Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and adsorption behavior of Zn₂SiO₄ nanoparticles incorporated with biomass-derived activated carbon as a novel adsorbent in a circular economy framework","authors":"Van Thuan Le ,&nbsp;Viet Hung Hoang ,&nbsp;Hien Y Hoang ,&nbsp;Anh Tien Nguyen ,&nbsp;Van-Dat Doan ,&nbsp;Vy Anh Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient utilization of biomass waste as a precursor holds significant implications for both the economy and the environment. In line with the principles of the circular economy, this study introduces a novel adsorbent, Zn₂SiO₄/activated carbon (Zn₂SiO₄/AC), synthesized from spent coffee grounds, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) via a one-pot carbonization approach for the efficient removal of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions. The composite exhibited a high surface area (625.54 m²/g) and a well-defined porous structure, facilitating superior adsorption capacity. The synthesis parameters were optimized at a carbonization temperature of 600 °C, a heating time of 3 h, and an SCGs:ZnCl₂:TEOS (w:w:v) ratio of 3:3:3. Experimental results demonstrated that Zn₂SiO₄/AC exhibits a high adsorption capacity for CV, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 163.39 mg/g under optimal conditions (pH 5, adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L, temperature 45 °C, and adsorption time 105 min). Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models best described the adsorption process. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the structural integrity of Zn₂SiO₄/AC post-adsorption and identified key interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, coordination bonding, and electrostatic attractions facilitating CV adsorption. Zn₂SiO₄/AC demonstrated excellent reusability, retaining significant adsorption capacity (77.96 mg/g) after five cycles, highlighting its practical potential for wastewater treatment. This study clarifies the formation mechanism of Zn₂SiO₄/AC and its adsorption process, establishing it as an efficient, stable, and reusable adsorbent for dye removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107554"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142887049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steam-oxygen blown circulating fluidised bed gasification for synthetic biofuel production: Pilot-scale reactor modelling, model-based reactor scale-up and analysis for power-biomass-to-liquid processes","authors":"Antti Pitkäoja,&nbsp;Jouni Ritvanen","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steam-oxygen blown gasification is a prominent gasification technology for producing synthetic biofuels and biochemicals from biomass. A 1.5D semi-empirical model is developed for circulating fluidised bed gasification. The model is validated using data from 500 kW pilot gasifier tests reported in the literature. The validated model is used in designing a 100 MW scale gasifier concept. The model is used to investigate the effect of the operating temperature and steam-to-biomass (S/B) ratio on the performance and producer gas composition of the large-scale gasifier. The validation study showed the model to predict producer gas composition accurately. The estimate was within +−15% for the main gas species. The parametric study illustrated producer gas composition to be more sensitive to the S/B ratio than operating temperature. The <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>CO</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> ratio can be achieved when an electrolyser is used to satisfy the oxygen consumption of the large-scale gasifier, and the obtained hydrogen side stream is mixed with syngas downstream of the gasifier. The large-scale simulation results are compared to literature data from different gasifiers. The comparison shows that the influence of the investigated parameters is small relative to the scattering of the data. The phenomena affecting the gas composition and performance of the gasifier are discussed. The findings of the study contribute to an understanding of the physical operation of the gasification process. The study presents the mass and energy balances of the large-scale scale gasifier, which can be used in conceptual studies of synthetic biofuel and chemical production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107540"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic efforts towards the phenyl glycosidic class of lignin-carbohydrate complex models","authors":"Gary N. Sheldrake,&nbsp;Niamh M. Curran,&nbsp;Christopher W.J. Murnaghan","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within biomass as a whole, the linkages which are present have been largely identified and elucidated, one of the key types off linkages and functionalities which have been identified are lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC). These are the major bonding patterns found in biomass between the carbohydrate (cellulose &amp; hemicellulose) and lignin functionalities from extracted portions of biomass. One of the main bonding patterns within LCCs is phenyl glycosidic, where the C1 of the carbohydrate is bonded through an ether bond to an aromatic ring. The synthesis of such compounds which represent extracted portions of biomass have a carbohydrate portion and therefore will allow for water solubility and negates the need for organic solvents when probing depolymerisation studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107555"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of combining mineral salt with ball milling for promoting enzymatic saccharification of cellulose","authors":"Yufa Gao ,&nbsp;Wenlu Zhang ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Asadollahi ,&nbsp;Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Guang Yu ,&nbsp;Haiming Li ,&nbsp;Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clean and efficient pretreatment is a critical process for producing cellulosic sugar platform for the production of advanced biofuels and chemicals. Combining a chemical treatment with ball milling is a relatively simple and environmentally friendly procedure, which may reduce the pretreatment time and energy consumption. Hence, in this study, the mineral salts (e.g. ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂, LiCl, and LiBr) were used to enhance the ball milling. Firstly, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a model compound of pure cellulose was pretreated by mineral salt-assisted ball milling to investigate the effect of mineral salt and ball milling for promoting cellulose saccharification. LiBr showed the best effect to improve the effectiveness of ball milling pretreatment, and the glucose yield of saccharification reached up to 93.8 % under the optimal conditions. Then, corncob residue (CCR) as a distinctive starting material was pretreated by LiBr-assisted ball milling, and the corresponding glucose yield of saccharification (48 h) with enzyme dosage of 5 FPU/g-CCR was as high as 97.4 %. Characterization verified that, the effect of LiBr and ball milling could more effectively break hydrogen bonds and crystalline structure of cellulose, thus highly promoting the followed enzymatic saccharification without lignin removal and washing after LiBr-assisted ball milling pretreatment. This work can help to understand the effect of combining mineral salt with ball milling, which is beneficial to the development of clean and effective pretreatment approach for lignocellulose biorefinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107577"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dielectric characterization of mustard (Brassica Nigra) husk (MSH) by investigating biomass-microwave interaction for energy storage applications","authors":"Akanksha Verma,&nbsp;Manoj Tripathi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generation of huge amount of agricultural waste and its inappropriate disposal may lead to various environmental, pollution and health related issues. Development of an efficient technique for the disposal or utilization of waste is needed. Biomass, in recent few decades, has become popular for the energy storage. Microwave pyrolysis is a prominent technique to produce highly carbonaceous porous char form solid waste. This char may be used in different applications including development of biomass-derived supercapacitor electrodes. Biomass-microwave interaction during microwave pyrolysis is crucial and it determines the efficacy and effectiveness of the microwave pyrolysis process. In the present study, dielectric properties of mustard husk (MSH) at two different frequencies (900 MHz and 2450 MHz) have been investigated within the temperature range of 30–600 °C. At 30 °C, the dielectric constant (ε′) of MSH is 3.275 at 900 MHz and 2.978 at 2450 MHz while the dielectric loss (ε′′) is 0.268 at 900 MHz and 0.311 at 2450 MHz. Within the studied temperature range (30–600 °C), ε′ and ε′′ values decreased by 42.41 % and 65.67 % at 900 MHz frequency while these lowered by 40.16 % and 61.73 % at 2450 MHz frequency. Penetration depth shows 102.01 % and 120.937 % rise on increasing the temperature from 30 to 600 °C for 900 MHz and 2450 MHz frequencies, respectively. Dielectric constant values were fitted to pre-existing Boltzmann and Gauss models. The study suggests that MSH interacts to microwave to a high extent and microwave pyrolysis is suitable to produce the energy rich product from agricultural wastes. The present study utilises novel approach of converting MSH into value added product. The novelty lies in the fact that MSH cannot be used in other alternative like animal feeding of crop fertilization etc. And burning huge amount of MSH in open environment creates hazardous environmental impact. Thus, MSH available largely may be contributes to energy storage application that eventually benefits the environment and use of renewable resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107592"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142936742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different approaches to sugarcane vinasse use and management in Brazil: A technical, economic, and environmental analysis","authors":"Ana Carolina Medina Jimenez ,&nbsp;Igor Lucas Rodrigues Dias ,&nbsp;Terezinha de Fatima Cardoso ,&nbsp;João Luíz Nunes Carvalho ,&nbsp;Tassia Lopes Junqueira ,&nbsp;Nathalia Meschiatti Magioli ,&nbsp;Mateus Ferreira Chagas ,&nbsp;Adriano Pinto Mariano ,&nbsp;Marcelo Pereira da Cunha ,&nbsp;Antonio Bonomi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugarcane ethanol production generates various residues, with vinasse being the most voluminous. Due to its high organic matter, potassium, and sulfate content, improper disposal of vinasse can cause significant environmental impacts. Anaerobic biodigestion and vinasse concentration are promising technologies for managing vinasse effectively and harnessing its properties. This study compares three vinasse management approaches: in natura application, vinasse biodigestion with different biogas uses, and vinasse concentration. To enhance environmental accuracy, methane (CH₄) emissions from in natura vinasse transportation channels and fugitive emissions from the biodigestion process–two often overlooked or underestimated emission sources–were considered. Environmental assessments revealed that while most scenarios performed slightly better than the in natura approach, biodigestion scenarios were expected to deliver greater benefits. However, fugitive CH₄ emissions significantly influenced the results, highlighting the need to monitor and mitigate these losses to advance the technology economically and environmentally. The vinasse concentration process emerged as a viable alternative, ranking second in cost-effectiveness, just below biodigestion with diesel substitution scenario. These findings emphasize the potential of this approach to balance economic and environmental benefits, explaining its increasing adoption as a large-scale strategy. The economic analysis revealed that the biodigestion with diesel substitution scenario achieved a slightly higher internal rate of return of 15 % compared to the other scenarios. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis showed that carbon credits sales could further enhance economic performance, contributing approximately 6 % to total revenue. Overall, the study demonstrates the promising potential of vinasse concentration and biodigestion as integrated strategies for sustainable sugarcane ethanol production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107603"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozonation pretreatment-assisted catalytic hydrogenation for efficient depolymerization of lignin","authors":"Meihang Li ,&nbsp;Guangci Li ,&nbsp;Zhengting Xiao ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Qingyang Li ,&nbsp;Xuebing Li ,&nbsp;Song Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the most important biomass resources, lignin is regarded as an ideal feedstock to produce high-value chemicals because of the abundance of its aromatic structures. However, the complex structure and large molecular weight (MW) of lignin prevent its efficient depolymerization into monomers, even under harsh processing conditions. In this work, an ozonation process was used to pretreat organosolv lignin followed by catalytic hydrogenation to promote lignin depolymerization. Upon ozonation pretreatment in different acid/alkaline environments, lignin was preliminarily depolymerized, and all the ozonated products could be divided into insoluble and water-soluble fractions, suggesting that the structure of lignin was changed to a certain extent. Moreover, the MW of the ozonated products markedly changed, and unexpectedly, some MWs obtained at pH = 6, 8, and 9 did not decrease but increased with possible recondensation. Afterwards, the ozonated product obtained at pH = 10 was used as the feedstock for the subsequent hydrogenation process because of the lowest MW (5574 g/mol). Due to the good hydrodeoxygenation activity, Ni-Nb composite material was used as hydrogenation catalyst. After hydrogenation at 280 °C and 4.0 MPa, the monomer yield of the untreated organosolv lignin was 19.5 wt%. By contrast, the water-soluble fraction had a higher monomer yield (83.3 wt%), while the insoluble fraction had a lower one (12.5 wt%) because of the greater number of C-C bonds. This work confirmed that ozonation pretreatment increased the relative content of C-C bonds, which may inhibit hydrodepolymerization to some extent, but the total depolymerization rate was still improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green vegetable waste composited with chitosan as a bioadsorbent for effective removal of methylene blue dye from water: Insight into physicochemical and adsorption characteristics","authors":"Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed ,&nbsp;Rima Heider Al Omari ,&nbsp;Sultan Althahban ,&nbsp;Yosef Jazaa ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Abualhaija ,&nbsp;Sameer Algburi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current work, green vegetable waste (lettuce leaves, Swiss chard stems, and cucumber peel) was functionalized using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and subsequently composited with chitosan to develop a biocomposite (starting now, CHT/GVW-HS) for effectively removing methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The adsorption variables, including CHT/GVW-HS dosage (0.03–0.09 g), removal time (10–90 min), and pH (4–10), were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The BBD model's findings indicate that the ideal values for achieving maximum removal of MB (98.57 %) are a pH of approximately 10, a dose of CHT/GVW-HS of 0.065 g, and a contact duration of 88 min. The experimental results of MB adsorption by CHT/GVW-HS were in agreement with pseudo-first-order and the Freundlich models. The biomaterial exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 296.83 mg/g for CHT/GVW-HS, indicating its strong ability to adsorb MB. The adsorption route of MB on the CHT/GVW-HS involves various interactions like electrostatic, n-π, Yoshida H-bonding, and H-bonding. The study promotes the production of sustainable adsorbents using waste biomass and biopolymers to efficiently eliminate dyes from wastewater. The current work contributes to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as Life Below Water, Clean Water and Sanitation, Climate Action, and Responsible Consumption and Production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107528"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untreated bamboo biochar as anode material for sustainable lithium ion batteries","authors":"Mario Junior Barbosa Nogueira ,&nbsp;Susana Chauque ,&nbsp;Valeria Sperati ,&nbsp;Letizia Savio ,&nbsp;Giorgio Divitini ,&nbsp;Lea Pasquale ,&nbsp;Sergio Marras ,&nbsp;Paola Franchi ,&nbsp;Sidnei Paciornik ,&nbsp;Remo Proietti Zaccaria ,&nbsp;Omar Ginoble Pandoli","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from lignocellulose biomass through pyrolysis, is being considered for lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications due to its sustainable sourcing, manufacturing, and favourable electrochemical properties. A biochar-based anode is a greener alternative to conventional materials, potentially reducing the environmental and financial costs of LIB production. Minimizing cost and simplifying the manufacturing process for LIBs drive the development of new scalable production of plant-based products to create greener anodes for lithium batteries. In this work, bamboo-based biochar (BCs) was prepared through an optimized slow pyrolysis route with two thermal treatments at 800 °C (B800) and 1000 °C (B1000), and used as a LIB anode. Compared to B1000, B800 presented higher <em>d</em>-spacing (d₀₀₂ = 0.3657 nm) and graphitic crystallite size (L_a = 13.8 nm), smaller pore sizes (38 Å) with higher surface area (310 m²/g), and a higher concentration of permanent free radicals (PFRs) centered on the carbon (1.85 × 10¹⁸ spin/g). Although B1000 is slightly more conductive than B800, the physicochemical properties of B800 could enhance the lithiation of the pseudographitic structures and facilitate the reduction of Li⁺ ions due to the presence of PFRs. The half-cell LIB using B800 presented a reversible capacity of about 250 mA h/g at C/5 and long-term stability up to 450 cycles. This study highlights the potential of bamboo-based biochar as a viable and environmentally friendly anode material for the next generation of high-performance LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107511"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal reduction of CO2 into formate in a semicontinuous plant with soft wood as reducing agent","authors":"MairaI. Chinchilla ,&nbsp;Iván P. Franco ,&nbsp;Fidel A. Mato ,&nbsp;Ángel Martín ,&nbsp;MaríaD. Bermejo","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a growing interest in producing valuable products from renewable materials such as biomass and CO₂. One of the current challenges in this field is developing processes that can be scaled up to match the large volumes of CO₂ emissions. In this study, a process is developed that consists of the simultaneous conversion of biomass and reduction of CO₂ into formic acid in hydrothermal media. Experimental results from a semi-continuous plant, using NaHCO₃ as inorganic CO₂ source and soft wood as biomass reducing agent, are presented. In addition to formic acid, the other main products are acetic acid and lactic acid. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analyses revealed that acetic acid and lactic acid are derived exclusively from the oxidation of biomass, while formic acid is the main product originating from the inorganic carbon source. It was determined that at 300 °C, 37 % of the total production of formic acid comes from the reduction of inorganic CO₂. Experiments with ramp heating with temperature increments of 5 °C/min showed that low reaction temperatures (150, 200 °C) favor the production of acetic acid from biomass, while higher temperatures (300 °C) promote the production of formic acid and lactic acid from both biomass and CO₂. According to these results, a staged heating can lead to a fractionation of these products. These results validate the hydrothermal reduction technology for the scalable, semicontinuous conversion of CO₂ using lignocellulosic biomass reductants, and offer a new approach for the downstream processing of the effluent, based on a prior fractionation in the reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107521"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}