Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)最新文献

{"title":"Improving Customer Attribute Management Within the House of Quality by Integrating the Non-User","authors":"L. Augustin, Andrea Wolffram, C. Beyer, B. Kokoschko, Peter Frilling","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-66868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-66868","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The House of Quality is an established model for human centric product development, that among other aspects uses both customer attributes and product requirements to define a product and its most important features. Industry application of this model is difficult due to its overall complexity and lack of clear instructions on how to specifically build a catalogue of customer attributes from user research in particular and how to prioritize them.\u0000 This contribution seeks to simplify customer attribute formation and management by introducing the concept of non-use within a use case. Types of non-use and reasons for non-use of robot vacuums are examined and decoded into attributes. Attributes of users and non-users are compared and analyzed. By introducing a clear interview structure for users and non-users, this contribution visualizes how to translate interviews to attributes used within the House of Quality.\u0000 The use case discussed in this contribution indicates that non-use can yield more information than conventional user research, since non-users’ reasons for non-use were more extensive than users’ negative feedback about the product and could therefore generate more attributes. Industry feedback suggests that non-user attributes are similar to user attributes and can therefore be used in place of user attributes.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127153207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Virtual and Face-to-Face Team Collaboration: Insights From an Agent-Based Simulation","authors":"H. Singh, G. Cascini, Christopher McComb","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-66043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-66043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the acceptance of virtual team collaboration as a replacement for face-to-face collaboration. Unlike face-to-face collaboration, virtual collaboration has different factors like technology mediation influencing communication that affects a team’s processes. However, there is a lack of rigorous research that assesses the impact of virtual teaming on the engineering design process. Therefore, the current study investigates the effect of virtual team collaboration on design outcomes by means of the MILANO (Model of Influence, Learning, and Norms in Organizations) framework. To tailor MILANO for virtual collaboration, this paper first presents an empirical study of human design teams, that shows how the model parameters for face-to-face collaboration (like self-efficacy, perceived influencers, perceived degree of influence, trust and familiarity) must be modified. The empirical study also shows the positive impact of effective communication on conflict resolution, task cohesion and the model parameters listed above. The simulation results for both virtual and face-to-face collaboration show how design outcomes differ with collaboration mode.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"498 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116196354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommended Methods Supporting Adoption of the Agile Philosophy for Hardware Development","authors":"Matthew Peterson, J. Summers","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-70621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70621","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this research is to understand the historical evolution of software development, identify desirable characteristics of methods supporting agile for hardware, and recommend potential methods enabling agile development of hardware products. As technology and markets change, product development increasingly operates in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment. While originally applied to software development, organizations are starting to see opportunity in adapting the agile philosophy for hardware development. A comparison of philosophies is made between waterfall, spiral, and agile development. The historical evolutions of software development, after agile, including Continuous Integration Continuous Deployment (CICD), Development and Operations (DevOps), and Development Security and Operations (DevSecOps) is presented. Benefits and challenges in the application of agile methods for hardware are presented. Benefits include improvements in flexibility in response to change and soft factors such as team communication, transparency and commitment. However, many challenges still remain. These are grouped into theme areas including lack of product flexibility, difficulty in separating deliverables, challenges with breaking down tasks within a sprint, changes needed in culture and mindset, difficulty scaling beyond pilot programs, team distribution, and development of an integrated approach across the product lifecycle. Potential methods to aid in the adoption of agile for hardware are discussed using the phases of the hardware development lifecycle as a framework. Recommended methods include the adaptation of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) for problem definition, the use of generative methods for design, the application of Virtual Reality (VR) for prototyping, leveraging additive manufacturing for production, and favoring software defined systems to help in operations. By reducing both the duration and person-hours, these methods enable higher iteration rates for hardware products needed for an agile philosophy. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research efforts supporting the enabling agile development of hardware.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131600226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Analogies and the Design Brief Information: Impact on Creative Outcomes","authors":"G. Koronis, H. Casakin, Arlindo Silva, Jing Wen William Siew","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-69938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69938","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study is aimed at ways to assess and improve design students’ creative outcomes and assist educators in crafting design briefs for design studios. The procedure entails a controlled yet analytical experiment in a university setting intended to test the potential of using analogical thinking to enhance the Novelty and Usefulness of design solutions. The control group received a brief that contained stimuli in the form of typical examples without instructions to use analogies. A second group was provided with a brief including stimuli elicited by text representations in the form of word pairs, and instructions to use textual analogies. The last group received the same stimuli as the other groups above; however, with instructions to identify negative features before using textual analogies.\u0000 One hundred and seven first-year undergraduate students took part in the study. The results demonstrated that design briefs with specific instructions to use textual-based analogies contributed to highly novel outcomes. However, when analogies were elicited by statements concerning negative issues of the design task, students were able to produce more useful outcomes. We suggest that textual-based analogies can be employed as a good in-class pedagogical tool for improving novice designers’ creative outcomes overall.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115538380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some (Team) Assembly Required: An Analysis of Collaborative Computer-Aided Design Assembly","authors":"Kathy Cheng, A. Olechowski","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-68507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-68507","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous efforts in the area of collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) suggest that a team of designers working synchronously in a multi-user CAD (MUCAD) environment can produce CAD models faster than a single user. Our research is the among the first to investigate assemblies in MUCAD. Due to the lack of hierarchical feature dependency in assemblies, we propose that CAD teams can optimize assembly through modularization and parallel execution. In our study, 20 participants were tasked with assembling pre-modelled CAD parts of varying complexity in teams of one, two, three or four. We analyze audio recordings, team activity, and survey responses to compare the performance of individuals and virtual collaborative teams during assembly, while working with the same MUCAD platform.\u0000 This paper features a multimodal approach to analyze team trends in communication, workflow, task allocation and challenges to determine which factors are conducive to the success of a multi-user CAD team and which are detrimental. In our work, the success of a team is measured by its productivity score, which is the number of mates added by a team within a given time frame. We present evidence that teams can complete an assembly in less calendar time than a single user, but single users are more efficient based on person-hours, due to communications and coordination overheads. Surprisingly, paired contributors exhibit an assembly bonus effect. These findings represent a preliminary understanding of collaborative CAD assembly work. Our work supports the claim that collaborative assembly activities have the potential to improve the capabilities of modern product design teams, delivering products faster and at lower cost. We identify areas for future research, and highlight areas of improvement for collaborative CAD platforms and engineering design teams.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125400004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Decomposition Increases Complexity: How Decomposing Introduces New Information Into the Problem Space","authors":"S. Mukherjee, Anthony Hennig, Taylan G. Topcu, Z. Szajnfarber","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-71917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71917","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Decomposition is a dominant design strategy because it enables complex problems to be broken up into more manageable modules. However, although it is well known that complex systems are rarely fully decomposable, much of the decomposition literature is framed around reordering or clustering processes that optimize an objective function to yield a module assignment. As illustrated in this study, these approaches overlook the fact that decoupling partially decomposeable modules can require significant additional design work, with associated consequences that introduce considerable information to the design space. This paper draws on detailed empirical evidence from a NASA space robotics field experiment to elaborate mechanisms through which the processes of decomposing can add information and associated descriptive complexity to the problem space. Contrary to widely held expectations, we show that complexity can increase substantially when natural system modules are fully decoupled from one another to support parallel design. We explain this phenomenon through two mechanisms: interface creation and functional allocation. These findings have implications for the ongoing discussion of optimal module identification as part of the decomposition process. We contend that the sometimes-significant costs of later stages of design decomposition are not adequately considered in existing methods. With this work we lay a foundation for valuing these performance, schedule and complexity costs earlier in the decomposition process.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131146502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting Design Actions, Reasoning, and Outcomes in Concept-Selection","authors":"Yakira Mirabito, K. Goucher-Lambert","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-71830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71830","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Final concepts are often not the most creative or innovative design within the solution space. The purpose of this research is to gain insight into the decisions made in concept selection. In particular, we studied how designers link multiple decision-making elements together, including: actions (what people do), reasoning (why they do it), and design outcomes (an objective measure of engineering performance). Fifty-seven participants were tasked with solving a design challenge relating to a robotic gripper by selecting a design within a predefined design space. Each design had a corresponding measure (termed “success rate”) which enabled each designer’s performance to be quantified and compared against other designers. The task was hosted on an interactive interface in which design actions were collected. A post-task survey probed for the reasoning behind design actions. Characterization of decision-making behavior and reasoning was rooted in prior design literature. Design actions were quantified concerning the degree of design space explored and the decision-making strategies employed. Key results include design strategies such as manipulation techniques, the impact of maximum observed success rates, and a willingness to submit an alternative solution which influenced design outcomes. Although designer preferences validated the design strategies identified, there was no correlation between the decision factors considered and improved outcomes. The methods and findings from this work assessed the underlying dynamics when engineers selected less innovative or creative solutions and recommended decision-making strategies that should be considered to improve design outcomes.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"5 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114131819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing Robust Systems Using Bioinspired Product Architecture","authors":"Devesh Bhasin, D. Staack, D. McAdams","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-68956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-68956","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work analyzes the role of bioinspired product architecture in facilitating the development of robust engineering systems. Existing studies on bioinspired product architecture largely focus on inspiring biology-like function-sharing in engineering design. This work shows that the guidelines for bioinspired product architecture, originally developed for bioinspiration of function-sharing, may induce robustness to random failures in engineered systems. To quantify such an improvement, this study utilizes Functional Modeling to derive modular equivalents of biological systems. The application of the bioinspired product architecture guidelines is then modeled as a transition from the modular product architecture of the modular equivalents to the actual product architecture of the biological systems. The robustness of the systems to random failures is analyzed after the application of each guideline by modeling the systems as directed networks. A singular robustness metric is then introduced to quantify the degradation in the expected functionality of systems upon increasing severity of random disruptions. Our results show that a system with bioinspired product architecture exhibits a gradual degradation in expected functionality upon increasing the number of failed modules as compared to an equivalent system with a one-to-one mapping of functions to modules. The findings are validated by designing and analyzing a COVID-19 breathalyzer as a case study.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114350357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Creativity: Overcoming the Challenge of Scale When Repurposing Wind-Turbine Blades","authors":"K. Arabian, L. Shu","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-70668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70668","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increased adoption of wind-energy technology helps address climate change, but also requires disposition of retired wind-turbine blades that are not easily recycled. This pressing environmental problem is used as the prompt in a creativity study, where participants are asked to identify potential reuses in a Wind-turbine-blade Repurposing Task (WRT). In past iterations of this study, participants consistently struggled with correctly incorporating the large physical size of wind-turbine blades in their reuse concepts. The Alternate Uses Task (AUT) is an established measure of creativity and asks participants to identify uses for much smaller objects like bricks and paper clips. The current work explored whether an AUT can be adapted as an intervention to help overcome the scale challenge in the WRT.\u0000 Students in a fourth-year undergraduate engineering design course (N = 28) underwent both of two conditions, a scaled-AUT intervention and a control, typical AUT before the WRT. AUT fluency and flexibility (number and categories of ideas) were significantly lower in the scaled AUT than the typical AUT. This result supports that object scale more than unfamiliarity is the main WRT challenge, since the AUT objects were relatively common. Notably, correctly scaled WRT concepts significantly increased after the scaled AUT, supporting the intervention’s effectiveness. Finally, the WRT is proposed as a standard design-study task whose solutions help address a real-world problem.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"92 14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128853281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Designers’ Empathic Understanding of Users by a Quick Empathic Accuracy (QEA)","authors":"Jie Li, Antti Surma-aho, Katja Hölttä-Otto","doi":"10.1115/detc2021-69407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69407","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Empathy is an essential ability for designers to step into users’ shoes and potentially discover their latent needs. However, although empathy helps designers to better understand users, the degree to which designers can actually understand them remains unclear. Consequently, it is essential to measure the accuracy of designers’ empathic understanding. In our previous work, we have adopted an experimental procedure from psychology to quantify designers’ empathic accuracy. However, the measure as such is time-consuming. Therefore, we attempted to shorten the experimental time while retaining the validity of the measure. This paper reports on the process of shortening the measure and compares the original instrument with the shortened one. The data collected from the shortened instrument shows excellent internal consistency and between subject variance and is able to produce similar results to the original longer measure.","PeriodicalId":261968,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 33rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115791745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}