{"title":"Barcelona Traction Share","authors":"F. Fontanelli, G. Bianco","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses a share certificate issued by the defunct Barcelona Traction company, and explores the layers of its meaning and significance. First, to the general public it tells the story of a Canadian company, with Spanish subsidiaries, whose shares were mainly owned by Belgian citizens. Second, it reminds lawyers of the dispute between Belgium and Spain before the International Court of Justice, in the matter of the corporate hijacking of the company at the hands of Francisco Franco’s cronies. Third, it evokes to international jurists controversial technicalities like the nationality of transnational corporations and the nature of state obligations owed erga omnes, that is, to the international community. The chapter illustrates how a piece of paper has—within a certain epistemic circle—quasi-mystical connotations, speaking to the promises and the unfulfilled potential of international law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125715334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Border Check-Point, the Moldovan Republic of Transnistria","authors":"F. Finck","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter’s object, a check-point controlled by Transnistria, a secessionist, non-recognized entity on the border between Moldova and Ukraine, illustrates the tension between fact and law in international law. This chapter first spells out the historical context of the object’s emergence to get a better understanding of its significance. It also analyses more recent events underlining its importance. It then discusses the function of international recognition in relation with effective control in the concepts of statehood and border. Subsequently, it introduces the concept of legal dependence to analyse the complex relationships between the de facto entity and its parent state. The chapter concludes on a reflection on the check-point as a symbol of legal borderlands between European and Russian approaches and the possibility of societies to shape their destiny despite the weight of history.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115146169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights","authors":"Nicole de Silva","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines international courts’ premises as objects of international law through the case of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. When creating an international court, states become legally obligated to supply its physical premises—a functional and symbolic resource that underpins the court’s legal authority and influence. Drawing on archival evidence, this chapter analyses the African Court’s significant challenges in securing this important resource from political actors within the African Union and Tanzania, the court’s host state. It shows that, with international law and courts, there can be a considerable gap between states’ commitment and compliance, and between legal ambition and political reality. This gap, however, can mobilize court officials to assert their needs for resources and, more generally, the significance of their mandate. Examining international courts’ premises, therefore, can elucidate the tensions between law and politics embedded in international justice specifically and international law more broadly.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125865555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Railway Clocks","authors":"G. Gordon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0033","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores aspects of time and what we today call transnational law, embodied in the object of the railway clock. Railway clocks acted as crucial elements of networks, to implement and disseminate a standardized time formalized by international law in the nineteenth century. Together, they produced a new temporal regime of strict mechanical conformance to an abstract standard, oriented globally to a single appointed meridian. The chapter demonstrates how transnational law and standardized time have co-produced one another: law was mobilized to create standardized time in the nineteenth century; standardized time has made possible the growth of a particular law globally. Together, they have operated to enable the expansion of capitalist markets and transactional relations globally.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114342894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Somali Pirate Skiff","authors":"D. Guilfoyle","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0038","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the role of small uncovered boats powered by outboard engines in the Somali piracy crisis of 2003–2013. It examines the tactics and economics of Somali piracy in some detail. It then considers the three-pronged international response involving naval patrols, law-enforcement piracy trials, and measures of industry self-protection. The chapter notes the curious possibility that the response to Somali piracy involves probably the first widespread assertion of universal jurisdiction over pirates in practice. It concludes by considering the extent to which Somali piracy and counter-piracy may be emblematic of some of international law’s current preoccupations: embodying both the potency of the asymmetrical non-state actor in challenging the established international order and also the ‘new normal’ of relatively informal, transnational coordination of state responses to transnational crime and non-traditional threats.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"570 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132518601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NM 68226 84912; TQ 30052 80597","authors":"Gerry Simpson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is about the way in which two monuments (already set in order by historically resonant acts of geographical mapping through ordnance survey) seek to commemorate two international criminal law moments through a ‘setting in order’ that is at once a setting in stone, a setting in law, a setting in war, a setting of a series of killings in the order of history and memory, and a setting for law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115452730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glyphosate","authors":"A. Arcuri","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. Globally, 6.1 billion kilograms have been applied in the last decade alone. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), classified glyphosate as ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. In stark contrast, regulatory authorities worldwide have attributed non-carcinogenic properties to glyphosate. By charting its recent regulatory history, this chapter demonstrates how glyphosate has been ‘subjected’ to law through a politics of separation. In the hybrid regulatory space where science and law interact, law retains its authority by cutting-off arguments. This politics of separation is expedient, as law ought to resolve conflicts, to decide. However, by cutting-off debate and discourse, political choices are being back-staged. Glyphosate, as an object of law, has catalyzed contestation of existing regulatory categories (eg risk assessment/hazard analysis). In so doing, glyphosate has brought the politics back to the front-stage, triggering a process of re-politicization of transnational risk regulation.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124107123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Déchiqueteuse (Paper-Shredder)","authors":"Immi Tallgren","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses la déchiqueteuse (the paper-shredder) as an emblematic object of the epistemic hygiene of international law and as a symbol of the politics of mastering law’s past. Of what is at first sight just an everyday technological object of bureaucracy, the chapter tells an exciting story of the international legislative moments, following the traces of the files of international law up to where they end up being recycled. An agreement, a map, a report are all both sheets of paper and relics of power, telling about the rendering of order, the structuring and clarifying of space, the granting and codifying of rights, and the marking of territories. The chapter hints at how in the broadest metaphoric sense la déchiqueteuse is part of the story of international law as ideas that turn into text and images with authority, and then enter the world, before exiting it in tiny shreds.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123446373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"USAID Rice—Haiti","authors":"C. Peevers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0044","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines an image of USAID rice being distributed in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The chapter begins by examining what the image invites us to see and not see, framing the event of disaster as natural and (naturally) anarchic in its consequences for social, legal, and political order. It then threads a way back through this spectacle by telling a story of USAID rice which allows attention to be drawn to this object’s redistributive effects on power and authority and the intertwined politics of humanitarianism, aid, trade, and development expertise.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123076116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Lives of Objects","authors":"Jessie Hohmann","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter brings into dialogue a number of materially astute theories and methodologies in the humanities and social sciences to consider how we might conceive of the lives of objects in international law. It begins with everyday lives—the way law and objects are woven into daily existences, drawing on ethnographies of the lived experience of law. Second, it considers the social lives of objects and biographical approaches to the lives of things, making reference to anthropological ideas, museum studies, and history, as well as ‘life writing’ and biography. Third, it considers objects as vibrant, agentive actants, drawing on ideas from Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) and science and technology studies (STS), thing theory, and also recognizing the long legal history of objects as agents. The chapter deliberately seeks to unsettle the legal and ontological categories of subject and object, to provoke reflection on how they are constructed and contested in international law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124270647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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