ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-08-01Epub Date: 2021-07-05DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1970
Xavier Langa, Patrick Neuhaus, David Lains, Theodora J Stewart, Nadine Borel, Ana C Certal, Joana F Monteiro, Peter Aleström, Eduardo Diaz, Indre Piragyte, Lars Bräutigam, Rodolfo Vázquez, Ruslan Hlushchuk, Lorenz Gfeller, Adrien Mestrot, Moritz Bigalke, Zoltan M Varga, Nadia Mercader
{"title":"A Systematic Analysis of Metal and Metalloid Concentrations in Eight Zebrafish Recirculating Water Systems.","authors":"Xavier Langa, Patrick Neuhaus, David Lains, Theodora J Stewart, Nadine Borel, Ana C Certal, Joana F Monteiro, Peter Aleström, Eduardo Diaz, Indre Piragyte, Lars Bräutigam, Rodolfo Vázquez, Ruslan Hlushchuk, Lorenz Gfeller, Adrien Mestrot, Moritz Bigalke, Zoltan M Varga, Nadia Mercader","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metals and metalloids are integral to biological processes and play key roles in physiology and metabolism. Nonetheless, overexposure to some metals or lack of others can lead to serious health consequences. In this study, eight zebrafish facilities collaborated to generate a multielement analysis of their centralized recirculating water systems. We report a first set of average concentrations for 46 elements detected in zebrafish facilities. Our results help to establish an initial baseline for trouble-shooting purposes, and in general for safe ranges of metal concentrations in recirculating water systems, supporting reproducible scientific research outcomes with zebrafish.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 4","pages":"252-264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cb/56/zeb.2020.1970.PMC8392081.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39086339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-04-20DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1975
Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato, Laura Bella, Elena Mainardi, Mattia Baraldi, Michele Bottarelli, Dorianna Sandonà, Cristiano Bertolucci
{"title":"An Automated Low-Cost Swim Tunnel for Measuring Swimming Performance in Fish.","authors":"Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato, Laura Bella, Elena Mainardi, Mattia Baraldi, Michele Bottarelli, Dorianna Sandonà, Cristiano Bertolucci","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of swimming behavior is an important part of fish biology research and the swim tunnel is used to study swimming performance as well as metabolism of fish. In this investigation, we have developed a user-friendly, automated, modular, and low-cost swim tunnel that permits to study the performance of one or more fish separately, as well as a small group of individuals. To validate our swim tunnel, we assessed swimming activity of four different species (zebrafish, medaka, guppy, and cavefish) recording reliable data of swimming behavior and performance. Because swimming behavior has been recently used in different fields from physiology to ecotoxicology, our setup could help researchers with a low-cost solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"231-234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38891572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1973
Vanessa Susan Pinheiro Figliuolo, Alex Matheus Viana Ferreira, Erika Milena Corrêa Guimarães, José Francisco de Sousa E Souza, Eliana Feldberg, Maria Claudia Gross
{"title":"Cryptic Diversity in the Terminal Portion of the Chromosomes of the Dogtooth Characins, Family Cynodontidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes).","authors":"Vanessa Susan Pinheiro Figliuolo, Alex Matheus Viana Ferreira, Erika Milena Corrêa Guimarães, José Francisco de Sousa E Souza, Eliana Feldberg, Maria Claudia Gross","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chromosomes of the dogtooth characins, fish species of the family Cynodontidae, have only a relatively small amount of heterochromatin, including the terminal portion. Curiously, in the cynodontid <i>Cynodon gibbus</i>, the terminal portion is rich in repetitive DNAs, including transposable retroelements and microsatellite sequences. Given this, this study investigated the composition of the terminal portion of the chromosomes of two cynodontid species (<i>Rhaphiodon vulpinus</i> and <i>Hydrolycus armatus</i>), to compile a database for the evaluation of all three cynodontid genera, and in particular, verify the possible tendency for the accumulation of repetitive DNAs in the terminal portion of the chromosomes of <i>C. gibbus</i>, <i>H. armatus</i>, and <i>R. vulpinus.</i> The <i>Rex</i>1, <i>Rex</i>3, and <i>Rex</i>6 transposable retroelements and the (CA)<sub>15,</sub> (GA)<sub>15</sub>, (GATA)<sub>8</sub>, (GACA)<sub>8</sub>, (CAT)<sub>10</sub>, and (CAC)<sub>10</sub> microsatellite motifs are found primarily in the terminal portion of the chromosomes of the species analyzed in this study, except <i>R. vulpinus</i>, which has no evidence of the presence of <i>Rex1</i> or <i>Rex3</i> through the fluorescent <i>in situ</i> hybridization technique. The mapping of the repetitive sequences, principally the microsatellite motifs, indicates a marked tendency for the accumulation of these sequences in the terminal portions of the chromosomes, which may have played a fundamental role in the differentiation of the three species.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25595452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1911
Wandong Bao, Xinjuan Wang, Lingfei Luo, Rui Ni
{"title":"The Lysosomal Storage Disorder Due to <i>fig4a</i> Mutation Causes Robust Liver Vacuolation in Zebrafish.","authors":"Wandong Bao, Xinjuan Wang, Lingfei Luo, Rui Ni","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phospholipid phosphatase FIG4/Fig4 is a subunit of PIKFYVE/Pikfyve kinase complex that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub>), a key regulator of endolysosomal trafficking and function. Loss of FIG4/Fig4 leads to intracellular deficiency of PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub> signaling and multiple endolysosomal defects. Previous works were focused on the effects of FIG4/Fig4 mutations in the nervous and musculoskeletal systems in human clinical and animal studies. In this study, we describe a zebrafish recessive mutant <i>cq35</i> showing robust liver vacuolation and lethality, with a predicted truncating mutation in <i>fig4a</i> gene. The liver vacuolation progress in <i>fig4a</i> mutant was reversible after regaining normal <i>fig4a</i> transcripts. The hepatic vacuolation pathology was identified as abnormal lysosomal storage with numerous accumulated cargoes, including autophagy intermediates, and caused progressive degeneration of bile canaliculi in mutant liver. These hepatic pathological details of <i>fig4a</i> mutant were repeated in zebrafish <i>pikfyve</i> mutant. Thus, zebrafish possess the conserved structural and functional mechanisms in Pikfyve kinase complex, based on which, <i>pikfyve</i> mutant phenotype covered <i>fig4a</i> mutant phenotype in their double mutant. Our findings represent the first description of the <i>in vivo</i> defects caused by FIG4/Fig4 mutation or PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub> deficiency in liver, and reveal the conserved complex mechanisms associated with FIG4/Fig4-deficient disorders in zebrafish.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38924883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1962
Batoul Ghaddar, Matthieu Bringart, Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, Olivier Meilhac, Nicolas Diotel
{"title":"Deleterious Effects of Overfeeding on Brain Homeostasis and Plasticity in Adult Zebrafish.","authors":"Batoul Ghaddar, Matthieu Bringart, Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, Olivier Meilhac, Nicolas Diotel","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Overweight and obesity are worldwide epidemic health threats. They recently emerged as disruptors of brain homeostasis leading to a wide variety of neurologic disorders. This study aims at developing a fast and easy overfeeding model using zebrafish for investigating the impact of overweight on brain homeostasis. We established a 4-week overfeeding protocol using commercially available dry food in an <i>ad libitum</i>-like feeding. In the diet-induced obesity/overweight (DIO) fish model, weight, size, and body mass index were increased compared with controls. Also, DIO fish displayed hyperglycemia, and had higher levels of advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) in a peripheral organ (tail). Although overfed fish did not display major blood-brain barrier leakage, they showed an increased cerebral oxidative stress, blunted brain cell proliferation as well as a striking decreased locomotor activity. Interestingly, switching from an overfeeding to a normal diet partially improved peripheral and central disruptions induced by overfeeding in solely 2 weeks. As a conclusion, this study provides a rapid and easy overfeeding model in zebrafish with relevant peripheral and central disruptions. This model could open the way for further investigations to better understand by which mechanisms overfeeding could disturb brain homeostasis. It also reinforces and contrasts with another zebrafish overweight model, showing that the type of the food provided could impair differently brain homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"190-206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39013247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-05-12DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1910
Ana Claudia Reis Schneider, Ana Carolina de Moura, Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho, Thiago Alves, Fabio Meurer, Marilene Porawski, Themis Reverbel da Silveira
{"title":"Effect of Melatonin on the Reduction of Hepatic Steatosis and Intestinal Leptin Expression in Zebrafish Exposed to Fructose.","authors":"Ana Claudia Reis Schneider, Ana Carolina de Moura, Fabiano Barbosa Carvalho, Thiago Alves, Fabio Meurer, Marilene Porawski, Themis Reverbel da Silveira","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin is a hormone related to circadian rhythms and has potential clinical applications. Our objectives were to verify the effect of melatonin on the liver of zebrafish exposed to fructose and evaluate the expression of appetite-related genes (leptin, ghrelin, and melanocortin receptor 4 [MC4R]). Animals were divided into three groups: control (CG, <i>n</i> = 25), fructose (FG, <i>n</i> = 25), and fructose+melatonin (FMG, <i>n</i> = 25). The study was carried out in 8 weeks. FG and FMG were exposed to 2% fructose and FMG treated with 1 μM of melatonin. Histological liver studies and gene expression analyses of Leptin, Ghrelin, and MC4R (liver and intestines) were performed. FG developed hepatic steatosis, which did not occur with CG and FMG. Genetic expression of hepatic leptin and MC4R did not show significant difference among the groups. Animals exposed to fructose (FG) presented an increased expression of intestinal leptin compared to those administered with melatonin. Animals exposed to fructose gained weight and developed an important hepatic steatosis, but melatonin reduced significantly the hepatic damage. Intestinal leptin showed increased expression in the group exposed to fructose.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"184-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38977229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-06-01Epub Date: 2021-05-17DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1955
Michael L Kent, Elena S Wall, Sophie Sichel, Virginia Watral, Keaton Stagaman, Thomas J Sharpton, Karen Guillemin
{"title":"<i>Pseudocapillaria tomentosa</i>, <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp., and Intestinal Lesions in Experimentally Infected Zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i>.","authors":"Michael L Kent, Elena S Wall, Sophie Sichel, Virginia Watral, Keaton Stagaman, Thomas J Sharpton, Karen Guillemin","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal neoplasms and preneoplastic lesions are common in zebrafish research facilities. Previous studies have demonstrated that these neoplasms are caused by a transmissible agent, and two candidate agents have been implicated: a <i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. related to <i>Mycoplasma penetrans</i> and the intestinal parasitic nematode, <i>Pseudocapillaria tomentosa</i>, and both agents are common in zebrafish facilities. To elucidate the role of these two agents in the occurrence and severity of neoplasia and other intestinal lesions, we conducted two experimental inoculation studies. Exposed fish were examined at various time points over an 8-month period for intestinal histopathologic changes and the burden of <i>Mycoplasma</i> and nematodes. Fish exposed to <i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. isolated from zebrafish were associated with preneoplastic lesions. Fish exposed to the nematode alone or with the <i>Mycoplasma</i> isolate developed severe lesions and neoplasms. Both inflammation and neoplasm scores were associated with an increase in <i>Mycoplasma</i> burden. These results support the conclusions that <i>P. tomentosa</i> is a strong promoter of intestinal neoplasms in zebrafish and that <i>Mycoplasma</i> alone can also cause intestinal lesions and accelerate cancer development in the context of nematode infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 3","pages":"207-220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349719/pdf/zeb.2020.1955.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38991604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-04-01Epub Date: 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1942
Rômulo Batista Rodrigues, Mariana Uczay, Verônica Bidinotto Brito, Antonio Cesar Godoy, Dinara Jaqueline Moura, Carla Vogel, Ana Carina Nogueira Vasconcelos, Danilo Pedro Streit
{"title":"Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage of Zebrafish Sperm at Different Stages of the Cryopreservation Process.","authors":"Rômulo Batista Rodrigues, Mariana Uczay, Verônica Bidinotto Brito, Antonio Cesar Godoy, Dinara Jaqueline Moura, Carla Vogel, Ana Carina Nogueira Vasconcelos, Danilo Pedro Streit","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although gamete cryopreservation has facilitated advancement of reproduction research by allowing the storage of cells over prolonged periods of time, during freezing-thawing cycles, cells inevitably suffer from cryoinjuries. Here, we evaluate oxidative stress and DNA damage of zebrafish sperm at different stages of the cryopreservation process. It was generally observed that the freezing and thawing of the samples led to an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activity of the catalase enzyme and a reduction in the generation of sulfhydryl groups and superoxide dismutase activity. The alkaline comet assay demonstrated that DNA damage increased after equilibration time, with an even greater increase after freezing and thawing. The comet assay modified with the enzyme formamidopyrimidine glycosylase, and Endonuclease III demonstrated greater DNA damage than the standard comet assay, demonstrating a high degree of oxidation of purines and pyrimidines at all stages of cryopreservation. Our results show that the freeze and thaw processes cause greater oxidative stress and DNA damage than cryoprotectant toxicity during exposure at the equilibrium stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 2","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25420690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-04-01Epub Date: 2021-03-23DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1952
Samuel Patula, Michal Wojno, Lee J Pinnell, Frank Oliaro, Chrissy Cabay, Giovanni S Molinari, Karolina Kwasek
{"title":"Nutritional Programming with Dietary Soybean Meal and Its Effect on Gut Microbiota in Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>).","authors":"Samuel Patula, Michal Wojno, Lee J Pinnell, Frank Oliaro, Chrissy Cabay, Giovanni S Molinari, Karolina Kwasek","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1952","DOIUrl":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nutritional programming (NP) is considered a promising approach that can counteract the negative effects of dietary plant protein (PP) by introducing PP to fish in the early developmental stages. Therefore the objective of our study was to assess the effect of NP on PP utilization and the gut microbiome in zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i>. The study included four treatment groups: (1) a positive control group that received a fishmeal (FM) diet throughout the entire trial (+ control); (2) a negative control group that received PP diet throughout the entire trial (- control); (3) an NP group that received dietary PP during the larval stage followed by FM-based diet during the juvenile stage and PP diet again during a PP challenge in the grow-out phase (NP-PP); and (4) an FM-group that received FM-based diet during the larval and juvenile stages and was challenged with a PP diet during the grow-out phase (NP-FM). During the PP challenge, the NP-PP group achieved the highest weight gain compared to the (-) control and NP-FM groups. The relative abundance of certain phyla such as Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes presented higher values in some groups at early juvenile stage. The fish gut microbiome also presented differences throughout the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 2","pages":"125-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25525231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZebrafishPub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1908
Gisele S F Braga, Daniela C Ferreira, Débora K S Marques, Liano Centofante, Fernando R Carvalho, Paulo C Venere
{"title":"<i>Gymnotus paraguensis</i>, a Good Example of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Pantanal Biome, Brazil.","authors":"Gisele S F Braga, Daniela C Ferreira, Débora K S Marques, Liano Centofante, Fernando R Carvalho, Paulo C Venere","doi":"10.1089/zeb.2020.1908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gymnotus</i> is the most studied genus of the order Gymnotiformes, but the morphological similarities of the different species make it difficult to identify taxa reliably. The present study is a continuation of the ongoing research into the taxonomic diversity of the stocks of <i>Gymnotus</i> sold as live bait in the Pantanal, Brazil. These studies have been based on cytogenetic analyses, DNA barcoding, and the analysis of coloration patterns. The results of the cytogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of three distinct strains, recognized as <i>Gymnotus paraguensis</i>, <i>G. sylvius</i>, and <i>G. pantanal</i>. However, the results revealed that the molecular operational taxonomic units identified as <i>G. paraguensis</i> actually include a relatively diverse set of fish, separated by considerable genetic distances. As the <i>G. paraguensis</i> specimens also presented considerable variation in coloration patterns, further genetic diversity analyses were conducted on these individuals, to test the hypothesis that more than one species is present in this cytotaxonomic unit. The haplotype network revealed a regional pattern in the distribution of this species. The results indicate that the observed variation in coloration patterns is associated with a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in <i>G. paraguensis.</i> These findings emphasize the importance of using an integrative approach for a more accurate diagnosis of <i>Gymnotus</i>, in particular, the species marketed as live bait for the fisheries of the upper Paraguay River basin in the Brazilian Pantanal.</p>","PeriodicalId":23872,"journal":{"name":"Zebrafish","volume":"18 2","pages":"162-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25561402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}