{"title":"Vehicle detection and tracking at intersections by fusing multiple camera views","authors":"Elias Strigel, D. Meissner, K. Dietmayer","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629578","url":null,"abstract":"Intersections are challenging locations for drivers. Complex situations are common due to the variety of road users and intersection layouts. This contribution describes a real time method for detecting and tracking vehicles at intersections using images captured by a static camera network. After background subtraction, the foreground segments are projected on a common fusion map. Using this fusion map, the pose, width, and height of the vehicles can be determined. After that, the detected objects are tracked by a Gaussian-Mixture approximation of the Probability Hypothesis Density filter. Results of the intersection perception can further be communicated to equipped vehicles by wireless communication.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122724418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Noise-resilient road surface and free space estimation using dense stereo","authors":"J. Suhr, H. Jung","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629511","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a noise-resilient road surface and free space estimation method using dense stereo. The proposed road surface estimation method selects 3D points expected to compose a road surface using YZ-plane accumulation, and then finds the road surface by sequentially estimating a piece-wise linear function based on a RANSAC framework. This makes our method insensitive to 3D points on obstacles and stereo matching errors on textureless road regions. The proposed free space estimation method is based on the fact that disparities from roads and obstacles should be equal at the free space boundary. This method calculates disparity consistency between road and obstacle surfaces, and finds free space that gives the best disparity consistency and depth smoothness using dynamic programming. This approach achieves robustness against stereo matching errors on obstacle surfaces and objects located in the air since its estimation process is independent of disparity accumulation unlike previous occupancy grid-based method. The experimental results show that the proposed method is able to estimate road surfaces and free spaces in various severe situations.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125158492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Gabb, Artem Kaliuk, T. Ruland, O. Löhlein, A. Westenberger, K. Dietmayer
{"title":"Feature-based monocular vehicle turn rate estimation from a moving platform","authors":"Michael Gabb, Artem Kaliuk, T. Ruland, O. Löhlein, A. Westenberger, K. Dietmayer","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629539","url":null,"abstract":"Vision-based driver assistance systems have great potential for preventing fatalities. This work addresses the problem of 3D monocular vehicle tracking and turn rate estimation in situations where vehicles need to be tracked along intersections and curves. To estimate the tracked vehicle's turn rate, an approach based on image feature correspondences and a simplified geometric vehicle model is used. The model is robustly and efficiently fitted to the matched image features using an improved RANSAC scheme that automatically enforces physically plausible vehicle motions and speeds up the overall system at the same time. Temporal integration of the computed turn rates is performed by an Extended Kalman Filter with the bicycle motion model. Experiments with real world data show the applicability and robustness of the proposed concepts.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131303904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stereo image warping for improved depth estimation of road surfaces","authors":"Nils Einecke, J. Eggert","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629469","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate stereoscopic depth estimation, in particular of the road surface area, is one of several key technologies to improve Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). One major problem is that the quality of the stereoscopic depth measurements of the road is often poor - which is mainly attributed to a lack of texture on the road surface. Especially for patch-matching stereo algorithms, the estimated depths look irregular and bumpy. In this paper, we show that the violation of the fronto-parallel assumption is the major reason for a bad depth estimation and not a low-contrast texture on the road surface. Since patch-matching or block-matching stereo inherently assumes a constant disparity within one patch, this is violated if the cameras are oriented almost parallel to the ground, which is typically the case in ADAS, and which leads to a strong distortion of the appearance between the two cameras. In order to tackle this problem, we propose a compensation of this distortion by applying a linear warp on one of the stereo images according to the expected disparity for the planar ground. This recovers the fronto-parallel assumption and results in a very good depth estimations of road surfaces. Our experiments on the KITTI stereo benchmark demonstrate the quantitative competitiveness of the approach, while retaining the speed and simplicity of block-matching stereo approaches. Furthermore, our experiments show that the approach is very robust, achieving results for the road surface that are significantly better than standard patch-matching stereo processing without warping for a wide range of warp parameter settings.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126647547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pedestrian detection based on LIDAR-driven sliding window and relational parts-based detection","authors":"Luciano Oliveira, U. Nunes","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629490","url":null,"abstract":"The most standard image object detectors are usually comprised of one or multiple feature extractors or classifiers within a sliding window framework. Nevertheless, this type of approach has demonstrated a very limited performance under datasets of cluttered scenes and real life situations. To tackle these issues, LIDAR space is exploited here in order to detect 2D objects in 3D space, avoiding all the inherent problems of regular sliding window techniques. Additionally, we propose a relational parts-based pedestrian detection in a probabilistic non-iid framework. With the proposed framework, we have achieved state-of-the-art performance in a pedestrian dataset gathered in a challenging urban scenario. The proposed system demonstrated superior performance in comparison with pure sliding-window-based image detectors.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124059659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. B. Vitor, Danilo Alves de Lima, A. Victorino, J. V. Ferreira
{"title":"A 2D/3D Vision Based Approach Applied to Road Detection in Urban Environments","authors":"G. B. Vitor, Danilo Alves de Lima, A. Victorino, J. V. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629589","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach for road detection based on image segmentation. This segmentation is resulted from merging 2D and 3D image processing data from a stereo vision system. The 2D layer returns a matrix containing pixel's clusters based on the Watershed transform. Whereas the 3D layer return labels, that are classified by the V-Disparity technique, to free spaces, obstacles and non-classified area. Thus, a feature's descriptor for each cluster is composed with features from both layers. The road pattern recognition was performed by an artificial neural network, trained to obtain a final result from this feature's descriptor. The proposed work reports real experiments carried out in a challenging urban environment to illustrate the validity and application of this approach.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124361924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Steering rate controller based on curvature of trajectory for autonomous driving vehicles","authors":"I. Bae, Jin Hyo Kim, Shiho Kim","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629659","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a steering control method for an autonomous vehicle by controlling the steering rate instead of the steering angle and describe a method for extracting the steering rate from the reference path using the relationship with curvature and slip angle. The proposed steering control method can be used not only for planning steering control input from the desired trajectories at the planning stage but also for the instantaneous planning of a driving path during vehicle motion. From the desired trajectory plotted in a two-dimensional XY coordinate system, the steering rate is extracted from the reference path, as a function of x. The extracted steering rate functions as the control input to the vehicle's controller for changing the front wheel's angle. MATLAB simulations of a double-lane-change maneuver were conducted for two scenarios, i.e., when the desired trajectory is given and when the driving path is planned instantaneously. For the double-lane-change maneuver, the curvature and the steering rate input to the controller are extracted from the virtually generated instantaneous reference path. The robustness of the proposed model and method are verified by re-constructing the trajectory traveled when the calculated steering rate is input into the controller.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124398072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implications for unmanned systems research of military UAV mishap statistics","authors":"Stefan Giese, David Carr, J. Chahl","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629628","url":null,"abstract":"Human factors, particularly the consoles and controls of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), have not rated a high enough focus in relation to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle mishaps. The United States Air Force has documented Predator UAV mishaps during their operation over the past 15 years. Through quantitative analysis of these mishaps this paper will demonstrate that human factors have been a prominent causal and contributing factor. We argue that UGV (Unmanned Ground Vehicle) human factors design could learn from this unique dataset.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"312 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124432035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A learning concept for behavior prediction in traffic situations","authors":"R. Graf, H. Deusch, M. Fritzsche, K. Dietmayer","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629544","url":null,"abstract":"Future driving assistance systems will need an increase ability to handle complex driving situations and to react appropriately according to situation criticality and requirements for risk minimization. Humans, driving on motorways, are able to judge, for example, cut-in situations of vehicles because of their experiences. The idea presented in this paper is to adapt these human abilities to technical systems and learn different situations over time. Case-Based Reasoning is applied to predict the behavior of road participants because it incorporates a learning aspect, based on knowledge acquired from the driving history. This concept facilitates recognition by matching actual driving situations against stored ones. In the first instance, the concept is evaluated on action prediction of vehicles on adjacent lanes on motorways and focuses on the aspect of vehicles cutting into the lane of the host vehicle.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127803221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Road side detection and reconstruction using LIDAR sensor","authors":"A. Hervieu, B. Soheilian","doi":"10.1109/IVS.2013.6629637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2013.6629637","url":null,"abstract":"Road edge localization is key knowledge for automatic road modeling and hence, in the field of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we investigate the case of road border detection using LIDAR data. The aim is to propose a system recognizing curbs and curb ramps and to reconstruct the missing information in case of occlusion. A prediction/estimation process (inspired by Kalman filter models) has been analyzed. The map of angle deviation to ground normal is considered as a feature set, helping to characterize efficiently curbs while curb ramps and occluded curbs have been handled with the proposed model. Such a method may be used for both road map modeling and driver-assistance systems. A user interface scheme has also been described, providing an effective tool for semi-automatic processing of a large amount of data.","PeriodicalId":251198,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127361059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}