, underscoring the functional benefits of space-induced modifications. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of structural alterations in <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> polysaccharides induced by space mutation. It provides valuable scientific insights into the space breeding of medicinal plants and suggests that space mutation technology could serve as a promising strategy for developing functional foods from <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123532"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amylose content controls the structures and digestibility of starch-lipid complexes during microwave postprocessing","authors":"Xiaoyan Tan ,&nbsp;Fubin Wu ,&nbsp;Zebin Guo ,&nbsp;Fengwei Xie ,&nbsp;Chao Song ,&nbsp;Xueshan Xia ,&nbsp;Ling Guo ,&nbsp;Yue Feng ,&nbsp;Zhendan He","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food postprocessing modifies the structures and properties of starch-lipid complexes, but the impact of amylose content on these changes remains unclear. In this work, starch-lipid complexes with different amylose contents (waxy corn starch: WC; normal corn starch: NC; Gelose 50: G50; and Gelose 80: G80) were prepared and the changes in structures and digestibility following microwave heat-moisture treatment (M-HMT) were investigated. Results indicated that M-HMT induced some destruction of helical structures of WC-lipid complexes, accompanied by reduced complexed lipid content, complex index, short-range molecular order, and relative crystallinity. However, for NC-lipid, G50-lipid, and G80-lipid complexes, these characteristic parameters were increased after treatment. Additionally, for the four types of treated complexes, higher amylose content led to higher values of these parameters. Notably, M-HMT endowed complexes with lower digestibility, and complexes with higher amylose content showed stronger enzyme digestion resistance. The treated G80-lipid complexes achieved the highest resistant starch content of 55.41 %. This work is expected to offer theoretical foundation and practical guidance for industrial or household production of starchy foods with a better health effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123530"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharide-based green flocculants: A systematic and comparative study of their coagulation-flocculation efficiency","authors":"Simon Leonhartsberger ,&nbsp;Pierre Carmona ,&nbsp;Bernhard Seidl ,&nbsp;Karl-Juergen Mann ,&nbsp;Martin Kozich ,&nbsp;Irina Sulaeva ,&nbsp;Christian Stanetty ,&nbsp;Marko D. Mihovilovic","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the quest for greener flocculants, this study explores how cationized polysaccharides can enhance coagulation-flocculation efficiency, filling a gap in systematic comparative analyses. We introduce here a flocculation score which provides a robust framework for flocculation evaluation and comparison. Starch, chitosan, inulin, guar gum, pullulan, and hydroxyethyl cellulose were tested, both unmodified and modified with quaternary ammonium compounds. Promising results in coagulation-flocculation were observed compared to synthetic flocculants like cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) and Poly(Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) (pDADMAC).</div><div>Advanced techniques such as AsFlFFF-MALS, NMR, PCD, rheology, SEM, image analysis, and zeta potential were used to thoroughly characterize these polysaccharides and their flocculation efficiency. Results revealed notable flocculation enhancement in kaolin suspension (model system) and industrial starch sludge with cationized polysaccharides over their unmodified counterparts. Key influencing factors —molecular weight, charge density, and viscosity— and their trends were identified, with higher charge densities notably enhancing flocculation particularly in kaolin suspensions, and higher molecular weight enhancing flocculation in industrial sludge. Chitosan emerged as the top unmodified polysaccharide, while cationic pullulan and starch were found to lead among modified polysaccharides.</div><div>This study highlights eco-friendly cationized polysaccharides, providing insights for optimizing water treatment and a comparative analysis of six polysaccharides' intrinsic parameters and flocculation efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123527"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of dimers delayed alginate degradation in fecal microbiota fermentation","authors":"Dan Yuan ,&nbsp;Wenqian Xiao ,&nbsp;Xingyu Tao ,&nbsp;Zhiming Gao ,&nbsp;Yuehan Wu ,&nbsp;Wenxin Jiang ,&nbsp;Yanlei Li ,&nbsp;Xuewen Ni ,&nbsp;Mengzhou Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was to examine the dimer formation of two alginate chains and its degradation in gut microbiota using an <em>in vitro</em> colon fermentation model. The most rapid degradation stage of guluronate in alginate was from 6 h to 24 h (1.68 μg/mL/h), while guluronate in dimers was from 24 h to 36 h (1.69 μg/mL/h). The degradation extent of alginate (97.40 %) was remarkably higher than that of dimers (84.20 %) in 48 h fermentation. Fecal microbiota randomly cleaved alginate into discrete mannuronate blocks (M-blocks), guluronate blocks (G-blocks), or M/G G-blocks. In contrast, dimers were sequentially cleaved into M-blocks before the crosslinked G-blocks. Approximately 25 % of crosslinked G-blocks survived the 48-h fermentation. Furthermore, three <em>Bacteroides spp.</em> strains could collaboratively degrade M-blocks and then crosslinked G-blocks in dimers sequentially. Collectively, the crosslinked G-blocks impeded the dimer degradation by fecal microbiota, presenting a slower degradation rate and a lesser degradation extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 123524"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}