{"title":"Western Sahara Boundary Marker","authors":"Jeffrey J. Smith","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0045","url":null,"abstract":"In a remote part of Africa, a boundary marker can be found where the frontiers of Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara meet. It marks the entry to the liberated zone of the Saharawi people’s homeland and presumptive state. The marker is a reminder of the role of territory in modern international law and law’s unfinished business of the self-determination of colonized peoples. The role of territory and boundaries in international law is considered. The paradoxes in law of the particular circumstances of a partly occupied Western Sahara, where its people constitute themselves both as national liberation movement and state, are addressed. The idea of national identity informing a desired marking of terrestrial space with certainty is explored. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the role of the border in a Westphalian system of law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124365941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breton Road Signs","authors":"J. Mowbray","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the image of bilingual (Breton and French) road signs in Brittany, France. The issue of language policy in Brittany was the subject of several cases brought before the UN Human Rights Committee in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This chapter explores these cases and the way in which they influenced the debate around bilingual road signs in Brittany. It considers what the history of these road signs tells us about international law and its engagement with issues of language, identity, and the politics of ‘the state’, and argues that this story reveals both the legal limits of international law and, paradoxically, the broad reach of its influence as a discourse.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"61 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128452186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insulae Moluccae: Map of the Spice Islands, 1594","authors":"Kate Miles","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the role of maps in international law as deeply political forms of communication. It argues that the act of mapping is a mode of constructing orders and controlling space, capturing the inhabitants of mapped territories within the regulatory framework of the map. With this in mind and taking an historical approach, the chapter examines ‘the map’ as an instrument of empire, considering the entwining of power, commerce, imperialism, and international law. That exploration is conducted through the lens of one map of particular significance—Insulae Moluccae, a map of the Spice Islands by Petrus Plancius, cartographer for the Dutch East India Company, and employs legal and art historical frames of analysis to consider the role of art and image in international law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123617075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘Jolly Roger’ (Pirate Flag)","authors":"Ziv Bohrer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Presently, a black flag with a skull-and-crossbones (the ‘Jolly Roger’) is merely a cultural icon for piracy. This chapter excavates the flag’s deep roots in international law. First, the chapter uncovers that the flag (and prior to it a red banner known as ‘Oriflamme’) used to be a laws-of-war signal for the intention to summarily execute captured enemy (‘take no prisoners’/’deny quarter’). It was used not only by pirates. Second, the chapter shows that intriguingly, the flag’s history aids in exposing misconceptions regarding criminal justice. Domestic criminal law is considered the traditional form of criminal justice, whereas, except for piracy, international crimes (meriting universal jurisdiction) are considered a novel, post-World War II, creation. However, historically, universal jurisdiction was applied not only to piracy, but also to felonies (crimes classified today as domestic) and war crimes. That actual history of criminal justice and the Jolly Roger’s legal history were forgotten for similar reasons.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114604157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peace Sign: La Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó","authors":"Thomas MacManus","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"The Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó (Peace Community) is a group of peasant farmer settlements in Northern Colombia who have used signage to unilaterally declare neutrality in the Colombian armed conflict. This chapter looks at the signs displayed by the Community as objects of international law and discusses the implications for the development and localization of international law. The chapter explores how the Community has adopted concepts of international law to carve out a space to resist the violence that surrounds them. The chapter also describes how the signs detail informal internal law, with adorned handwritten internal Community rules, and looks at the aspirations and principles conveyed by the signs’ design.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122158557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postcard from the ICTY","authors":"S. Rigney","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines a postcard, readily available at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). It argues that the postcard demonstrates international criminal law’s preoccupation with two aims: ending impunity, and providing a meaningful voice for victims. The chapter also examines how the postcard is used in the branding and marketing of international criminal law. But why does an object designed to ‘market’ an international criminal tribunal use language and imagery that suggests guilt? And what does the placement of the victim’s and accused’s handcuffs tell us about the place of the victim and the accused in these trials? As a marketing technique, this postcard promotes certain aspects of international criminal law—but in doing so, it reinforces unhelpful tropes of good versus evil, of ‘deserving’ victimhood, and of conviction as a core component of international criminal law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132612952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘Good Urban Citizen’","authors":"H. Aust","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses how the global sphere is connected to the local level through a reflection on a poster on the streets of Atlanta. This poster indicates what it means to be a ‘good urban citizen’. The contribution argues that this poster with its call to behave reasonably and sustainably is an example of how global norms of good urban governance filter through to the local level. The poster is thus an artefact of the implications of international law on the ground. At the same time, it is connected with the growing importance of cities as global actors. Through networks such as the ‘C40 – Climate Leadership Group’ cities aspire to shape the global norms which are determining what global urban governance means today.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128547551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paintings of International Law","authors":"Jean d’Aspremont, E. Brabandere","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198798200.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"International lawyers are involved in the business of persuasion. The primary aim of their international legal argument is to persuade peers and non-peers about the validity of their legal claims. In the quest for the optimal aesthetics of legal argument, one should certainly not overlook the role of the material container in which the international legal argument is stored and by virtue of which it is conveyed. Using data drawn from the catalogues of the main publishers of international law books, this chapter focuses on the imagery used in the design of international law books and the way it contributes to the aesthetics of international legal argumentation. This chapter zeroes in on the paintings that are reproduced on the cover of international law books, with a view to unravelling some of the dynamics of the aesthetics of international legal argumentation.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124482037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data: The Given","authors":"S. Humphreys","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"What is data, and how does it matter for international law? This chapter examines the material nature of the binary digit—the bit—to show three characteristics that mark it out as an object of governance. First, data as ‘thing’ must be distinguished from data as ‘medium’. Second, bits make everything countable. Third, with digitalization, there is no avoiding manipulation—there is no ‘authentic’ original: the technology has no unmediated state. Bits turn out to be an extraordinarily versatile referential technology, whose very ease of creation, storage, and reproducibility encourages proliferation while blurring the distinction between things (‘objects’) and facts (‘knowledge’). The chapter then turns to a principal material means by which data today cross borders: transoceanic cables. Overall, the chapter addresses the novel concerns contemporary material forms of data production and storage raise for international legal subjectivity and jurisdiction.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126745309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russian Flag at the North Pole","authors":"R. Rayfuse","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798200.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s planting of a flag on the seabed at the North Pole in 2007 set off a flurry of concern about its maritime and territorial ambitions and the potential for international conflict in the Arctic. However, the law of the sea now renders moot traditional rules of the doctrine of discovery and occupation as manifestations of sovereignty. Thus, the Russian flag at the North Pole is meaningless in the legal sense. Nevertheless, it is not irrelevant. On the one hand, it has catalyzed the development of a ‘law habit’ among the Arctic states now reflected in cooperation on scientific and technical work to support their overlapping outer continental-shelf claims to the Arctic seabed and on other Arctic Ocean matters. On the other hand, it has clearly signalled a claim to an advantageous negotiating position. The flag is thus a physical manifestation of both the power and pretence of international law.","PeriodicalId":243311,"journal":{"name":"International Law's Objects","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128311352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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