Omar Elkhatib , Julius Tetteh , Ramzi Ali , Abdelhalim I.A Mohamed , Shixun Bai , Jan Kubelka , Mohammad Piri , Lamia Goual
{"title":"Wettability of rock minerals and the underlying surface forces: A review of the implications for oil recovery and geological storage of CO2","authors":"Omar Elkhatib , Julius Tetteh , Ramzi Ali , Abdelhalim I.A Mohamed , Shixun Bai , Jan Kubelka , Mohammad Piri , Lamia Goual","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The wettability of subsurface minerals is a critical factor influencing the pore-scale displacement of fluids in underground reservoirs. As such, it plays a key role in hydrocarbon production and greenhouse gas geo-sequestration. We present a comprehensive and critical review of the current state of knowledge on the intermolecular forces governing wettability of rock minerals most relevant to subsurface fluid storage and recovery. In this review we first provide a detailed summary of the available data, both experimental and theoretical, from the perspective of the fundamental intermolecular and surface forces, specifically considering the roles played by the surface chemistry, fluid properties, as well as other significant factors. We subsequently offer an analysis of the effects of chemical additives such as surfactants and nanoparticles that have emerged as viable means for manipulating wettability. In each example, we highlight the practical implications for hydrocarbon production and CO<sub>2</sub> geo-storage as two of the most important current applications. As the physico-chemical mechanisms governing the wetting phenomena are the main focus, special emphasis is placed on nano-scale experimental approaches along with atomic-scale modeling that specifically probe the underlying intermolecular and surface forces. Lastly, we discuss the gaps in the current state of knowledge and outline future research directions to further our fundamental understanding of the interactions and their impact on the wetting characteristics of Earth's minerals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103283"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaporative self-assembly in colloidal droplets: Emergence of ordered structures from complex fluids","authors":"Weibin Li , Chen Zhang , Yuren Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Colloidal droplet evaporation is an intriguing and intricate phenomenon that has captured the interest of scientists across diverse disciplines, including physical chemistry, fluid dynamics, and soft matter science, over the past two decades. Despite being a non-equilibrium system with inherent challenges posed by coffee ring formation and Marangoni effects, which hinder the precise control of deposition patterns, evaporative self-assembly presents a convenient and cost-effective approach for generating arrays of well-ordered structures and functional patterns with wide-ranging applications in inkjet printing, photonic crystals, and biochemical assays. In the realm of printed electronics and photonics, effectively mitigating coffee rings while achieving uniformity and orderliness has emerged as a critical factor in realising the next generation of large-area, low-cost, flexible devices that are exceptionally sensitive and high-performance. This review highlights the evaporative self-assembly process in colloidal droplets with a focus on the intricate mechanical environment, self-assembly at diverse interfaces, and potential applications of these assembling ordered structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103286"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dispersion strategies of nanomaterials in polymeric inks for efficient 3D printing of soft and smart 3D structures: A systematic review","authors":"Mahdiyar Shahbazi , Henry Jäger , Rammile Ettelaie , Jianshe Chen , Peyman Asghartabar Kashi , Adeleh Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanoscience—often summarized as “the future is tiny”—highlights the work of researchers advancing nanotechnology through incremental innovations. The design and innovation of new nanomaterials are vital for the development of next-generation three-dimensional (3D) printed structures characterized by low cost, high speed, and versatile capabilities, delivering exceptional performance in advanced applications. The integration of nanofillers into polymeric-based inks for 3D printing heralds a new era in additive manufacturing, allowing for the creation of custom-designed 3D objects with enhanced multifunctionality. To optimize the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing, effective disaggregation techniques and strong interfacial adhesion between nanofillers and polymer matrices are essential. This review provides an overview of the application of various types of nanomaterials used in 3D printing, focusing on their functionalization principles, dispersion strategies, and colloidal stability, as well as the methodologies for aligning nanofillers within the 3D printing framework. It discusses dispersive methods, synergistic dispersion, and in-situ growth, which have yielded smart 3D-printed structures with unique functionality for specific applications. This review also focuses on nanomaterial alignment in 3D printing, detailing methods that enhance selective deposition and orientation of nanofillers within established and customized printing techniques. By emphasizing alignment strategies, we explore their impact on the performance of 3D-printed composites and highlight potential applications that benefit from ordered nanoparticles. Through these continuing efforts, this review shows that the design and development of the new class of nanomaterials are crucial to developing the next generation of smart 3D printed architectures with versatile abilities for advanced structures with exceptional performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103285"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001868624002082/pdfft?md5=be26c535bc57f4937bc3601120da5f19&pid=1-s2.0-S0001868624002082-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bhagyashri B. Kamble , Kiran Kumar Sharma , Kailas D. Sonawane , Shivaji N. Tayade , Sotirios Grammatikos , Y. Veera Manohara Reddy , S. Lokeswara Reddy , Jae Hwan Shin , Jong Pil Park
{"title":"Graphitic carbon nitride-based electrochemical sensors: A comprehensive review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications","authors":"Bhagyashri B. Kamble , Kiran Kumar Sharma , Kailas D. Sonawane , Shivaji N. Tayade , Sotirios Grammatikos , Y. Veera Manohara Reddy , S. Lokeswara Reddy , Jae Hwan Shin , Jong Pil Park","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) has garnered much attention as a promising 2D material in the realm of electrochemical sensors. It contains a polymeric matrix that can serve as an economical and non-toxic electrode material for the detection of a diverse range of analytes. However, its performance is impeded by a relatively limited active surface area and inherent instability. Although electrochemistry involving metal-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanomaterials is rapidly progressing, it remains relatively unexplored. The metal doping of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> augments the electrochemically active surface area of the resulting electrode, which has the potential to significantly enhance electrode kinetics and bolster catalytic activity. Consequentially, the main objective of this review is to provide insight into the intricacies of synthesizing and characterizing metal-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Furthermore, we comprehensively delve into the fundamental attributes of electrochemical sensors based on metal-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, with a specific focus on healthcare and environmental applications. These applications encompass a meticulous exploration of detecting biomolecules, drug molecules, and organic pollutants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103284"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142122944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iman Salahshoori , Qilin Wang , Marcos A.L. Nobre , Amir H. Mohammadi , Elmuez A. Dawi , Hossein Ali Khonakdar
{"title":"Molecular simulation-based insights into dye pollutant adsorption: A perspective review","authors":"Iman Salahshoori , Qilin Wang , Marcos A.L. Nobre , Amir H. Mohammadi , Elmuez A. Dawi , Hossein Ali Khonakdar","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growing concerns about environmental pollution have highlighted the need for efficient and sustainable methods to remove dye contamination from various ecosystems. In this context, computational methods such as molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, quantum mechanics (QM) calculations, and machine learning (ML) methods are powerful tools used to study and predict the adsorption processes of dyes on various adsorbents. These methods provide detailed insights into the molecular interactions and mechanisms involved, which can be crucial for designing efficient adsorption systems. MD simulations, detailing molecular arrangements, predict dyes' adsorption behaviour and interaction energies with adsorbents. They simulate the entire adsorption process, including surface diffusion, solvent layer penetration, and physisorption. QM calculations, especially density functional theory (DFT), determine molecular structures and reactivity descriptors, aiding in understanding adsorption mechanisms. They identify stable adsorption configurations and interactions like hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces. MC simulations predict equilibrium properties and adsorption energies by sampling molecular configurations. ML methods have proven highly effective in predicting and optimizing dye adsorption processes. These models offer significant advantages over traditional methods, including higher accuracy and the ability to handle complex datasets. These methods optimize adsorption conditions, clarify adsorbent functionalization roles, and predict dye removal efficiency under various conditions. This research explores MD, MC, QM, and ML approaches to connect molecular interactions with macroscopic adsorption phenomena. Probing these techniques provides insights into the dynamics and energetics of dye pollutants on adsorption surfaces. The findings will aid in developing and optimizing new materials for dye removal. This review has significant implications for environmental remediation, offering a comprehensive understanding of adsorption at various scales. Merging microscopic data with macroscopic observations enhances knowledge of dye pollutant adsorption, laying the groundwork for efficient, sustainable removal technologies. Addressing the growing challenges of ecosystem protection, this study contributes to a cleaner, more sustainable future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103281"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001868624002045/pdfft?md5=b421dd7d0e0840bdab5523e89bc96fe7&pid=1-s2.0-S0001868624002045-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Kobina Sam , Heyu Li , Yan-Tong Xu , Yan Cao
{"title":"Advances in porous carbon materials for a sustainable future: A review","authors":"Daniel Kobina Sam , Heyu Li , Yan-Tong Xu , Yan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing clean and renewable energy sources is key to a sustainable future. For human society to progress sustainably, environmentally friendly energy conversion and storage technologies are critical. The use of nanostructured advanced functional materials heavily influences the functionality of these systems. Porous carbons are multifunctional materials boasting considerable industrial utility. They possess many remarkable physiochemical and mechanical characteristics which have garnered interest in various fields. In this review, the application of porous carbon materials in electrocatalysis (HER, OER, ORR, NARR, and CO<sub>2</sub>RR) and rechargeable batteries (LIBs, Li<img>S batteries, NIBs, and KIBs) for renewable energy conversion and storage are discussed. The suitability of porous carbon materials for these applications is discussed, and some recent works are reviewed. Finally, a few viewpoints on developing porous carbons in electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries are given. This review aims to generate interest in current and upcoming researchers in porous carbon application for a sustainable future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103279"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142088640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Aghababaei , David Julian McClements , Marc Pignitter , Milad Hadidi
{"title":"A comprehensive review of processing, functionality, and potential applications of lentil proteins in the food industry","authors":"Fatemeh Aghababaei , David Julian McClements , Marc Pignitter , Milad Hadidi","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a pressing need for sustainable sources of proteins to address the escalating food demands of the expanding global population, without damaging the environment. Lentil proteins offer a more sustainable alternative to animal-derived proteins (such as those from meat, fish, eggs, or milk). They are abundant, affordable, protein rich, nutritious, and functional, which makes them highly appealing as ingredients in the food, personal care, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries. In this article, the chemical composition, nutritional value, and techno-functional properties of lentil proteins are reviewed. Then, recent advances on the extraction, purification, and modification of lentil proteins are summarized. Hurdles to the widespread utilization of lentil proteins in the food industry are highlighted, along with potential strategies to surmount these challenges. Finally, the potential applications of lentil protein in foods and beverages are discussed. The intention of this article is to offer an up-to-date overview of research on lentil proteins, addressing gaps in the knowledge related to their potential nutritional benefits and functional advantages for application within the food industry. This includes exploring the utilization of lentil proteins as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds, emulsifiers, edible inks for 3D food printing, meat analogs, and components of biodegradable packaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 103280"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001868624002033/pdfft?md5=e99b433ff2d75824fe830028a53047fe&pid=1-s2.0-S0001868624002033-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nanoparticles with a focus on Prosopis farcta plant extracts and biomedical applications","authors":"Maryam Mohammadi Dargah , Parisa Pedram , Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas , Cedric Delattre , Aleksandra Nesic , Gabriella Santagata , Pierfrancesco Cerruti , Arash Moeini","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally friendly methods has garnered significant attention in response to concerns about the environmental impact of various nanomaterial manufacturing techniques. To address this issue, natural resources like extracts from plants, fungi, and bacteria are employed as a green alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. Plant extracts, which contain active components such as terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and vitamins, operate as coating and reducing agents. Bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, rely on internal enzymes, sugar molecules, membrane proteins, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent enzymes to play critical roles as reducing agents. This review collects recent advancements in biomimetic methods for nanoparticle synthesis, critically discussing the preparation approaches, the type of particles obtained, and their envisaged applications. A specific focus is given on using <em>Prosopis fractal</em> plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles tailored for biomedical applications. The applications of this plant and its role in the biomimetic manufacturing of nanoparticles have not been reported yet, making this review a pioneering and valuable contribution to the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 103277"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Composite hydrogels assembled from food-grade biopolymers: Fabrication, properties, and applications","authors":"David Julian McClements","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biopolymer hydrogels have a broad range of applications as soft materials in a variety of commercial products, including foods, cosmetics, agrochemicals, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical products. They consist of a network of entangled or crosslinked biopolymer molecules that traps relatively large quantities of water and provides semi-solid properties, like viscoelasticity or plasticity. Composite biopolymer hydrogels contain inclusions (fillers) to enhance their functional properties, including solid particles, liquid droplets, gas bubbles, nanofibers, or biological cells. These fillers vary in their composition, size, shape, rheology, and surface properties, which influences their impact on the rheological properties of the biopolymer hydrogels. In this article, the various types of biopolymers used to fabricate composite hydrogels are reviewed, with an emphasis on edible proteins and polysaccharides from sustainable sources, such as plants, algae, or microbial fermentation. The different kinds of gelling mechanism exhibited by these biopolymers are then discussed, including heat-, cold-, ion-, pH-, enzyme-, and pressure-set mechanisms. The different ways that biopolymer molecules can organize themselves in single and mixed biopolymer hydrogels are then highlighted, including polymeric, particulate, interpenetrating, phase-separated, and co-gelling systems. The impacts of incorporating fillers on the rheological properties of composite biopolymer hydrogels are then discussed, including mathematical models that have been developed to describe these effects. Finally, potential applications of composite biopolymer hydrogels are presented, including as delivery systems, packaging materials, artificial tissues, wound healing materials, meat analogs, filters, and adsorbents. The information provided in this article is intended to stimulate further research into the development and application of composite biopolymer hydrogels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 103278"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wanglu Li , Zhihao Yao , Tongtong Ma , Zihong Ye , Kaiyu He , Liu Wang , Hongmei Wang , Yingchun Fu , Xiahong Xu
{"title":"Acoustofluidic precise manipulation: Recent advances in applications for micro/nano bioparticles","authors":"Wanglu Li , Zhihao Yao , Tongtong Ma , Zihong Ye , Kaiyu He , Liu Wang , Hongmei Wang , Yingchun Fu , Xiahong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cis.2024.103276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acoustofluidic technologies that integrate acoustic waves and microfluidic chips have been widely used in bioparticle manipulation. As a representative technology, acoustic tweezers have attracted significant attention due to their simple manufacturing, contact-free operation, and low energy consumption. Recently, acoustic tweezers have enabled the efficient and smart manipulation of biotargets with sizes covering millimeters (such as zebrafish) and nanometers (such as DNA). In addition to acoustic tweezers, other related acoustofluidic chips including acoustic separating, mixing, enriching, and transporting chips, have also emerged to be powerful platforms to manipulate micro/nano bioparticles (cells in blood, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, and so on). Accordingly, some interesting applications were also developed, such as smart sensing. In this review, we firstly introduce the principles of acoustic tweezers and various related technologies. Second, we compare and summarize recent applications of acoustofluidics in bioparticle manipulation and sensing. Finally, we outlook the future development direction from the perspectives such as device design and interdisciplinary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":239,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 103276"},"PeriodicalIF":15.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}