Arabian Journal of Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Structure-guided synthesis of melittin analogs with reduced hemolysis and enhanced anti-inflammatory activity","authors":"Haolin Huang, Tingting Chen, Wenteng Zheng, Yaowen Cui, Tao Peng, Shu‐Chen Liu, Xiaoxue Wen, Jing Xu, Lin Wang, Shouguo Zhang","doi":"10.25259/ajc_589_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_589_2025","url":null,"abstract":"Using melittin and its bioactive fragment as structural modifiers, we synthesized and characterized a series of analogs incorporating distinct modification patterns. Through nitric oxide production screening, analogs demonstrating anti-inflammatory potential were identified and subsequently evaluated for enzymatic stability, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro . Mechanistic investigations via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed their anti-inflammatory pathways, which was followed by in vivo validation of therapeutic efficacy. Notably, analogs E1 and S15-1 exhibited optimal pharmacological profiles with minimal hemolysis and potent anti-inflammatory performance. This study demonstrates that strategic structural modifications not only significantly reduce hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity but also preserve anti-inflammatory efficacy at concentrations exceeding melittin’s toxic threshold. Furthermore, the optimized analogs displayed enhanced α-helical content and protease resistance compared to melittin. These findings highlight the critical influence of modification sites and strategies on modulating the therapeutic index, biological stability, and safety profile of melittin-derived peptides.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"5892025-5892025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_589_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147891715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption characteristics of Pb ²⁺ onto porous steel slag based geopolymer block","authors":"Hongling Ding, Ye Li, Hengze Zhao, Mingming Sang","doi":"10.25259/ajc_251_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_251_2025","url":null,"abstract":"A porous geopolymer block (SPG), featuring three distinct pore characteristics, was employed for the removal of Pb 2+ ions. Comprehensive batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption behavior of SPG towards Pb 2+ under varying conditions such as contact duration, solution pH, initial solute concentration, and temperature. Advanced analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed to assess both the chemical and physical properties of SPG pre-and post-adsorption, thereby facilitating a detailed elucidation of the underlying adsorption mechanisms. Moreover, the adsorption process was further scrutinized through kinetic studies and isotherm analyses. The findings revealed that the efficiency of Pb 2+ adsorption onto SPG was profoundly influenced by its pore structure and morphology, with specific surface area and pore volume playing crucial roles. The primary mechanisms identified encompassed ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, precipitation phenomena, coordination complex formation, and ion replacement reactions. The experimental data best conformed to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Sips isotherm model, providing robust descriptions of the adsorption process. At a temperature of 298 K and pH of 5, the maximum adsorption capacity attained for Pb(II) in a single-solute system was 45.95 mg·g -1 .","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"2512025-2512025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_251_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147881374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic sodium and zinc salts as a pipeline corrosion inhibitor via experimental and theoretical methods","authors":"Yang Xu, Yi Guo, Han Ma, Dianchun Ju, Jiming Zhang, Xianjun Hu, Chuanbo Zheng","doi":"10.25259/ajc_672_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_672_2025","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic sodium (EDTMPS) in combination with zinc gluconate (ZnGL) for corrosion inhibition on X65MS pipeline steel in H 2 S corrosion simulation environments was thoroughly examined using both experimental and theoretical methods. Various techniques, including weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and surface characterization methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), demonstrated that the combination of ZnGL and EDTMPS displayed a notable synergistic effect on inhibition. The analysis of polarization curves showed a considerable decrease in corrosion current density ( i corr ) from 3.948 μA/cm 2 to 0.307 μA/cm 2 , resulting in an impressive inhibition efficiency of 92.22%. Additionally, the corrosion potential ( E corr ) shifted from -750.25 mV to -769.60 mV, indicative of a mixed-type inhibition mechanism. Further electrochemical findings revealed a significant increase in charge transfer resistance ( R ct ) from 260 Ω cm 2 to 3445 Ω cm 2 , along with a reduction in double-layer capacitance, implying the development of a robust protective film. Surface analysis supported the identification of Zn(OH) 2 and Fe-Zn-EDTMPS complexes, while quantum chemical computations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations clarified the adsorption mechanism, emphasizing the significance of nitrogen and phosphonic acid groups in establishing stable coordination bonds. This research positions ZnGL-EDTMPS as a viable environmentally friendly inhibitor for pipeline steel in H 2 S conditions, providing valuable insights into its dual physical-chemical adsorption mechanism and practical utility.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"6722025-6722025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_672_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147915445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of <i>o</i> -phenylenediamine-based Zn-doped carbon dots with excitation-independent emission for the qualitative detection of ClO ⁻","authors":"Qinhai Xu, Kang Li, Huanhuan Cui, Junyu Peng, Wenliang Ji, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.25259/ajc_279_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_279_2025","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, o -phenylenediamine-based Zn-doped carbon dots (Zn-CDs) were hydrothermally synthesized using o -phenylenediamine, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, and aniline. The prepared Zn-CDs contained crystalline carbon with particle sizes ranging from approximately 3 to 7 nm. Remarkably, Zn-CDs displayed emission that was independent of excitation, peaking at 553 nm. The fluorescence diminished in acidic aqueous solutions, while metal ions had minimal effect on their properties. Addition of ABTS •+ led to a quenching of fluorescence with a calculated EC 50 value of 4.0887 × 10 -3 g/L. Additionally, an oxidation-reduction reaction occurred between ClO − and Zn-CDs, leading to notable reductions in fluorescence and the generation of a fluorescence peak at around 490 nm. Zn-CDs showed selectivity towards ClO − because of the absence of interaction between Zn-CDs and H 2 O 2 , NO, and ROO • . This work presents a novel approach to prepare Zn-CDs with excitation-independent emission and expands the application of Zn-CDs for color-changing and qualitative detection of ClO − .","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"2792025-2792025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_279_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of a novel complex of cefixime by mechanochemical activation","authors":"Ruiping Kong, Li Zhu, Qinwei Ma, Zihan Yuan, Lingwei Xu","doi":"10.25259/ajc_231_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_231_2025","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the solubility and bioavailability of cefixime (CEF), novel non-covalent complexes were prepared through mechanochemical synthesis using either arabinogalactan (AG) or the disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Na 2 GA). Solid-state interactions between CEF and Na 2 GA or AG were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Liquid-state properties of the mechanochemically processed CEF/Na 2 GA complex were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) demonstrated increased permeability of CEF in the presence of Na 2 GA compared to pure CEF. Molecular dynamics simulations further elucidated the complexation behavior of CEF within these formulations. Additionally, both CEF/AG and CEF/Na 2 GA complexes showed significantly enhanced chemical stability over a 3-month storage period at 40°C and 75% relative humidity compared to unprocessed CEF. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicated that the oral bioavailability of CEF was nearly doubled when administered as complexes with either AG or Na 2 GA. Therefore, the economically viable mechanochemical synthesis of CEF complexes with AG or Na 2 GA represents a promising strategy for improving the solubility and bioavailability of CEF, potentially enabling more effective antibacterial formulations.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"2312025-2312025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_231_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147903257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile fabrication of CdS/biomass charcoal composites with enhanced removal efficacy of organic pollutants from water","authors":"Ruping Wang, Qing‐An Qiao, Youjun Lu, Yueyue Yang, Yuqi Dong, Honglan Cai, Hongwei Gao","doi":"10.25259/ajc_599_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_599_2025","url":null,"abstract":"CdS is a widely investigated semiconductor photocatalytic material. Biomass charcoal (BC) attracted attention due to its large specific surface area, high porosity and stability. It emerges as a material boasting widespread utility across domains. However, the high recombination rate and poor mobility of photogenerated carriers hindered the application of CdS. In this study, BC from flaky was synthesized by the calcination method. A set of CdS/BC composites was synthesized using a simple hydrothermal technique. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) to analyze their morphology and optical performance. The experimental results show that the prepared nanocomposites could effectively remove organic pollutants from water bodies. The removal rates of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and tetracycline (TC) by CdS/BC-50% were as high as 95.58%, 98.99%, and 92.89%. After adding a thimbleful of H 2 O 2 , the degradability of ciprofloxacin (CIP) increased from 60.0% to 86.21%. The photocatalytic performance of CdS/BC was investigated by testing its stability and applicability to different water resources. Based on theoretical calculations and free radical trapping experiments, it was concluded that the main active species in the photocatalytic system was •O 2 - , while •OH and h + play secondary roles. Compared with the single materials CdS or BC, the composites significantly boost the migration and utilization of photo-induced carriers. The calculated results of the work function showed high agreement with the experimental results, further elucidating the photocatalytic mechanism. This study is meaningful for the recycling of agroforestry wastes and water pollution treatment.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"5992025-5992025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_599_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by biochar/Cu ₂ O coupled with persulfate: Insights into the factors and intermediates toxicity","authors":"Ya Pang, Xue Li, Li Xu, Song Zhou, Kun Luo, Yu Jiang, Yonghui Song","doi":"10.25259/ajc_35_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_35_2025","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, p-type semiconductor Cu 2 O was loaded onto biochar (BC) to prepare the BC/Cu 2 O photocatalyst. The BC exhibited excellent electron transfer ability, significantly enhancing the utilization efficiency of photogenerated electrons. Furthermore, coupling this photocatalysis system with persulfate (PS) activation synergistically enhanced the degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl). The reaction rate constant (K obs =0.0355min -1 ) of the proposed system was 4.12 times that of the single photocatalysis, which was mainly due to the effective separation of photogenerated electron-hole and formation of sulfate radicals (SO 4 •− ). Over 95% of 50 mg/L TC-HCl was removed within 90 min under optimal conditions. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments identified h + , SO 4 •− , • OH, and • O 2 as the dominant reactive species for the degradation. The influence of BC/Cu 2 O dosage, TC-HCl, and PS concentration, and solution pH was investigated by batch experiments. Response Surface Model (RSM) study further revealed that solution pH and PS concentration had a significant influence on TC-HCl degradation. Based on the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and the Fukui function of TC-HCl, the degradation intermediates were inferred, and their toxicity was assessed using ECOSAR software, revealing a toxicity alleviation process during degradation. This work presents an efficient BC/Cu₂O-PS system with significant potential for antibiotic remediation.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"352025-352025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://arabjchem.org/content/184/2025/0/1/pdf/AJC_35_2025.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147899025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of itaconic acid-based non-isocyanate polyurethane coating with excellent heat insulation and corrosion resistance","authors":"Bin Chen, Xu Wang, Haoran Xu, Yu Zhang, Chengqian Wang","doi":"10.25259/ajc_498_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_498_2025","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to explore an environmentally friendly route for synthesizing non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) coatings from renewable resources. A carbamate diol (CD10), featuring hydroxyl groups at both ends of the molecular chain, was synthesized by a melt ring-opening reaction using propylene carbonate (PC) and decanediamine (DDA). Due to the inherent rigidity and brittleness of CD10, it cannot form a high-performance coating independently. To address this limitation, biobased NIPUs were synthesized by incorporating itaconic acid (IA), a biobased material, as a soft chain segment into the CD10 structure. By varying the number of soft chain segments, it is possible to produce NIPUs coatings with tunable properties that cure naturally at room temperature without the need for curing equipment. The structure and physical properties of the NIPUs were characterized using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal conductivity testing, water contact angle measurement, and pencil hardness testing. Additionally, their environmental stability was assessed by measuring water absorption in deionized water, acidic and alkaline solutions, and organic solvents. Additionally, their corrosion resistance in saltwater was evaluated. The results indicate that the coatings demonstrate significant performance due to the abundance of ester and urethane groups within the macromolecular chains of the NIPUs, leading to the formation of numerous intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds and an increase in cross-linking density. The potential application of these materials as film-forming agents for coatings, including heat-insulating and anticorrosive coatings, is promising. This study follows the concept of sustainable green development.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"4982025-4982025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescence strategy for evaluating the effect of traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients on CD73 activity using supramolecular host-guest reporter pair","authors":"Shujing Zhou, Zhonghao Liu, Guihua Lai, Huifang Tang, Jianchun Qin, Liu-Huan Yi, Cairong Liao, Lili Wang, Bo Yang, Chengxiao Fu","doi":"10.25259/ajc_159_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_159_2025","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) contains numerous active ingredients with potential anti-cancer properties. Ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73) is an emerging cancer therapeutic target, catalyzing the production of extracellular adenosine within the tumor microenvironment, promoting immunosuppression. Consequently, the inhibition of CD73 is considered a promising strategy to block adenosine-mediated immunosuppression, emphasizing the urgent need to discover CD73 inhibitors within TCM. The objective of this study was to facilitate the screening and evaluation of TCM and its active ingredients. To this end, a straightforward, rapid CD73 inhibitor screening strategy was developed. This strategy was based on an indicator displacement assay (IDA) sensor. The construction of the optimized supramolecular reporter pair Azure B@tetralactam macrocycle (AB@TM), to achieve greater sensitivity, building on foundations established in our previous research. This enhanced sensitivity results from AB@TM exhibiting a substantially larger fluorescence signal change upon exposure to equivalent concentrations of guanosine (G) compared to the original sensor. Notably, this augmented response is discernible at considerably lower guest concentrations (as low as 0.5 μM). Using this enhanced system, the impact of 19 TCMs on CD73 activity was assessed, leading to the identification of Curcuma longa , Yanlu Rukang capsule, and Xuebijing injection (XBJ) as potent inhibitors. Subsequently, due to its relatively well-defined composition, XBJ was selected to investigate the inhibitory effects of its active ingredients on CD73. Among these components, Paeoniflorin demonstrated a potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effect, with an IC 50 of 0.2 ± 0.025 μM. The inhibitory effect of paeoniflorin was validated by a malachite green assay, and molecular docking simulations suggested potential interaction sites between paeoniflorin and the CD73 protein. In summary, this method establishes a reliable platform for screening CD73 inhibitors, aiding in the discovery of inhibitory TCMs and their active components, as well as the determination of IC 50 values. This approach benefits the development and modernization of TCM by providing efficient tools for bioactive compound identification.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"1592025-1592025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147919911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep eutectic solvent: Improve the stability of constituents in <i>Gentianae radix et</i> rhizoma ( <i>GR</i> ) extract and oral absorption in rats","authors":"Chuanhua Feng, Xiaolin Tang, Huiling Guo, Jinfang Hu, Guosong Zhang, Jian Zhou","doi":"10.25259/ajc_138_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajc_138_2025","url":null,"abstract":"Gentianae radix et rhizoma (GR) is generally applied in clinical practice for the treatment of liver disease as a traditional Chinese medicine. This research examined the effects of a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), composed of lactic acid and choline chloride in a 4:1 ratio, on the stability and pharmacokinetics of the chemical constituents of GR extract. The stability of four compounds, namely 6’-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, gentiopicroside, loganic acid, and swertiamarin, was assessed in GR extract dissolved in water and 15% DES (v/v). Additionally, we developed and validated a sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for our study, capable of simultaneously quantifying 6’-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, gentiopicroside, loganic acid, and swertiamarin in rat plasma following oral administration of GR extract. The findings indicated that the stability of these components in GR extract, which was dissolved with 15% DES (v/v), was significantly improved. The devised approach was effectively utilized in the pharmacokinetic study of these four analytes from GR extract in rats. The pharmacokinetic characteristics, including C max , T 1/2 , AUC (0-T) , and AUC (0-∞) , of GR extract dissolved in 15% DES (v/v) via oral administration were superior to those dissolved in water. The results revealed that DES may enhance the absorption of components in GR extract, extend the duration and concentration of chemical components in vivo , and possibly augment the therapeutic efficacy.","PeriodicalId":249,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"1382025-1382025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147877716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}