{"title":"ACT-CORNER: Active corner finding for optic flow determination","authors":"G. D. Croon, S. Nolfi","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631243","url":null,"abstract":"A highly efficient corner finding algorithm, named ACT-CORNER, is introduced. The algorithm uses active sub-sampling: it searches for corners by exploiting information from local image samples. ACT-CORNER is compared to both the Harris and FAST corner detectors. It is computationally much more efficient than the Harris corner detector. The comparison with FAST depends on the image size, with an advantage for ACT-CORNER for image dimensions of 320 × 240 pixels or larger. ACT-CORNER's performance is evaluated in the context of optic flow based Time-To-Contact (TTC) estimation. Image zoom experiments show that the accuracy of TTC estimations is similar when ACT-CORNER or FAST are used for corner detection. Finally, experiments with a Parrot AR drone show that the TTC estimates based on ACT-CORNER correspond well to sonar-based estimates.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124618756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Liimatainen, Mohamed Kharboutly, David Rostoucher, M. Gauthier, Quan Zhou
{"title":"Capillary self-alignment assisted hybrid robotic handling for ultra-thin die stacking","authors":"V. Liimatainen, Mohamed Kharboutly, David Rostoucher, M. Gauthier, Quan Zhou","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630754","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-thin dies are difficult to package because of their fragility and flexibility. Current ultra-thin die integration technology for 3D microsystems relies on robotic pick-and-place machines and machine vision, which has rather limited throughput for high-accuracy assembly of fragile ultra-thin dies. In this paper, we report a hybrid assembly strategy that consists of robotic pick-and-place using a vacuum micro-gripper, and droplet self-alignment by capillary force. Ultra-thin dies with breakable links are chosen as part of the assembly strategy. Experimental results show that we can align ultra-thin (10μm) dies with sub-micron accuracy without machine vision. A fully automatic sequence of stacking several of these dies is demonstrated. Up to 12 ultra-thin dies have been stacked. These early results show that die-to-die integration of ultra-thin dies with higher throughput than the current industry robot is possible by applying both robotic handling and droplet self-alignment to ultra-thin die assembly.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124703141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawson L. S. Wong, L. Kaelbling, Tomas Lozano-Perez
{"title":"Manipulation-based active search for occluded objects","authors":"Lawson L. S. Wong, L. Kaelbling, Tomas Lozano-Perez","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630966","url":null,"abstract":"Object search is an integral part of daily life, and in the quest for competent mobile manipulation robots it is an unavoidable problem. Previous approaches focus on cases where objects are in unknown rooms but lying out in the open, which transforms object search into active visual search. However, in real life, objects may be in the back of cupboards occluded by other objects, instead of conveniently on a table by themselves. Extending search to occluded objects requires a more precise model and tighter integration with manipulation. We present a novel generative model for representing container contents by using object co-occurrence information and spatial constraints. Given a target object, a planner uses the model to guide an agent to explore containers where the target is likely, potentially needing to move occluding objects to enable further perception. We demonstrate the model on simulated domains and a detailed simulation involving a PR2 robot.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124717963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ajallooeian, Soha Pouya, Alexander Spröwitz, A. Ijspeert
{"title":"Central Pattern Generators augmented with virtual model control for quadruped rough terrain locomotion","authors":"M. Ajallooeian, Soha Pouya, Alexander Spröwitz, A. Ijspeert","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631040","url":null,"abstract":"We present a modular controller for quadruped locomotion over unperceived rough terrain. Our approach is based on a computational Central Pattern Generator (CPG) model implemented as coupled nonlinear oscillators. Stumbling correction reflex is implemented as a sensory feedback mechanism affecting the CPG. We augment the outputs of the CPG with virtual model control torques responsible for posture control. The control strategy is validated on a 3D forward dynamics simulated quadruped robot platform of about the size and weight of a cat. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, we perform locomotion over unperceived uneven terrain and slopes, as well as situations facing external pushes.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jose Oviedo-Barriga, O. Carbajal-Espinosa, Luis Enrique González Jiménez, B. Castillo-Toledo, E. Bayro-Corrochano
{"title":"Robust tracking of bio-inspired references for a biped robot using geometric algebra and sliding modes","authors":"Jose Oviedo-Barriga, O. Carbajal-Espinosa, Luis Enrique González Jiménez, B. Castillo-Toledo, E. Bayro-Corrochano","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631338","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling walking biped robots is a challenging problem due to its complex and uncertain dynamics. In order to tackle this, we propose a sliding mode controller based on a dynamic model which was obtained using the conformal geometric algebra approach (CGA). The CGA framework permits us to use lines, points, and other geometric entities, to obtain the Lagrange equations of the system. The references for the joints of the robot were bio-inspired in the kinematics of a walking human body. The first and second derivatives of the reference signal were obtained through an exact robust differentiator based on high order sliding modes. The performance of the proposed control scheme is illustrated through simulation.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129131617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lazy Toggle PRM: A single-query approach to motion planning","authors":"Jory Denny, Kensen Shi, N. Amato","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630904","url":null,"abstract":"Probabilistic RoadMaps (PRMs) are quite successful in solving complex and high-dimensional motion planning problems. While particularly suited for multiple-query scenarios and expansive spaces, they lack efficiency in both solving single-query scenarios and mapping narrow spaces. Two PRM variants separately tackle these gaps. Lazy PRM reduces the computational cost of roadmap construction for single-query scenarios by delaying roadmap validation until query time. Toggle PRM is well suited for mapping narrow spaces by mapping both Cfree and Cobst, which gives certain theoretical benefits. However, fully validating the two resulting roadmaps can be costly. We present a strategy, Lazy Toggle PRM, for integrating these two approaches into a method which is both suited for narrow passages and efficient single-query calculations. This simultaneously addresses two challenges of PRMs. Like Lazy PRM, Lazy Toggle PRM delays validation of roadmaps until query time, but if no path is found, the algorithm augments the roadmap using the Toggle PRM methodology. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Lazy Toggle PRM in a wide range of scenarios, including those with narrow passages and high descriptive complexity (e.g., those described by many triangles), concluding that it is more effective than existing methods in solving difficult queries.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129203119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of relaxation methods in sampling-based algorithms for optimal motion planning","authors":"O. Arslan, P. Tsiotras","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630906","url":null,"abstract":"Several variants of incremental sampling-based algorithms have been recently proposed in order to optimally solve motion planning problems. Popular examples include the RRT* and the PRM* algorithms. These algorithms are asymptotically optimal and thus provide high quality solutions. However, the convergence rate to the optimal solution may still be slow. Borrowing from ideas used in the well-known LPA* algorithm, in this paper we present a new incremental sampling-based motion planning algorithm based on Rapidly-exploring Random Graphs (RRG), denoted by RRT# (RRT “sharp”), which also guarantees asymptotic optimality, but, in addition, it also ensures that the constructed spanning tree rooted at the initial state contains lowest-cost path information for vertices which have the potential to be part of the optimal solution. This implies that the best possible solution is readily computed if there are some vertices in the current graph that are already in the goal region.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130597567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grasp mapping using locality preserving projections and kNN regression","authors":"Yun Lin, Yu Sun","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630706","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel mapping approach to map a human grasp to a robotic grasp based on human grasp motion trajectories rather than grasp poses, since the grasp trajectories of a human grasp provide more information to disambiguate between different grasp types than grasp poses. Human grasp motions usually contain complex and nonlinear patterns in a high-dimensional space. In this paper, we reduced the high-dimensionality of motion trajectories by using locality preserving projections (LPP). Then, a Hausdorff distance was performed to find the k-nearest neighbor trajectories in the reduced low-dimensional subspace, and k-nearest neighbor (kNN) regression was used to map a demonstrated grasp motion by a human hand to a robotic hand. Several experiments were designed and carried out to compare the robotic grasping trajectory generated with and without the trajectory-based mapping approach. The regression errors of the mapping results show that our approach generates more robust grasps than using only grasp poses. In addition, our approach has the ability to successfully map a grasp motion of a new grasp demonstration that has not been trained before to a robotic hand.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123928290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rigid 2D space-filling folds of unbroken linear chains","authors":"Zhong Li, Devin J. Balkcom, A. Dollar","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6630628","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an algorithm for folding a serial revolute chain into a rigid structure of essentially any desired planar shape. The algorithm is fast (linear in the number of links), and the constructed folding plan only requires an actuation method that sequentially folds triangles as the pattern is laid out, maintaining incremental rigidity of the structure during folding.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"2 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael F. Wehner, Brendan T. Quinlivan, P. Aubin, E. Martinez-Villalpando, Michael Baumann, L. Stirling, K. Holt, R. Wood, C. Walsh
{"title":"A lightweight soft exosuit for gait assistance","authors":"Michael F. Wehner, Brendan T. Quinlivan, P. Aubin, E. Martinez-Villalpando, Michael Baumann, L. Stirling, K. Holt, R. Wood, C. Walsh","doi":"10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631046","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a soft lower-extremity robotic exosuit intended to augment normal muscle function in healthy individuals. Compared to previous exoskeletons, the device is ultra-lightweight, resulting in low mechanical impedance and inertia. The exosuit has custom McKibben style pneumatic actuators that can assist the hip, knee and ankle. The actuators attach to the exosuit through a network of soft, inextensible webbing triangulated to attachment points utilizing a novel approach we call the virtual anchor technique. This approach is designed to transfer forces to locations on the body that can best accept load. Pneumatic actuation was chosen for this initial prototype because the McKibben actuators are soft and can be easily driven by an off-board compressor. The exosuit itself (human interface and actuators) had a mass of 3500 g and with peripherals (excluding air supply) is 7144 g. In order to examine the exosuit's performance, a pilot study with one subject was performed which investigated the effect of the ankle plantar-flexion timing on the wearer's hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics and metabolic power when walking. Wearing the suit in a passive unpowered mode had little effect on hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics as compared to baseline walking when not wearing the suit. Engaging the actuators at the ankles at 30% of the gait cycle for 250 ms altered joint kinematics the least and also minimized metabolic power. The subject's average metabolic power was 386.7 W, almost identical to the average power when wearing no suit (381.8 W), and substantially less than walking with the unpowered suit (430.6 W). This preliminary work demonstrates that the exosuit can comfortably transmit joint torques to the user while not restricting mobility and that with further optimization, has the potential to reduce the wearer's metabolic cost during walking.","PeriodicalId":259746,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114331203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}