Brief review on stab and cut protection materials: Material science physics and applications

Abstract

Sharp object injuries affect a large number of people worldwide each year, including members of the public, doctors, nurses, security personnel, industrial specialists, and culinary staff. According to the USA National Crime Information Centre NCICCodeManual (September 2024): An instrument, weapon, or machine with an edge that can cut, puncture, stab, slash, chop, slice, push, or penetrate surfaces or materials is considered an EBLADE. Hence, protective clothing is essential to prevent the cuts to key organs and arteries, rapid blood loss, and eventual shock-induced deaths to save human casualties from any EBLADE circumstances. The difference between Stab and Cut protection is clearly mentioned with reference to common international standards used till 2024. This brief and comprehensive review has 8 sections, each of which focuses on a distinct facet of the protective materials. Abrasion, cut, tear, puncture, impact resistance, flexibility, and ergonomics are critical considerations for any protective clothing. Thus, we focused on the common materials of stab and cut protection such as Aramid (Kevlar®), Polyethylene (Dynema®), Polyester (PE), Polyamide (PA, Nylon), Carbon Fibres (CF), Composites, Steel fibre (or mesh) and Glass fibres. Kevlar and Dyneema are at the best materials, providing exceptional strength-to-weight ratios while delivering necessary cut and puncture resistance. To inspire further research, the preparation and properties of some of these materials are explained. The typical protective clothing standards (European, International, and USA) are presented with possible usage in different scenarios. Some manufacturers are mentioned to connect the researchers, industry, and users. In summary, this brief review comprehensively explains the important material science and physics that can inspire and help scientists, researchers, industry, and users of protective articles of clothing.