Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Effects of the type and proportion of a binder on the quality and combustion of fuel pellets","authors":"G.S. Nyashina,&nbsp;V.V. Dorokhov,&nbsp;D.K. Shvedov,&nbsp;P.A. Strizhak","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental research findings are reported on the effects of binders on the density, impact resistance, hardness, vibration durability, hygroscopicity, thermogravimetric and kinetic parameters of thermal oxidation of pellets from sawdust, straw and cardboard. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (2.5 wt %) and sunflower husk (5 wt %) were used as additives. For comparison, wood pellets without additives or additional components (straw and cardboard) were considered. The use of cardboard increased the pellet density by 10 %. Binders in pellets with cardboard had a marginal effect on density. The use of sunflower husk in blends with straw increased density by 2–9 %. Carboxymethylcellulose increased the impact resistance coefficient and hardness of pellets by 2–55 % compared to pellets without additives. The addition of 5 wt % of carboxymethylcellulose or sunflower husk to pellets with cardboard and with straw contributed to 5–13 % lower hygroscopicity coefficient than that of wood pellets. Composite pellets with binders had up to 2.3 % greater ash residue mass than wood pellets. The lowest values of the activation energy of thermal oxidation were recorded for pellets with 5 wt % of carboxymethylcellulose. They were 8 % and 36 % lower than those of pellets with straw and cardboard, respectively. The use of sunflower husk increased the activation energy. A multi-criteria analysis of mechanical strength and energy characteristics revealed that the most efficient pellets were the ones with cardboard and carboxymethylcellulose. The relative integral efficiency indicator of such fuels was 18 % higher than that of wood pellets. This demonstrates high potential of composite pellets containing cardboard in the energy sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107934"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism insights into hardwood lignin pyrolysis via ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Zhiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Ku ,&nbsp;Zishuo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignin pyrolysis is an effective approach for producing high-value chemicals and fuels. In this study, reactive molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the pyrolytic behavior of hardwood lignin, focusing on gas product distribution, generation pathways of major gas species, and the evolutions of bonds, benzene rings, <em>β</em>-O-4 linkages, and key functional groups. Furthermore, the morphology of char and kinetic analysis were examined. The results reveal that hydroxyl groups, methoxy groups, and benzene rings are the primary hydrogen sources in H₂ formation. In contrast, methoxy groups, hydroxyl groups and linkages are the main contributors of oxygen atoms in CO. The quantities of initial <em>β</em>-O-4 linkages, methoxy groups, and hydroxyl groups consistently decrease throughout pyrolysis. Char growth is primarily driven by carbon chain extension and bonding with other fragments. Additionally, the estimated activation energy for hardwood lignin pyrolysis is 113.42 kJ/mol. These findings provide detailed insights into the hardwood lignin pyrolysis mechanisms, laying a foundation for optimizing pyrolysis processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107938"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coffee grounds and fruit and vegetable waste co-digestion in dark Fermentation: Evaluation of mixing ratio and hybrid pretreatments impact on bio-hydrogen production","authors":"Achouri Ouafa ,&nbsp;Derbal Kerroum ,&nbsp;Panico Antonio ,&nbsp;Righa Lamis ,&nbsp;Bensegueni Chaima ,&nbsp;Zerdazi-Zamouche Rania ,&nbsp;Bencheikh-Lehocine Mossaab","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biohydrogen production using organic waste is gaining increasing interest due to its sustainable, efficient, and energy-efficient nature. Dark fermentation is one of the promising processes to produce this energy. This study explores the feasibility of dark fermentation co-digestion, specifically examining the combination of coffee grounds (CG) with fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW). Various ratios of FVW and CG co-digestion were examined under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions in the biochemical hydrogen potential test batch (BHP tests) to assess dark fermentation (DF) performance. An 80 % FVW and 20 % CG mixing ratio yielded optimal production at 517 mL bioH₂/g total volatile solids (TVS) at 55 °C, marking a 15.67 % increase compared to mono-digestion of FVW (447 mL bioH₂/gTVS) and a 137.15 % increase compared to mono-digestion of CG (218 mL bioH₂/gTVS). Under mesophilic conditions, the maximum production reached 415.45 mL bioH₂/gTVS with the 80 % FVW and 20 % CG ratio, showing a 5.44 % increase compared to FVW alone (394 mL bioH₂/gTVS) and a 108.55 % increase compared to CG (199.20 mL bioH₂/gTVS). The second phase of the study involved applying hybrid (thermal-alkaline) pretreatment to FVW and hydrothermal to CG. This pretreatment resulted in a 315 % increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) solubilization, consequently enhancing the overall bio-hydrogen yield by 17.5 %. A kinetic analysis, incorporating model fitting with three models (modified Gompertz model (GM), transference function (TF), and first-order model), was conducted to determine which model most accurately depicted the effect on the degradation rate and ultimate bioH₂ yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107896"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of fermentation conditions for propionic acid production by immobilized cells of Propionibacterium acidipropionici with sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol","authors":"Shuling Tang ,&nbsp;Yingzi Wu ,&nbsp;Junpeng Li ,&nbsp;Yi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Propionic acid (PA), a widely utilized food preservative and mold inhibitor, offers significant advantages when produced via microbial fermentation compared to chemical synthesis, including sustainable raw material utilization, simplified operational conditions, and reduced environmental impact. However, traditional free-cell fermentation faces limitations in productivity and process stability. In this study, sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol were utilized as composite carriers, with <em>Propionibacterium acidipropionici</em> FS1026 serving as the target bacterium for the preparation of immobilized pellets for PA fermentation. The conditions for the preparation of these immobilized pellets and the fermentation process for PA production were optimized separately. The results indicated that: (1) the optimal immobilization conditions were as follows: polyvinyl alcohol concentration of 10.8 g/L, sodium alginate concentration of 1.5 g/L, immobilization solution consisting of a mixture of 2 % CaCl₂ and 50 g/L boric acid, a bacterial inclusion amount of 12 %, and an immobilization time of 8 h; (2) the optimal medium for PA fermentation using the immobilized cells contained: glucose at 75.41 g/L, yeast powder at 30 g/L, peptone at 16.31 g/L, K₂HPO₄ at 24 g/L, and MgSO₄ at 0.7 g/L; (3) the immobilized cells maintained stable PA production over 10 consecutive fermentation batches, achieving an average yield of 26.31 g/L, thereby confirming operational robustness; (4) optimization of the fermentation process revealed that pH adjustment using ammonia was superior to that using Ca(OH)₂, and the optimal glucose replenishment interval was every 24 h, with a replenishment of 35 g/L, resulting in a PA yield of up to 42.76 g/L—significantly higher than the yield from free cell fermentation (20.33 g/L). This study demonstrates that immobilized cell fermentation establishes a novel technical approach for PA production, exhibiting promising industrial scalability and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107920"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the physiological response mechanisms of Miscanthus sinensis to salt-induced stress","authors":"Hai-Long Lu ,&nbsp;Ling Li ,&nbsp;Jackson Nkoh Nkoh ,&nbsp;Jian-Jian Li ,&nbsp;Hao-Ran Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hui Li ,&nbsp;Dong-Li Hao ,&nbsp;Jun-Qin Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinization is a growing concern that degrades soil quality and inhibits agricultural productivity. <em>Miscanthus</em> species have received wide attention because of their high calorific potential, their value as an energy plant, and their ability to maintain high biomass accumulation. However, most studies focused on the biochemical and physiological responses to salt stress while neglecting the osmotic adjustment processes and the contribution of both organic and inorganic substances to these processes. This study evaluates the response mechanism of <em>Miscanthus sinensis</em> to salt stress (0–300 mM of NaCl) by evaluating the growth and photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic response to light, and contribution of organic and inorganic substances to osmotic potential. The results revealed that <em>M. sinensis</em> adopted Na ⁺ compartmentalization and reallocation of biomass to the aboveground parts to mitigate the negative impact of salinity stress. Specifically, Na⁺ accumulated more in the root and leaf, with an increment magnitude of 75.4–173.9 and 56.7–217.1 times, respectively. This was supported by the changing trend of the stem/leaf ratio (25.1 %–55.9 %) compared to the root/shoot ratio (12.3 %–18.3 %). Also, salt-induced stress decreased the leaf's water content and water use efficiency as a result of low intracellular osmosis, and to mitigate osmotic damage, <em>M. sinensis</em> enhanced the accumulation of proline. These results offer theoretical and scientific insights into managing the cultivation and improving the yield of <em>M. sinensis</em> and other energy herbaceous plants in saline soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107898"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of torrefaction conditions for oil palm empty fruit bunches: A step towards scale-up","authors":"Diego C. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Manoel F.M. Nogueira ,&nbsp;Danielle R.S. Guerra ,&nbsp;Alan N. Carneiro ,&nbsp;Fernando H.B. Santos ,&nbsp;Dimitri O. e Silva ,&nbsp;Electo E.S. Lora","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents results from the EFB torrefaction process, performed in a pilot-scale continuous processing reactor, the Vibrating Electrical Elevator and Reactor (REVE), and a laboratory tubular furnace as a complementary analysis procedure. Raw EFB was processed in the pilot-scale reactor at three temperatures (220 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C) for 30 min. Meanwhile, in a tubular furnace (TF), EFB briquettes were processed at six temperatures (210 °C, 220 °C, 230 °C, 240 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C) and two processing times (15 min and 30 min). The biocoal resulting from both processes was characterized using proximate, ultimate, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and higher heating value (HHV) determination. TF results show that temperature has the most decisive influence on energy yields than processing time, suggesting the feasibility of processing EFB with shorter retention times, such as 15 min, particularly at low to moderate temperatures (e.g., 210–250 °C), where greater values of energy yield and HHV are obtained (95.7–79.4 % and 19.5–22.9 MJ). The type of reactor also influenced the observed data. While the atmosphere inside the REVE reactor during the torrefaction process is not inert, this was not a significant issue, as its performance, measured by the properties of its biocoal, can be compared to that found in the literature (HHV of 27.5 MJ for 300 °C processing). The samples processed in the REVE reactor achieved O/C and H/C ratios approaching the thresholds required for efficient gasification, 0.26 and 0.57, respectively. Finally, biomass-bound oxygen loss follows the same behavior in both processes evaluated, regardless of the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107914"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Karalite catalyst for sustainable Biodiesel synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil under mild conditions","authors":"S. Sri Rajeswary,&nbsp;Chellapandian Kannan","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous heating of cooking oil during repeated culinary processes generates free radicals, which pose significant health risks, including incurable cancers and gastrointestinal disorders. To address this concern, this study explores the transformation of waste cooking oil into biodiesel as a sustainable alternative. However, conventional biodiesel synthesis methods are often labour-intensive, expensive, and corrosive, highlighting the need for an efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic process. The research aims to develop a highly active, stable, and reusable catalyst that overcomes the limitations of traditional methods. This study introduces Karalite, a novel nanoporous integrated framework catalyst synthesized at ambient temperature using a simple sol-gel method with diethylenetriamine as a template. Physico-chemical characterization of Karalite is performed by WAXRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, BET, SEM, HR-TEM, TGA, and chemisorption analysis. WAXRD confirmed the formation of an integrated framework of tenorite, copper ultraphosphate, and aluminum metaphosphate. FT-IR analysis also confirmed the tenorite (650 cm⁻¹), Copper ultraphosphate (2346 cm⁻¹) and aluminium meta phosphate (730 cm⁻¹), and tetrahedral framework of PO₄^3- (1100 cm⁻¹). BET analysis confirmed the formation of four types of pore sizes 3, 4, 7, and 10 nm. TGA demonstrated its remarkable thermal stability up to 1200 °C. SEM and HR-TEM analyses revealed well-defined morphological characteristics and the d-spacing values are similar to that of XRD. UV-DRS analysis confirmed the incorporation of Cu²⁺ in the material. Karalite is applied for biodiesel synthesis and achieves a 93 % conversion and 97 % selectivity at 32 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107939"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sucrose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over commercial ion-exchange resin","authors":"Nicha Tabtimtong ,&nbsp;Anomar Padungwat ,&nbsp;Natthaphong Lertna ,&nbsp;Pakpoom Athikaphan ,&nbsp;Arthit Neramittagapong ,&nbsp;Taketoshi Minato ,&nbsp;Sutasinee Neramittagapong","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study focuses on the production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from sucrose using water as a solvent and various ion-exchange resin catalysts in a stainless steel batch reactor. The research demonstrates that the choice of catalyst significantly impacts the yield of HMF, with CT-251 catalyst exhibiting the highest acidity and achieving a peak HMF yield of 24.59 % at 150 °C for 150 min with a catalyst load of 0.11 g catalyst/g sucrose. Furthermore, the study highlights the stable reusability of the catalyst over four cycles, maintaining a relatively constant HMF yield of approximately 22 %. The results indicate complete sucrose conversion, with all fructose and some glucose converted into HMF. Additionally, the study notes that prolonged reaction times lead to the rehydration of HMF, resulting in the production of valuable levulinic acid (LA). The research also suggests the need for further efforts to improve glucose isomerization in order to enhance HMF selectivity. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into catalyst selection for efficient HMF production from renewable biomass sources. The results emphasize the importance of balancing catalyst acidity and reaction conditions to maximize HMF yield and minimize undesired side reactions, contributing to the development of sustainable biomass conversion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107940"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the devolatilization and combustion characteristics of yak manure under simulated plateau conditions","authors":"Bin Zhao ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Chenghong Liu ,&nbsp;Mengxia Qing ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Song Hu ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Luo ,&nbsp;Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve efficient and clean utilization of biomass fuels in high-altitude regions, understanding the effects of low-pressure and low-oxygen conditions on their combustion characteristics is crucial. This study investigates the combustion characteristics of yak manure under simulated high-altitude conditions using a concentrating photothermal combustion system. A high-speed camera, thermocouples and a flue gas analyzer were employed to monitor particle behavior, temperature and flue gas components during combustion. Devolatilization products (chars) were analyzed using nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), and Raman spectroscopy. Results reveal that low pressure enhances the volatiles release by promoting side chain cleavage and aromatic structure formation, increases the char porosity and stable free radical concentration, and decreases the char specific heat capacity. These changes lead to higher combustion temperatures, earlier ignition and faster burnout. In contrast, low oxygen levels inhibit reactions with volatiles and char, resulting in delayed ignition and lower peak temperatures. When both low pressure and low oxygen conditions are applied simultaneously, compared to atmospheric combustion, an earlier and lower peak concentration of CO and NO emissions is detected. Additionally, slight reductions in ignition and burnout times, along with increased combustion temperatures, are observed, indicating a combined effect dominated by low pressure. These findings provide essential insights for the efficient use of biomass fuels in high-altitude regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107919"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acetate as a sustainable organic carbon to support mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sorokiniana for alternative protein production","authors":"Sunni Chen ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Youn Joong Kim ,&nbsp;Emily Radican ,&nbsp;Yu Lei ,&nbsp;Yong Ku Cho ,&nbsp;Zhenlei Xiao ,&nbsp;Mingyu Qiao ,&nbsp;Yangchao Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae are well-known for their role as sustainable bio-factories, offering a promising solution to the global food and nutrition crisis. To determine the potential of <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> UTEX 1230 for food applications, particularly as an alternative protein source, the study employed a mixotrophic cultivation mode with sodium acetate (NaAc) as a cost-effective organic carbon (NaAc-C) source. Varying levels of NaAc-C and sodium nitrate-sourced nitrogen were investigated to understand the metabolic characteristics of microalgal growth. The designed heterotrophic cultivation confirmed the ability of <em>C. sorokiniana</em> UTEX 1230 to grow on NaAc-C, and then the mixotrophic cultures, when cultured with both NaAc-C and CO₂, exhibited superior growth performance, doubling the biomass concentration compared to the autotrophic control. The addition of nitrogen (750 mg/L NaNO₃) facilitated the thorough metabolism of NaAc-C, resulting in a maximum biomass concentration of 2.82 g/L in the 150 mM NaAc-C group, while excess NaAc-C and nitrogen extended the lag phase, thereby reducing production efficiency. A detailed analysis of nitrogen and protein concentrations over time revealed that higher nitrogen availability led to greater protein accumulation, which was then degraded to support essential life activities under nitrogen starvation. Therefore, a fed-batch strategy with NaAc-C and NaNO₃ supplementation was applied to maximize the positive impact of nutrients on biomass profiles, where 2.63 g/L microalgae were harvested on the 4^th day, with an increase in protein yield to 0.30 g/L/day. These findings offer theoretical guidance for further refining this microalgal strain for use as an alternative protein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107901"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}