Waste management最新文献

{"title":"Urban waste management inequities in New York city: a case study on spatial patterns of controlled and uncontrolled street waste and their associated factors","authors":"Siwei Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehensive urban waste management systems, addressing municipal waste collection and construction waste disposal, are essential for maintaining livable and sustainable cities. Understanding the spatial distribution patterns of controlled and uncontrolled waste, along with their underlying environmental and socioeconomic determinants, is essential for developing more effective urban waste management strategies. However, comprehensive analysis of street-level waste distribution and its relationship with socioeconomic factors remains limited, particularly regarding environmental justice implications. This study developed a computer vision approach to detect controlled and uncontrolled waste in New York City and analyzed their spatial distribution patterns to examine associations with urban environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. We employed Swin Transformer architecture for automated waste detection from street-view imagery. Spatial analysis, logistic regression, and interpretable machine learning using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) were applied to analyze 43 variables across environmental and socioeconomic factors. Results revealed contrasting distribution profiles where controlled waste concentrated in high-density, well-developed areas with higher education levels, while uncontrolled waste exhibited dual marginalization in urban peripheries and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Hispanic populations showed 14.9 % higher odds of uncontrolled waste exposure (OR = 1.149, p = 0.032), confirming environmental justice concerns. This research provides the first comprehensive quantitative evidence of street-level waste inequality, revealing significant spatial and social disparities that support targeted policy interventions through data-driven hotspot identification for vulnerable communities in urban waste management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115333"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on pyrolysis characteristics of common fractions from real municipal solid waste using Py-GC/MS and principal component analysis","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenxi Zhao ,&nbsp;Hiroki Harada ,&nbsp;Masaki Takaoka","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) requires a mechanistic understanding of real, heterogeneous waste, yet most mechanistic studies rely on simplified or simulated MSW, leaving the molecular-level impacts of real heterogeneity insufficiently understood. This study aims to systematically characterize pyrolysis of real MSW fractions and evaluate the influence of sample- and temporal-scale heterogeneity. Two MSW samples were collected from an incineration plant on the same day (morning vs. afternoon), classified and cryogenically milled to assess achievable laboratory homogeneity and temporal heterogeneity. Pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was conducted based on thermogravimetric profiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on the results to jointly distinguish MSW fractions and quantify heterogeneity effect via distances in principal-component space. PCA revealed a distance pattern of technical replicates &lt; inter-batch &lt; inter-fraction, confirming sufficient homogenization by cryogenic milling and detectable temporal variability in real MSW. Real MSW predominantly produced hydroxyacetaldehyde and levoglucosan from biomass-based fractions (Paper, Cloth, Wood, Kitchen Waste) and styrene from Resin. These differed from those reported for simulated MSW, e.g., acetic acid (sawdust), D-allose (cotton clothes), acetic acid (vegetables), underscoring the importance of using real MSW in mechanistic investigations. Increasing temperature shifted biomass volatiles from anhydrosugars toward carbonyls and gases, while Resin evolved from benzene and straight-chain compounds to cyclic species. The PCA-based distance framework in this study provides a methodological approach for quantifying heterogeneity, assessing representativeness, and improving the reliability of lab micro-scale analyses of real MSW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115348"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic upcycling of waste polystyrene plastics into production of fuels and chemicals: A review","authors":"Yuanxing Pu ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Hu ,&nbsp;Huixian Du","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polystyrene (PS), one of the world’s most widely produced plastics, generates significant white pollution due to its non-biodegradable nature. However, these waste materials contain abundant carbon resources that can serve as raw materials for producing high-value products, making it necessary to convert them into valuable chemicals. Catalytic upcycling and recycling technologies achieve this by selectively breaking and recombining chemical bonds, thereby efficiently converting waste PS into valuable chemical products like styrene monomers, aromatics and fuels. This represents one of the core pathways to achieve a “plastic circular economy.” This paper reviews recent research progress in novel catalytic technologies (e.g., thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis) for PS recycling, with particular emphasis on elucidating reaction mechanisms, reaction processes, and product-directed control mechanisms. Finally, it discusses the application prospects and future development trends of plastic catalytic upgrading technologies, providing valuable insights for achieving a sustainable plastic circular economy. This review offers a systematic perspective on technological breakthroughs in the catalytic recycling of waste PS, aiming to lay the foundation for the recyclability and long-term sustainable production of PS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115344"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of multiple polyol grades from complex flexible polyurethane foams by depolymerization with alkanolamines","authors":"Zoë De Herdt ,&nbsp;Muhammad Adeel ,&nbsp;Lukasz Pazdur ,&nbsp;Matthew Porters ,&nbsp;Victor Beeckmans ,&nbsp;Jonas Cassimon ,&nbsp;Christophe M.L. Vande Velde ,&nbsp;Pieter Billen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chemical recycling of polyurethane (PU) foams is limited by their chemical complexity, especially in multi-polyol formulations, resulting in low recovery rates of high-value products. This study presents a novel chemical depolymerization approach using diethanolamine (DEA) to achieve three-phase separation and maximize recovery of aromatic amines derived from isocyanates. Reaction parameters including temperature, reaction time, and DEA:PU ratio were evaluated, identifying optimal conditions (240 °C, 30 <!--> <!-->min, DEA:PU 2:1 by mass) that consistently produced a clear three-phase separation and yielded methylenedianiline (MDA) at 89 % of the theoretical maximum. Layer analysis revealed a distinct component distribution: the top and middle phases contained mainly polyols (82.7 % Polyol 1, 87.4 % Polyol 2, respectively), while the bottom phase was predominantly MDA and unreacted DEA. Urea-containing intermediates formed under milder conditions, gradually decomposing into aromatic amines under extended reaction times, revealed aminolysis as the dominant reaction pathway. The method was successfully applied to MDI- and TDI-based foams, with up to five polyols, and to mixed foams, demonstrating robustness and versatility. A predictive test, mixing polyols and cleaving agents at room temperature, reliably indicated the feasibility of three-phase separation even before depolymerization. Testing other cleaving agents showed that alkanolamines with primary or secondary amines, such as 2-aminoethanol, can also induce three-phase separation. The potential of other amines requires further investigation for optimized and efficient macroscopic phase separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115340"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable discharge of lithium-ion batteries using coconut water: a natural alternative to chloride-based electrolytes","authors":"Helton Rogger Regatieri,&nbsp;Hugo Ferreira dos Santos,&nbsp;Ruan Vinícius Rocha Damaceno,&nbsp;Henrique Cesar Linhares Almeida,&nbsp;José Ricardo Cezar Salgado","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The neutralization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) prior to recycling is a crucial safety step to avoid short circuits, thermal runaway, or toxic emissions. Conventional protocols commonly rely on chloride-based aqueous solutions, such as NaCl or KCl, which accelerate discharge due to their high ionic conductivity. However, these electrolytes present risks associated with corrosion and environmental contamination. In this study, coconut water as a natural and biodegradable alternative for discharging LIBs has been investigated. Aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl (1.0–3.0 mol L⁻¹), as well as commercial coconut water, both within and beyond expiration dates, were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Coconut water demonstrated slower yet stable discharge behavior, achieving complete battery neutralization within 28 h, with no evidence of casing corrosion. Its ionic content, primarily K⁺, was sufficient to support low-risk, long-duration discharge processes. Additionally, expired coconut water performed similarly to non-expired samples, indicating suitability for repurposing food-grade waste. This work highlights coconut water as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to synthetic electrolytes in decentralized recycling workflows, aligning with circular economy principles and reducing the environmental burden of battery end-of-life management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115321"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual catalytic system using industrial solid waste and zeolite for enhanced aromatic hydrocarbon conversion from waste bamboo biomass","authors":"Jingchao Wei ,&nbsp;Bangda Wang ,&nbsp;Tongxiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Fei Gong ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Quanwei Lv ,&nbsp;Ziheng Jin ,&nbsp;Shouliang Yi ,&nbsp;Xia Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study developed a dual-catalyst system combining typical industrial solid waste (i.e. red mud, coal fly ash, blast furnace slag, red gypsum and anode slag) and zeolite in synergistically promoting the catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of waste bamboo biomass for aromatics production. The results demonstrated that industrial solid wastes significantly enhanced deoxygenation and decreased the oxygenated compound content by 2.60 % to 26.26 % compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis. Notably, red gypsum exhibited the most pronounced effect, increasing the content of aromatic precursors, such as hydrocarbons, by 21.82 %. In the dual-catalyst system, the red gypsum/HBeta (H-form Beta zeolite) combination (1:1 ratio) attained a total aromatics relative content of 43.58 % at 550°C, representing a 30.79 % improvement over single HBeta. Moreover, the contents of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and benzene-toluene-xylenes (BTX) increased by 37.27 % and 49.29 %, respectively. The improved aromatics content was primarily attributed to the abundant reactive oxides and hierarchical pore structure within the dual-catalyst CFP (DC-CFP). In the DC-CFP, the mesopores of the industrial solid waste promote the diffusion of macromolecules produced by pyrolysis, while lattice oxygen transfer from Fe₂O₃ (28.29 %) in red gypsum facilitates the cleavage of the C–O, C=O and C–C bond to yield small-molecule precursors. These intermediates then undergo aromatization driven by the acidic sites of the microporous HBeta zeolite, synergistically enhancing aromatics content and offering a novel approach for utilizing industrial solid waste resources and biomass energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115342"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Vehicle Batteries Recycling: A Review","authors":"Behzad Esmaeilian ,&nbsp;Yaohong Xiao ,&nbsp;Gagan K. Goyal ,&nbsp;Lei Zuo ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Sara Behdad","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of electric vehicles has created an urgent need for practical end-of-life lithium-ion battery recycling systems that are technically competent, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable. To clarify these growing technical and systemic challenges, a detailed synthesis of the existing body of knowledge is required. This review systematically analyzes the EV battery recycling literature retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. From an initial set of about 1,700 publications, 130 studies were selected through structured screening for methodological relevance and technical analyses. The review is structured around four major topics: (1) collection and infrastructure planning, (2) recycling technologies, (3) digital and automation technologies, and (4) lifecycle and techno-economic assessments. For collection and infrastructure planning, the literature on game-theoretic and reverse logistics models show that coordinated networks and policy-driven incentives considerably improve collection outcomes and economic performance. In the area of recycling technologies, studies discuss that mechanical disassembly is mainly manual due to design heterogeneity and safety risks; while emerging robotic solutions deliver operational improvements. Pyrometallurgy provides robust throughput but is energy-intensive, hydrometallurgy facilitates selective recovery, supercritical and electrochemical routes offer cleaner options, and direct regeneration supports closed-loop circularity but requires scale-up. About digital and automation technologies, AI supports advanced diagnostics, robotics increases flexibility, digital twins facilitate predictive control, and digital product passports advance traceability but face governance and standardization challenges. Also, in the lifecycle assessment and techno-economic assessments domain, studies suggest that logistics and collection rates dominate cost and emission profiles, with siting optimization and automation driving measurable improvements. The synthesis of literature also identifies three future research directions: intelligent hybrid systems, information recovery systems, and resilient value networks which emphasize the need for digitally connected policy-aligned recycling infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115302"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term leachability and stabilization of lead and cadmium co-contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite-modified drinking water treated sludge","authors":"Zijun Ye ,&nbsp;Haonan Cong ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Benyi Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydroxyapatite (HAP) modified drinking water treated sludge (DWTS) was developed for the remediation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) co-contaminated soils, thereby simultaneously achieving the dual objectives of solid waste management and contaminated site remediation. However, long-term leachability and stabilization of Pb and Cd co-contaminated soils under environmental exposure were not very clear. In this work, batch stabilization tests, freeze–thaw cycles, soil column leaching test, and wet-dry cycles were conducted. The results showed that HAP and DWTS mixed at a mass ratio of 2:1 (2H‑DWTS) and applied at 5 % (w/w) with 14 days of incubation stabilized the leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd at 0.05 mg/L and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. 2H‑DWTS stabilized Pb and Cd through dissolution-precipitation, cation exchange, and adsorption/complexation, resulting in the formation of insoluble phosphates, carbonates, and hydroxides. The 2H‑DWTS treated soil showed strong resistance to freeze-thaw‑induced deterioration, with Pb and Cd leaching concentrations increasing by only 0.09 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively, after 12 cycles. In the soil column leaching tests, 2H‑DWTS reduced the cumulative leaching of Pb and Cd by 28.7 % and 26.5 %, respectively, under CaCl₂ solution, and by 24.6 % and 47.3 %, respectively, under simulated acid rain. Wet-dry cycles combined with CaCl₂/simulated acid rain aging decreased the leaching concentrations in each cycle but led to an increase in the cumulative leaching concentrations. This study not only provides new insights into the management of DWTS but also lays a theoretical foundation for the application of H-DWTS composites in the remediation of Pb and Cd co-contaminated soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115320"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming coal washery rejects into carbon nanomaterials via microwave pyrolysis for waste to value conversion","authors":"Burada Shravani ,&nbsp;Navneet Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Shavi Agrawal ,&nbsp;Anurag Shakya ,&nbsp;B.Rajasekhar Reddy ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Dishwar","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a sustainable approach for converting coal washery rejects into high-value carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) using microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis. Initial characterization of the raw coal tailings revealed a high fixed carbon content (40.27 wt%) and calorific value (20.4 MJ/Kg). Through beneficiation techniques such as froth flotation and oil agglomeration, the carbon content was enhanced to 73.97<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->75.93 wt% with an increased calorific value of 27.2<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->30.7 MJ/Kg. The cleaned coal concentrate was subjected to microwave pyrolysis in the presence of Fe-based catalysts. Under optimized conditions (810 W microwave power, 45 µm catalyst particle size, and 2:1 coal-to-catalyst ratio), the process resulted in a 66.5 % yield of carbon nanomaterials with up to 80 % purity. Varying these parameters influenced the morphology of the synthesized nanomaterials, producing carbon nanotubes with an average length of 1.41 µm and diameter of 80.22 nm. Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed an I_D/I_G ratio ∼ 1 for the optimized samples, indicating a high degree of graphitization, while XRD confirmed the presence of crystalline graphite (0<!--> <!-->0<!--> <!-->2) planes at 2theta ∼ 26°. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of transforming high-ash coal waste into functional carbon nanostructures via a controlled microwave-heating route.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115319"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified red mud catalysts for enhanced bio-crude yield and metal retention in hydrothermal liquefaction of oak wood","authors":"Seyedmohammad Mousavi,&nbsp;Martina Damizia,&nbsp;Maria Paola Bracciale,&nbsp;Roya Hamidi,&nbsp;Sogand Musivand,&nbsp;Paolo De Filippis,&nbsp;Benedetta de Caprariis","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising route for biofuel production, but the resulting bio-crude suffers from low quality, high metal content, and poor stability. This study explores the use of red mud (RM), a metal oxide-rich industrial waste, as a low-cost catalyst and hydrogen producer to enhance bio-crude yield and stability during the HTL of oak wood. To enhance RM performance, it was modified through thermal treatment, acid washing, and reduction. The study aimed not only to improve bio-crude yield and quality but also to assess the impact of these treatments on the migration of metals into the oil and aqueous phases. The acid-washed and reduced RM showed the best catalytic activity, reaching a bio-crude yield of almost 50 %. This was attributed to its high surface area which increased from 14.9 to 49.1 m²/g and consequently, enhanced iron availability, which promoted in-situ hydrogen generation. As revealed by the characterization of the samples, acid treatment led to the formation of a stable FeTiO3 (ilmenite) phase, which enabled the complete reduction and reoxidation of Fe during the process. The presence of ilmenite also significantly minimized Fe leaching into both oil and water phases, the amount of Fe in the bio-crude decreases from 2330 to 42.5 ppm. Bio-crudes obtained with both catalysts showed high H/C ratios and carbon recoveries up to 67 %. These results demonstrate the potential of modified RM as a sustainable catalyst in HTL, offering a valuable route for waste valorization and reducing the need for expensive bio-crude upgrading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115300"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145811413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}