{"title":"Purse Seine Net","authors":"A. Lang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0032","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter takes as its starting point Michel Callon’s famous paper, ‘Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and fisherman of St Brieuc Bay’. After first introducing that paper and its core theoretical claims, the following sections attempt a re-reading of the famous ‘Tuna/Dolphin’ controversy, with a particular focus on the purse seine net, in light of Callon’s claims, and of the methods of science and technology studies (STS) generally. It draws attention in particular to the politics of purification which has, in significant part, characterized international regulatory strategies for dealing with this dispute, especially through the GATT/WTO system.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125740999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ships’ Ballast","authors":"Lolita Buckner Inniss","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how an ostensibly mundane material item, ships’ ballast, an object or set of objects used to counterweight a ship while it is afloat, was at the foundation of the transatlantic slave trade and the international law norms that first sustained and later dismantled African captive transport. Ships’ ballast took on a particular legal evidentiary use in the context of transatlantic slavery. This was because cargoes of human beings, being mobile and of variable weights and shapes, required countervailing weight in order to keep a ship carrying them righted. Hence, the presence, as well as the amount and type of ballast found on European ships in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was often a marker of slavery. In numerous legal and historical accounts regarding the interdiction of the slave trade via public international law, the presence and use of ballast is central.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"7 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127513570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Axum Stele","authors":"Lucas Lixinski","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter engages with the Axum Stele (or Obelisk, as it is popularly known), a large monument that originally sat in Axum, Ethiopia, as a memento of an old and powerful civilization. In the Italian Conquest of Ethiopia, it was taken to Rome by Mussolini’s troops, and it stood for several years in front of the Italian Ministry of the Colonies. Eventually, the monument was returned to Ethiopia, in a negotiation involving not only the governments of Italy and Ethiopia, but also, most notably, UNESCO and the African Union. This chapter examines discourses around the restitution, reassembly, and ‘reinauguration’ of the Stele in Ethiopia, as a means to showcase the ways international law interacts with the social life of an object, and particularly the field of international cultural heritage law, highlighting tensions involving colonialism, internationalism, expert rule, and the uses of internationalized objects in domestic politics.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132333851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boots (on the Ground)","authors":"K. Trapp","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the symbol of ‘boots’ in armed conflict, which are at the centre of discourse about military might and territorial control. With an eye on the themes of territoriality and extraterritoriality, this chapter considers some of the implications of ‘boots (on the ground)’ from the perspective of international law. For instance, a state’s having boots on the ground in military operations potentially results in its exercise of human rights obligation triggering ‘jurisdiction’, in addition to the otherwise applicable international humanitarian law obligations. Or, it might result in that state being held responsible for commission of international crimes committed by non-state actors (through the mechanic of attribution via the ‘effective control’ test set out in Nicaragua and the Bosnia Genocide Case). In addition, ‘boots on the ground’ can also serve an important symbolic function—in particular signalling the level and nature of commitment to genuine humanitarian operations.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116348758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mosul Four and Iran Six","authors":"A. Mills","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the practical entanglement of questions of public and private international law through an examination of the history of ten commercial aircraft belonging to Kuwait Airways Corporation. The aircraft were seized by Iraq after the unlawful 1990 invasion of Kuwait, flown to Baghdad, and handed over to Iraqi Airways. Proceedings seeking return of the aircraft and damages were commenced by Kuwait Airways against Iraqi Airways in the English courts, a further saga which led to more than thirty reported cases, including a remarkable five decisions of the House of Lords. The dispute raised a range of issues, including questions of jurisdiction, state immunity, and perhaps most significantly the potential for public international law to be given effect through domestic private law proceedings, in this case as a source of public policy denying effect to acts of Iraqi law which were contrary to UN Security Council resolutions.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127457784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stained Glass Windows, the Great Hall of Justice of the Peace Palace","authors":"D. Litwin","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter critically examines The Evolution of the Peace Ideal (1914), a series of four monumental stained glass windows inside the largest courtroom at the Peace Palace in The Hague that now houses the International Court of Justice. It uses the stained glass windows to explain three structuring beliefs held by international lawyers about international adjudication. First, the ethereal effect of the stained glass and its vivid iconography signals international adjudication as essential to the achievement of peace and thus a matter of professional faith. Second, a highly structured evolutionary narrative across the four windows depicts the idea of international adjudication as progress which serves to distinguish ‘civilized’ and ‘uncivilized’ states. Third, the windows’ historicism links international adjudication to an immemorial past, an invented tradition that obfuscates significant changes to its practice and meaning over the last century.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124047633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Things to Make and Do","authors":"Fleur Johns","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"So often reactive and responsive in its own self-understanding, the discipline of international law appears in this book as agentive, creative, and pivotal. Scholars and practitioners of international law turn out, in its pages, to be makers and purveyors of objects that the discipline can, in varying ways and degrees, call its own. The world and its objects have been, and might yet otherwise be, of international law’s making. This chapter reflects on what kind of making this might entail and what it might mean, in this context, to write of an object juridically. It tackles these questions by exploring six modes of making and doing ongoing in the book, including modes of grappling with object loss (drawing from Freud), and how these variably elucidate the role of objects, and subject–object relations, in sustaining international law as a discipline.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122773697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Framing Objects of International Law","authors":"W. Werner","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the different roles that material objects play in international law. It utilizes the ambiguity in the phrase ‘objects of international law’. First, this means that the objects concerned are somehow produced by international law; that they exist by virtue of the practices, scripts, and traditions in international law. The chapter develops this idea in section one, building on theories of attributes or properties (props) in theatre. Just like props in theatre, objects in law fulfil different functions, including the construction of subjectivity, setting in motion a chain of action, and symbolizing larger social–political topics. Second, the phrase ‘objects of international law’ refers to the signalling function of the objects concerned; they tell something about international law and its histories. This point is elaborated on in section two, based on museum and exhibition theories.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125183716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One Tonne of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (1tCO2e)","authors":"J. Dehm","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘object’ of 1tCO2e has become central to how we imagine the problem of climate change and its possible solutions. This chapter explores the complex relationship between international law and 1tCO2e an as ‘object’. It demonstrates the way in which international law plays a fundamental and constitutive role in defining, stabilizing, and protecting the ‘object’ of 1tCO2e. It shows that there is nothing ‘natural’ or ‘inherent’ in thinking about carbon as standardized, commensurable, substitutable, and exchangeable, but rather that the imaginary of carbon as a fungible ‘object’ is a mode of legibility structured by international law. Simultaneously, this mode of legibility has been the enabling precondition for the marketized form that international climate change regulation and governance has taken. As such, this chapter analyses how the ‘object’ of 1tCO2e is thus both the effect of and the enabling condition for specific modes of international legal regulation.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130776109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"International Law’s Cabinet of Curiosities","authors":"Daniel Joyce","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the significance of objects for international law through the lens of collecting and curation. It focusses upon the history of the cabinet of curiosities (or wunderkammer) as a precursor to the modern museum. The metaphor of the cabinet of curiosities reveals the folly of international law’s ambition to represent and order the world. Interpreting and critiquing the history of international law in light of its material culture reveals its Eurocentricity and connection to empire. The chapter invites critical reflection upon the volume as a whole as a cabinet of curiosities, open to its limitations as a collection, but also offering innovation and contemporary insight through its idiosyncrasy and personal form. It concludes by considering the turn to materiality in the context of broader anxieties generated by the digital era.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115397312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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