Atmospheric Environment最新文献

{"title":"A continuous 2011–2022 record of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in East Asia at daily 2-km resolution from geostationary satellite observations: Population exposure and long-term trends","authors":"Drew C. Pendergrass ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Jacob ,&nbsp;Yujin J. Oak ,&nbsp;Jeewoo Lee ,&nbsp;Minseok Kim ,&nbsp;Jhoon Kim ,&nbsp;Seoyoung Lee ,&nbsp;Shixian Zhai ,&nbsp;Hitoshi Irie ,&nbsp;Hong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We construct a continuous 24-h daily fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) record with 2 × 2 km² resolution over eastern China, South Korea, and Japan for 2011–2022 by applying a random forest (RF) algorithm to aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) I and II satellite instruments. This record uniquely covers a 12-year period of rapid change in air quality in East Asia. The RF uses PM_2.5 observations from the national surface networks as training data. PM_2.5 network data starting in 2015 in South Korea are extended to pre-2015 with a RF trained on other air quality data available from the network including PM₁₀. PM_2.5 network data starting in 2014 in China are supplemented by pre-2014 data from the US embassy and consulates. Missing AODs in the GOCI data are gap-filled by a separate RF fit. We show that the resulting GOCI PM_2.5 dataset is successful in reproducing the surface network observations including extreme events, and that the network data in the different countries are representative of population-weighted exposure. We find that PM_2.5 peaked in 2014 (China) and 2013 (South Korea, Japan), and has been decreasing steadily since those respective years with no region left behind. We quantify the population in each country exposed to annual PM_2.5 in excess of national ambient air quality standards and how this exposure evolves with time. The long record for the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) shows a steady decrease from 2013 to 2022 that was not present in the first five years of AirKorea network PM_2.5 measurements. Mapping of an extreme pollution event in Seoul with GOCI PM_2.5 shows a predicted distribution indistinguishable from the dense urban network observations, while our previous 6 × 6 km² product smoothed local features. Our product should be useful for public health studies where long-term spatial continuity of PM_2.5 information is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 121068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143317786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiative forcing and vertical heating rate of dust aerosols in southwestern Tajikistan during summer 2023","authors":"Zhengpeng Li ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Huang ,&nbsp;Jianrong Bi ,&nbsp;Qingqing Dong ,&nbsp;Yongkai Wang ,&nbsp;Sabur F. Abdullaev ,&nbsp;Dilovar Nozirov ,&nbsp;Wuren Li ,&nbsp;Ze Li ,&nbsp;Zhaozhao Meng ,&nbsp;Wentao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The radiative effects of dust aerosol are essential for understanding the thermal and dynamic structure of the atmosphere, along with the energy balance of the Earth's atmospheric system. This study assessed the radiative forcing and vertical heating rate of dust aerosols at Shaartuz, Tajikistan, during the summer of 2023, utilizing data from the sun sky lunar photometer, lidar, and a radiative transfer model. The results indicated that the daily average shortwave radiative forcings of dust aerosols were −32.0 W m⁻² at the surface and 30.5 W m⁻² in the atmosphere during heavy dust conditions, which were roughly three times greater than those observed with light dust. The daily averages of longwave radiative heating at the surface compensated for 34.2%, 39.0%, and 43.1% of shortwave cooling under light, moderate, and heavy dust conditions, respectively. The net radiative forcing efficiencies (NRFE) were −30.2, 42.5, and 12.3 W m⁻² AOD⁻¹ at the surface, in the atmosphere, and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), respectively. The maximum shortwave heating rates (SHR) of dust aerosols below 500 m were 0.7, 1.1, and 2.1 K day⁻¹ for light, moderate, and heavy dust conditions, respectively. Under conditions of heavy dust presence, the SHR attained 1.7 K day⁻¹ at an altitude of 3 km, resulting in alterations to the initial thermal configuration of the atmosphere and surface temperature. The maximum surface temperature recorded in heavy dust conditions was 8.6 °C (5.9 °C) lower than the temperatures observed in light dust (moderate dust) conditions. The results contribute to a deeper comprehension of how dust aerosols influence the radiation budget within the Earth's atmospheric system in Central Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121051"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropospheric degradation of nerol: Kinetics with OH radicals, product distribution in the presence of NOx and atmospheric implications","authors":"Genesys L. Mahecha ,&nbsp;Guido Conto Echeverria ,&nbsp;Javier A. Barrera ,&nbsp;María de los A. Garavagno ,&nbsp;Gustavo A. Pino","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the principal diurnal oxidation pathways of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, is the reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). This work presents a kinetic and product study for the reaction of OH radicals with the terpenoid (<em>Z</em>)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol (nerol) in the gas phase at (298 ± 2) K and atmospheric pressure. To our knowledge, the present study provides the first kinetic determination and product identification of the nerol + OH reaction. A conventional relative-rate technique was used to determine the rate coefficient: <em>k</em>_(OH+nerol)= (1.6 ± 0.2) x 10⁻¹⁰, in units of cm³ molecule⁻¹s⁻¹. The kinetic result is compared with the value estimated by the structure-reactivity relationship (SAR) method and with the experimental value reported in the literature for its isomer. In addition, the main reaction products in the gas phase and in presence of NO_x (nitrogen oxides) were identified: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, glycolaldehyde, acetone and formaldehyde. Under our experimental conditions, yields of 6 % and 50 % were found for formaldehyde and acetone, respectively. A general scheme of the reaction mechanism is proposed based on the identified products. Finally, an approximation of the atmospheric implications of their emission to the troposphere is discussed based on the experimental results obtained in this work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 121055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143356568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical toy model of Langevin dynamics provides real-time visualization of colloidal microdroplet evaporation","authors":"G. Derkachov ,&nbsp;T. Jakubczyk ,&nbsp;S. Alikhanzadeh-Arani ,&nbsp;T. Wojciechowski ,&nbsp;D. Jakubczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have developed and tested a simplified but versatile numerical model of nanoparticles’ aggregation using Langevin dynamics. The model is particularly capable of simulating aggregation in an evaporating (or condensing) microdroplet. It runs on a graphics processing unit (GPU), which makes it sufficiently fast for real-time conceptualization tasks. We have verified the results of modeling against the findings from two types of experiments we conducted in electrodynamic traps. Firstly, our model helped us to elucidate the phenomenon of scattering ‘revival’, often observed during the evaporation of composite microdroplets. Further on, we were able to mimic our experiments, in which the microdroplets were dried up to form nanoparticle (NP) aggregates, and then soft-landed. Thus we could compare model predictions with SEM imaging. The model was tested for up to <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> nanoparticles of several coexisting types. Several types of interactions can be accounted for: inter-particle: Lennard-Jones and Coulomb; external: dispersion medium viscosity, centrifugal force, gravity, surface tension, and interface movement. Brownian motion of nanoparticles can be freely controlled. The core program is accompanied by scripts extracting statistical NP aggregates properties in post-processing — fractal dimension and radial distribution functions. The codes are made available in public repositories. Several diverse evolution scenarios are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First real-time size distribution measurements of aerosol particles in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","authors":"Mingyeong Kim ,&nbsp;Yoonkyeong Ha ,&nbsp;Jeongbeen Kim ,&nbsp;Ji Yi Lee ,&nbsp;Yong Pyo Kim ,&nbsp;Amgalan Natsagdorj ,&nbsp;Changhyuk Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mongolia in northeastern Asia encounters severe atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution during winter. Although many researchers have investigated PM haze in Mongolia using filter sample analyses to understand its formation mechanisms and sources, the formation and growth of atmospheric PM in Mongolia are currently unknown because of the deficiency of real-time measurements of particle size distributions. In this study, the number size distributions of atmospheric particles (PNSDs) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were measured over a year using real-time aerosol instruments to better understand the formation and growth of atmospheric PM at different timescales using meteorological data. The diurnal variations in PNSDs in different seasons had similar patterns, but different particle number concentrations (PNCs). A weak new particle formation (NPF) in the daytime was observed only in summer under the cleanest air quality of the year. In winter, the PNSD exhibited 4–11 times higher PNC than that in the other seasons. The highest PNCs in winter were strongly correlated with the primary particles produced by combustion such as that in heating and power generation. In addition, the PNCs at nighttime were generally higher than those during the daytime, with larger modal sizes throughout the year. In terms of particle size ranges, Aitken- and accumulation-mode particles (which are detrimental to human health) were dominant in the number and volume size distributions of particles, respectively. The diurnal variations in PNC displayed dual peaks in the morning and late evening. This matched the primary particle emissions from traffic and coal/biomass burning. The nitrate-to-sulfate ratios revealed that stationary sources mainly contributed to high PM concentrations throughout the year except in summer. The significant Pearson correlation coefficients between particles and gaseous pollutants also supported primary particle emissions through combustion in winter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of indoor volatile organic compound levels in an office: Impact of occupancy and centrally controlled ventilation","authors":"Siyeon Joo ,&nbsp;Berkay Yesildagli ,&nbsp;Jung-Hwan Kwon ,&nbsp;Jiwon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the effects of human occupancy and ventilation on indoor air quality, especially in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is crucial for human health. We investigated VOC concentrations in an office environment with varying occupancy and ventilation in real-time via proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry by evaluating conditions across different ventilation control scenarios. Among the 276 analyzed species, 113 VOCs were quantified, where 77.8% of the total emission rate is attributed to human occupancy, 12.9% to building sources, and 9.30% to supply air. The emissions rates of occupants and building were quantified by considering natural ventilation (Q = 117.36 m³ h⁻¹) in the emission source, which increased their emission rate by 31.5%. A decrease in the ventilation recirculation ratio (RR = 0.5) reduced the total concentration of indoor VOCs by 55.1% owing to the introduction of fresh ambient air. Notably, daytime measurements with the half-open damper of the ventilation system highlighted the importance of controlled ventilation in mitigating VOC presence. Our findings suggest that considering natural ventilation is important in assessing indoor air quality, that HVAC system management is crucial in enhancing indoor air quality, and that building design and operational strategies must be optimized for the health of indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of wind-blown dust emissions on size-resolved aerosol acidity over the US","authors":"Stylianos Kakavas ,&nbsp;Evangelia Siouti ,&nbsp;Athanasios Nenes ,&nbsp;Spyros N. Pandis","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind-blown dust can affect the acidity of all particles, impacting a series of related chemical processes. In this work, we use a wind-blown dust emissions model along with the hybrid version of aerosol dynamics in the PMCAMx chemical transport model to quantify the effects of dust on size-resolved aerosol pH over the U.S during February and July 2017 as a function of altitude. The version of the model used can capture the most important range of pH values (less than 5), while particles that are more alkaline than this threshold are assumed to have pH equal to 5. Our simulations indicate that wind-blown dust can increase ground level PM₁ pH up to 1 unit during wintertime and up to 3.5 units during summertime in the western U.S. For PM_1−2.5, the corresponding increases are higher during wintertime (up to 1.5 units) and a little lower during summertime (up to 3 units) compared to PM₁. For coarse particles (PM_2.5−5 and PM₅₋₁₀), the impact of wind-blown dust is predicted to be lower since in most areas the corresponding pH is already quite high due to the presence of dust from anthropogenic activities (e.g., agriculture, resuspension due to traffic). The impact of wind-blown dust on aerosol acidity decreases with altitude for PM₁ mainly because of the reduction of aerosol water. On the other hand, for PM_1−2.5, the predicted effect increases with altitude due to the lower pH at higher altitudes. PM₁ and PM_1−2.5 acidity can be affected significantly by wind-blown dust for both simulated periods impacting at the same time secondary aerosol formation, emissions control strategies, solubility of metals, and nitrogen deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical review of air pollution contribution in Delhi due to paddy stubble burning in North Indian States","authors":"Prachi Goyal,&nbsp;Sunil Gulia,&nbsp;S.K. Goyal","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of diverse methods/tools (satellite data, ground-based monitoring and dispersion modelling) for quantitative assessment of air pollution has created a critical challenge for policymakers, in understating the actual stubble burning contribution in North Indian states including Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh. Considering the variations in monitoring sites, quantified emissions, satellite data resolutions, parameterization schemes, meteorology and/or adopted models, huge differences in the source contribution are reported. Considering these ambiguities, the present study is an attempt to review the studies revealing actual paddy stubble burning contribution to air quality of Delhi conducted year 2015 onwards; one year before the severe episodic smog event of November 2016. A total of 114 articles were searched using different keywords for subsequent in-depth analysis. The biomass burning share was broadly studied for winter, summer and post-monsoon seasons. Further, to understand the season-specific nature of the paddy stubble burning activity, the analysis was restricted to post-monsoon months. A co-occurrence keyword network analysis was performed based on which biomass/stubble burning related studies were divided into three clusters based on i) source apportionment using receptor modeling, ii) satellite data (AOD values coupled with ground-based observation and wind back trajectory and, iii) regional scale chemical transport modeling approach. Some studies were generalized displaying correlation patterns, some used only fire count data and correlated with AOD while some used either satellite data or regional scale models. Learning from the gap analysis of the reviewed studies led to the development of an integrated assessment protocol to quantify the stubble-burning contribution in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 121058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143317426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city","authors":"Hye-Ji Lee ,&nbsp;Hyo-Won Lee ,&nbsp;Sung-Won Park ,&nbsp;Ji-Won Jeon ,&nbsp;Pyung-Rae Kim ,&nbsp;Kyung-Hwan Kwak ,&nbsp;Young-Ji Han ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Holsen ,&nbsp;Seung-Ha Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun-Gu Jung ,&nbsp;Seung-Hwan Cha ,&nbsp;Jung-Min Park ,&nbsp;Myung-Soo Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic matter is often the largest contributor to PM_2.5, but its emission sources and formation pathways are very diverse, making it challenging to identify the causes of high concentration episodes. In this study, four groups of organic compounds that contribute to PM_2.5, including sugars, dicarboxylic acids (DA), fatty acids (FA), and pinonic acid (PNA) were measured in a medium-sized residential city in South Korea during three seasons, where high PM_2.5 concentration episodes often occur. The average concentrations of PM_2.5 and total quantified organic matter (∑17 qOM) was 21 ± 12 μg m⁻³ and 391 ± 183 ng m⁻³, respectively. The concentration of ∑sugars was higher during the colder seasons compared to the warm season (32 ± 18 ng m⁻³, 240 ± 109 ng m⁻³, and 231 ± 105 ng m⁻³ in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). In contrast, ∑DAs exhibited the opposite seasonal trend (234 ± 164 ng m⁻³, 114 ± 103 ng m⁻³, and 140 ± 103 ng m⁻³ in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). The contribution of ∑FA to qOM was relatively consistent (13.1% in warm season to 15.6% in colder seasons). PNA, a biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracer, had a significantly higher concentration during the warm season (16 ± 13 ng m⁻³ in warm season vs. 3 ± 3 ng m⁻³ in colder seasons). A strong correlation between ∑sugars and ∑FAs (r = 0.72) was observed only in the transition season, when crop residue burning was determined to be important. Unsaturated FAs were likely to be efficiently aged during the cold season since the ratio of C_18:0 to C_18:1, a tracer for the age of aerosol, increased. DAs were generally dominant in the warm season, but also significantly increased during most high PM_2.5 concentration episodes (HCEs; 306 ± 199 ng m⁻³), which primarily occurred in the colder season. During HCEs appearing in colder season, the ratio of malonic acid (C₃) to succinic acid (C₄), a tracer for photochemical aging of air masses, also increased, suggesting that the secondary aerosol formation and aerosol aging significantly enhanced PM_2.5 concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source identification of carbohydrates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a rural area near the Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia","authors":"Suzana Sopčić,&nbsp;Ivana Jakovljević,&nbsp;Zdravka Sever Štrukil,&nbsp;Ivan Bešlić","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the levels and seasonal changes of organic compounds in terms of carbohydrates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM₁₀ collected at a rural site near the Plitvice Lake National Park (Croatia) to determine their source in airborne particles. Mass concentrations of PM₁₀ particles were higher during the summer compared to the winter season (14 ± 5.3 μg m⁻³ and 6 ± 3.4 μg m⁻³, respectively). Such seasonal variation is unusual for this part of Europe, where the winters are harsh and biomass for domestic heating is most common. The analysis of carbohydrates in PM₁₀ revealed the presence of anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, and monosaccharides throughout the sampling period. Anhydrosugars were the most dominant compounds despite the season. The highest average mass concentrations of 124.1 ± 100.06 ng m⁻³, 8.0 ± 5.55 ng m⁻³, and 7.0 ± 7.62 ng m⁻³ for levoglucosan (LG), mannosan (MNS), and galactosan (GA), respectively, were reached in the winter season. Sugar alcohols were most pronounced during the summer, while the levels of monosaccharides contributed evenly through autumn and summer. The levels of PAHs were higher during winter and lowest during the summer season. Their concentrations in PM₁₀ were at least one order of magnitude smaller compared to carbohydrate concentrations. The highest average mass concentration was observed for benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) in spring (0.126 ± 0.068 ng m⁻³), pyrene (Pyr) in summer (0.038 ± 0.013 ng m⁻³), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP) in autumn (0.153 ± 0.107 ng m⁻³) and BbF in winter (0.283 ± 0.259 ng m⁻³). The annual average mass concentration of BaP was 0.086 ± 0.1028 ng m⁻³, which is lower than the European Union (EU) directive target value of 1 ng m⁻³. To determine the sources of organic compounds in airborne particles, different multi-statistical techniques were used; Spearman correlation, factor analysis, principal Component Analysis (PCA), as well as diagnostic ratio method, revealing the seasonal dynamics of various sources. The reason for these changes can be found in different human and nature activities in the rural background area. Data analyses indicated that in the spring season, there were mixed sources, including traffic, emissions from domestic heating or the combustion of grass/agricultural waste, and biogenic aerosols. In the summer, the dominant sources were biogenic emissions related to fungi spores and degraded material, biomass burning, and traffic. Vehicular emissions and biogenic sources were likely dominant at Plitvice Lakes during autumn, whereas domestic heating was the dominant source in the studied area during winter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}