Zygote最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expression and function in normal and abnormal human sperm and spermatogenic cells","authors":"Zhengli Qian, Keyan Luo, Mingzhe Zhang, Guanping Yao","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000091","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a critical mediator of calcium homeostasis in various tissues. Its role in human reproduction, especially in sperm function and male fertility, remains not fully elucidated. This study investigates the expression patterns of CaSR in normal and abnormal sperm and spermatogenic cells and evaluates its potential effect on sperm motility and morphology. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative PCR (qPCR), we assessed the expression levels of CaSR in normal sperm, spermatogonia, and cases of asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia. <jats:italic>In vitro</jats:italic> functional assays were performed to analyze the effects of CaSR modulation on sperm motility under varying conditions, including the presence of specific CaSR agonists and antagonists. Our study revealed distinct patterns of CaSR expression in normal sperm and spermatogonia compared with those in abnormal sperm samples, particularly in cases of asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia. A marked decrease in CaSR expression was evident in these abnormal samples, highlighting its significance in normal sperm functionality. Functional assays further elucidated the role of CaSR in sperm motility. Activation of CaSR through specific agonists enhanced sperm motility, while inhibition by antagonists led to reduced motility. Our findings suggest that CaSR plays a significant role in maintaining sperm functionality and that changes in its expression may be associated with male infertility. These insights into the molecular underpinnings of sperm physiology highlight CaSR as a potential therapeutic target for treating certain forms of male infertility.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The TLI system can help day-3 single cleavage embryo transfer to obtain comparative clinical outcomes to day-4 or day-5","authors":"Yue Ji, Linjun Chen, Fan Pan, Ruyu Jiang, Shanshan Wang","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000212","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The aim was to explore whether the time-lapse imaging system can help day-3 single cleavage embryo transfer to obtain comparative clinical outcomes to day-4 or 5. The data of 1237 patients who underwent single embryo transfer from January 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, in our reproductive medicine centre were retrospectively analysed. They were divided into the day-3 single cleavage-stage embryo transfer (SCT) group (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 357), day-4 single morula transfer (SMT) group (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 129) and day-5 single blastocyst transfer (SBT) group (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 751) according to the different embryo transfer stage. The clinical and perinatal outcomes of the three groups were analysed and compared. The clinical pregnancy rates of the patients in the day-3 SCT group, day-4 SMT group and day-5 SBT group were 68.07, 70.54 and 72.04%, respectively. The live birth rates were 56.86, 61.24 and 60.99%, respectively. The monozygotic twin (MZT) rate in the day-3 SCT group was significantly lower than that in the day-5 SBT group (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.049). Regarding perinatal outcomes, only the secondary sex ratio had a significant difference (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). After age stratification, no improvement was found in the pregnancy outcomes of patients &gt;35 years of age receiving blastocyst transfer. Our findings suggest that for patients with multiple high-quality embryos on day-3, prolonging the culture time can improve the pregnancy outcome to some extent, but it will bring risks. For centres that have established morphodynamic models, day-3 SCT can also achieve an ideal pregnancy outcome and reduce the rate of monozygotic twins and sex ratio.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of microRNAs in the regulation of critical genes and signalling pathways that determine endometrial receptivity","authors":"Yumei Wang, Zhongxiang Ji, Ni Yao, Ximin Hu, Ran Zhou, Xingping Wang, Zhuoma Luoreng","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000297","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Endometrial receptivity is the ability of the endometrium to accept embryos. Thus, endometrial receptivity dysfunction is an important factor leading to embryo implantation failure. A good endometrial receptivity provides a suitable environment for embryo implantation, improving the embryo implantation rate. The “implantation window” stage, or the receptive stage of the endometrium, is regulated by various hormones, genes, proteins and cytokines, among which microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes have a regulatory effect on endometrial receptivity. This review outlines the relationship between endometrial receptivity and pregnancy, the mRNAs and related signalling pathways that regulate endometrial receptivity, and the regulatory role of miRNA in endometrial receptivity, providing a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA on endometrial receptivity in humans and animals and reference for the endometrial receptivity-related research.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on offspring growth, production, reproduction and disease susceptibility","authors":"Pushpa Sindhu, Ankit Magotra, Vikas Sindhu, Pradeep Chaudhary","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000224","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA molecules, play a critical role in gene expression and regulation in livestock species, influencing development, reproduction and disease resistance. DNA methylation patterns silence gene expression by blocking transcription factor binding, while histone modifications alter chromatin structure and affect DNA accessibility. Livestock-specific histone modifications contribute to gene expression and genome stability. Non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs, piRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance occurs in livestock, with environmental factors impacting epigenetic modifications and phenotypic traits across generations. Epigenetic regulation revealed significant effect on gene expression profiling that can be exploited for various targeted traits like muscle hypertrophy, puberty onset, growth, metabolism, disease resistance and milk production in livestock and poultry breeds. Epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes affects cattle growth and metabolism while epigenetic modifications play a role in disease resistance and mastitis in dairy cattle, as well as milk protein gene regulation during lactation. Nutri-epigenomics research also reveals the influence of maternal nutrition on offspring’s epigenetic regulation of metabolic homeostasis in cattle, sheep, goat and poultry. Integrating cyto-genomics approaches enhances understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in livestock breeding, providing insights into chromosomal structure, rearrangements and their impact on gene regulation and phenotypic traits. This review presents potential research areas to enhance production potential and deepen our understanding of epigenetic changes in livestock, offering opportunities for genetic improvement, reproductive management, disease control and milk production in diverse livestock species.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a PCR-based method to identify fetal sex during IVF cycles","authors":"Atieh Sadat Mousavi, Sadegh Amiri, Mehdi Mehdizadeh, Mehrdad Bakhtiari, Jamileh Sadat Mirsanei, Fatemeh Nikmard, Mahmood Barati, Fatemehsadat Amjadi","doi":"10.1017/s096719942400011x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s096719942400011x","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most recognizable cases of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is X-linked diseases. Diagnosis of fetal sex is essential for couples who are known to be at risk of some X-linked disorders. The objective of this study was to discriminate between female (XX) and male (XY) embryos by detecting sex chromosomes-specific sequences in spent culture medium and comparing these results to PGD/CGH array results. It may open new window for the development of a non-invasive PGD method. 120 Embryo’s spent media from Day 3 and Day 5 embryos were collected. Modified phenol-chloroform solution was used for DNA extraction from spent media. Sex determination was performed using SRY, TSPY and AMELOGENIN evaluation through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) method. IBM SPSS and MedCalc were used for statistical analyses to compare sex determination of embryos by spent medium with PGD/CGH array results. Culture time was demonstrated to increase the DNA amount among day 5 embryos culture medium samples. Non-invasive PGD by means of spent culture medium gave a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 100% for sex determination. Results of sex determination using spent medium by q-PCR were consistent with the results of PGD/CGH array. Improvements in cell-free DNA extraction and PCR amplification procedures provide us an effective method to perform a PGD test without biopsy in the future, especially about X-linked diseases.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of CellRox green fluorescence upon thawing on in vitro Bos taurus and Bos indicus embryos cryopreserved by slow freezing or vitrification","authors":"David Osornio, David Alejandro Contreras, Edgar Jimenez-Diaz, Tatiana Fiordelisio, Patricia López-Damian, José Francisco Martínez, Carlos Salvador Galina","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000121","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The aim of this study was to compare the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bos indicus in vitro</jats:italic> embryos cryopreserved using either slow freezing or vitrification. Embryos were divided into four groups based on subspecies and freezing method: <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> slow freezing (BiSF; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 8), <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> vitrification (BiVT; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 10), <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> slow freezing (BtSF; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 9), and <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> vitrification (BtVT; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 6). After thawing, the embryos were incubated with CellRox Green and images were obtained using a confocal microscope. The fluorescence intensity of each cell was measured and expressed as arbitrary units of fluorescence (auf) and compared using a multiple regression and unpaired <jats:italic>t</jats:italic>-test with α = 0.05. Results showed that subspecies and the freezing method significantly affected auf (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.1213). <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> embryos had higher auf than <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> embryos, whether frozen by slow freezing (67.05 ± 23.18 vs 51.30 ± 16.84, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) or vitrification (64.44 ± 23.32 vs 47.86 ± 17.53, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Slow freezing induced higher auf than vitrification in both <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> (51.30 ± 16.84 vs 47.86 ± 17.53, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> (67.05 ± 23.18 vs 64.44 ± 23.32, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &lt; 0.014). In conclusion, <jats:italic>Bos taurus</jats:italic> embryos had lower ROS levels when frozen using vitrification, while <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> embryos had consistent ROS patterns regardless of the freezing method. However, <jats:italic>Bos indicus</jats:italic> embryos frozen by slow freezing tended to have a higher number of cells with elevated ROS levels.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of temperature on the embryonic and larvae development of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus and time of first feeding","authors":"Douglas da Cruz Mattos, Leonardo Demier Cardoso, Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira, Rafaela Screnci-Ribeiro, Bruno Olivetti de Mattos, Paulo Henrique Rocha Aride, Marcella Costa Radael, Jonas Henrique de Souza Motta, Manuel Vazquez Vidal","doi":"10.1017/s0967199424000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967199424000236","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This study aimed to analyze the influence of different temperatures on the embryonic and larval development of discus fish <jats:italic>Symphysodon aequifasciatus</jats:italic> and determine the time required for the beginning of exogenous feeding. Eggs and larvae were obtained from natural spawns and distributed in five treatments: 24.0, 26.0, 28.0, 30.0, and 32.0 °C. To assess the developmental stages and embryonic structures, samples were taken at regular intervals and checked under an optical microscope. At the end of the experimental period, statistical analysis was performed, followed by Tukey’s test. As a result, it was possible to observe the significant effects of temperature on the variables. It was noted that the temperature accelerated the embryonic and larval development of the discus and also contributed to a reduction in the time between the incubation period and the feeding transition. It was also noted that the incubation of eggs and larvae at a temperature of 24.0 °C can cause damage to embryos, such as malformation of the body as well as anomalies in the circulatory system.","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic development of the world's smallest puffer fish, <i>Carinotetraodon travancoricus</i> - a threatened freshwater fish of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot.","authors":"B L Chandana, Ashly Sanal, Rajeev Raghavan, Binu Varghese","doi":"10.1017/S0967199424000273","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0967199424000273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Malabar dwarf puffer, <i>Carinotetraodon travancoricus</i> is the smallest known pufferfish (family Tetraodontidae) and one of the smallest freshwater fishes of the Indian subcontinent. Due to their miniature size, wacky behaviour and appearance, they are much preferred in the international aquarium fish trade, although little is known regarding their breeding activity in captivity and their embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to fill these knowledge gaps. Wild-caught Malabar dwarf puffers were acclimatised to conditions, and pairs were introduced to breeding tanks. Adult fishes were fed with live and frozen diets including Artemia nauplii, moina and bloodworm. During spawning seasons, adult fish displayed elaborate courtship behaviour around sunset. <i>Carinotetraodon travancoricus</i> is a batch spawner releasing 1 to 5 eggs per diem. The eggs were spherical, and non-sticky, with a diameter of 1.48 ± 0.1 mm, and hatching took place after 108 to 116 h post-incubation. The newly hatched larvae were 3.5 ± 0.2 mm in length, and weighed 2.9 ± 0.4 mg. The early larvae have substantial yolk and oil globules as an energy reserve. Histological studies on mature females suggested the batch spawning nature of the species and low fecundity. Given its unique reproductive behaviour and characters, in situ protected habitats are required to ensure their continued survival in the wild, apart from encouraging captive breeding to augment the demand in the international aquarium fish trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142355471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Day 3 embryo assessment does not provide a reliable prediction for blastocyst formation and designation: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Michal Youngster, Maria Shvaikovsky, Sarit Avraham, Dvora Strassburger, Esti Kasterstein, Bila Maslansky, Itai Gat, Gil Yerushalmi, Yariv Gidoni, Ariel Hourvitz, Alon Kedem","doi":"10.1017/S0967199424000248","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0967199424000248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although many Fertility Centers have adopted day 5 or 6 embryo transfer policy, yet, 30% of embryo transfers in the US are performed on day 3. This is mainly due to concerns related to longer embryo culture effect and higher rates of embryo transfer cancellation on day 5, with no effect on cumulative pregnancy rate. We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing individual embryo transfer order rank, best embryo for fresh transfer and intention to freeze, of day-3 and day-5 embryos based on their morphology score. Day-3 embryos of each patient were ranked by embryologists for the order of transfer and intention to freeze, based on morphological score, blinded to actual blastulation outcome. The corresponding blastocysts were similarly ranked for the order of transfer and vitrification intention. Ranking was compared to test the predictive value of day-3 morphological assessment. Sixty patients with 784 day-3 embryos were included. There was only a moderate positive significant correlation between ranks on day-3 and ranks on day-5 [<i>r</i> = 0.662 95% CI (0.611-0.706, <i>p</i> < 0.001)]. Only 25% of the best embryos for transfer on day 3 (rank = 1) were chosen for fresh transfer on day 5. A total of 441 embryos were intended to be frozen on day 3. Of those, 201 were not transferred nor vitrified on day 5-6 (45%), 3.35 embryos per patient. No significant difference was found between average day-3 rank of embryos ranked 1, 2 (3.12 vs 4.12, <i>p</i> = 0.074) and 3 (3.12 vs 4.08, <i>p</i> = 0.082) on day-5-6. To conclude, this study brings a different perspective to the comparison of day 3 and day 5 by following each embryo's putative and actual designation. Day-3 ranking of embryo morphology did not provide a reliable prediction for blastocyst formation, transfer order and vitrification intention, and may support transfer or cryopreservation of blastocysts over cleavage stage embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142297005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrauterine administration of paternal and maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells mix as solution for repeated implantation failure.","authors":"Hanen Elloumi, Mariem Ben Khelifa, Sonia Mnallah, Mohamed Khrouf, Sabrine Rekik, Fethi Zhioua, Moncef Ben Khalifa, Marouen Braham, Mohamed Jemaà, Khaled Mahmoud","doi":"10.1017/S0967199424000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199424000133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, implantation is the rate-limiting step for the success of <i>in vitro</i> fertilization (IVF) treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells contribute to embryo implantation, and several therapeutic approaches have been proposed for the treatment of recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Endometrial immune modulation with autologous activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is one of the most widely used protocols. However, the effect of intrauterine insemination of mixed paternal and maternal-activated PBMCs has not yet been attempted and studied. The aim of our study is to test the effect of the addition of paternal lymphocytes on the implantation rate in RIF patients. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 98 RIF patients and cultured for 72 h before insemination into the endometrial cavity 48 h before embryo transfer. Our patients were divided into 4 groups according to the type and number of PBMCs inseminations. Our study shows that activated PBMCs promoted clinical pregnancy rates (CPR) in all groups. Moreover, we found that the groups injected with more than 2 million cells showed a better clinical outcome and, more interestingly, patients inseminated with both paternal and maternal activated PBMCs showed the highest CPR, reaching 47.2%, in addition to the highest implantation rate 31. 2% and the live birth rate 41.39%. Our work demonstrates the importance of administering a large number of activated PBMCs with the addition of paternal activated PBMCs to immunomodulate the endometrium for the success of <i>in vitro</i> fertilization in RIF patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":24075,"journal":{"name":"Zygote","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}