Volume 8B: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Analysis and Modeling of Vapor-Liquid Interactions in Condensing Ejectors","authors":"Nanqiao Wang, Nirmal Bhatt, S. Bhushan, Heejin Cho, Like Li","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70524","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ejectors are compact mechanical devices that utilize the expansion of a high-pressure primary fluid to entrain and compress a low-pressure secondary fluid by means of momentum transfer between the two streams of fluid. Condensing ejectors feature both momentum and heat transfer through the interaction between the vapor and liquid streams. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic analysis and computational modeling of the vapor-liquid interactions in two specific types of condensing ejectors — one with primary liquid and secondary vapor flows, and the other with primary vapor and secondary liquid flows. Control volume analysis of the mass, momentum, and energy balance in each phase and across the interface based on one-dimensional (1D) slug flow was conducted for the ejectors. The friction coefficient on the inner wall of the ejectors and the interfacial heat transfer coefficient are identified as controlling parameters for the ejector performance in terms of pressure and temperature distributions along the axis. The 1D slug flow models for both types of ejectors are validated with published results in the literature. After validation, in-depth parametric studies are presented to scrutinize the effects of major geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of both types of ejectors.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123374561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Turbulence and Wake Study of a Utility-Scale Rotating Three-Blade Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine","authors":"Hussein Al-Qarishey, R. Fletcher, Elaf Abd Alkareem","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wind turbines deployed in utility scale wind farms can help to meet future energy demands and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by reducing energy needs from fossil fuels. Wind turbines, however, produce downstream wakes and turbulence. In wind farms such turbulence can negatively impact power production of downstream turbines. It is critical, therefore, to understand this downstream turbulence, but this is challenging. Wind farm layouts are costly and mandate advanced analysis and sophisticated simulations be done to define a wind farm configuration long-before its construction. This is usually done using high-speed computers, and even super computers, to simulate and analyze downstream conditions. In this work the successful deployment of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using a desktop workstation to study downstream turbulence and wakes of a single utility-scale, rotational three-blade horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) are presented. A three-dimensional flow field assuming incompressible flow and unsteady state SST k-ω (two equation) turbulence model was constructed using an unstructured grid around an operational typical utility size HAWT with a rotor hub elevation of 80 meters and a blade length of 40 meters rotating at 18 RPMs. Various wind velocities of up to 25 meters per second providing pressures and velocities were successfully studied.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130280158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Wave Energy on the Willamette River","authors":"C. Poor, Rachel Anderson, H. Dillon","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71796","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The trend of using larger boats for wake surfing in river systems has caused concern for dock stability, bank erosion, safety of other boaters, and natural resource conservation. This study evaluates the wave energy due to boat traffic in the Newberg Pool of the Willamette River using budget conscious equipment and involving community stakeholders. Low-cost motion activated game cameras were used to record videos of waves when boats passed.\u0000 The video processing was completed using image analysis in the computational tool Matlab. For each image a high-contrast point of reference was used for the tracking, often tape on a dock piling. As the wave or dock moved, the reference point in the image was tracked in Matlab using the maximum or minimum grayscale pixel in a specific part of the image. This calculation allowed the research team to approximate the change in vertical direction in pixels.\u0000 A computational analysis tool was used at 4 sites, 2 in wake surfing zones, 1 in a wake zone, and 1 in a no wake zone, to quantify wave height and period. A total of 8567 videos were collected from the four sites, and 1227 were analyzed. For the wake surfing zone, the average and maximum wave heights were 0.026 m and 0.149 m, respectively, and average and maximum wave energies were 0.905 W/m and 19.2 W/m, respectively. In the wake zone, the average and maximum wave heights were 0.031 m and 0.137 m, respectively, and average and maximum wave energies were 1.405 W/m and 5.74 W/m, respectively. The average wave energy was higher in the wake zone, however, the maximum wave height and the number of boat-caused waves recorded were higher (2984 in the wake surfing zone compared to 1117 in the wake zone) in the wake surfing zone. Cameras were attached to dock pilings which may have resulted in lower values due to the dampening of the dock. Wake surfing was also observed in wake zones, where it is not allowed. This study indicates that the large boats used for wake surfing create larger waves that can potentially cause damage to property along the river and natural resources.\u0000 The processes and procedures used within this research would not have been possible without citizen involvement. The citizens partaking in the research allowed for their property to be used as a heavily monitored site or a self-monitored site. The self-monitored sites were a useful tool in collecting more data.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121036120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yttrium Decorated on Thin Borophene Defect for Hydrogen Storage: A First Principles Study","authors":"Kabelo Ledwaba, Sina Karimzadeh, A. Mkhohlakali, T. Jen","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Borophene- two-dimensional (2D) is an emerging material that has engrossed much consideration in the field of energy materials They exhibit a broad range of various incredible properties, which were considered as ground-breaking for different application such as batteries, superconductors, anode materials for photochemical water splitting, and biosensors and super capacitors. Yttrium-decorated borophene (Y-borophene) as a carrier for hydrogen storage have been studied. DFT calculations based on the Dmol3 code were used to investigate adsorption energy and optimal geometry for hydrogen adsorption on pure borophene and Y-borophene. Isolated yttrium atom on borophene have studied for defect. For Y-borophene, the yttrium atom can adsorb eight hydrogen molecules with average adsorption energy of 0.461 eV/H2 which has increased adsorption energy by 33% compared to the pure borophene with the same condition. The hydrogen storage capacity of this material is 15.23 wt.%, demonstrating Y-borophene as a promising candidate for hydrogen storage. In addition, the density of states plots (PDOS) is presented to further comprehend the electronic structures and bonding nature.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123750598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Material Behavior Seen With Novel Internal Cathode Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","authors":"Alex Hartwell, J. Ahn","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-66565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-66565","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Rapid climate change and the rising frequency of extreme natural weather events that it causes motivate a paradigm shift in how energy is produced, directing much research interest towards combined heat and power (CHP) systems. With the fuel flexibility offered by solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and their need for high operation temperatures, combustion systems become obvious targets for integration. The fuel-rich combustion of natural gas can produce synthesis gas, while providing the heat necessary for SOFC operation. To remedy issues associated with degradation of cell components, tubular SOFCS (tSOFCs) are best suited to this application. To match the environment present within the combustion chamber, tSOFCs must be turned inside-out yielding novel geometry internal cathode-tSFOCs (IC-tSOFCs).\u0000 IC-tSOFC development has revealed a wide variety of unexpected and yet fascinating material phenomenon. One example is the unique stress distribution present in these cells during sintering which ultimately leads to cracking. Another is the effect of the exothermic reaction of water formation at the anode which raises cell surface temperatures much higher than that of the environment, to the point of melting metal contacts. These behaviors, though cumbersome, motivate investigation into fundamental ceramic material behavior and ultimately adoption of new techniques to better control ceramic processing.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132876158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second-Life Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery in a Residential Solar Photovoltaic Grid-Tied System","authors":"Muapper Alhadri, Waleed Zakri, Siamak Farhad","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73403","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The behavior of retired lithium-ion battery (LIB) from its first-life application such as electric vehicles and electric aircraft for its second-life in a solar photovoltaic (PV) grid-tied system for residential applications is studied through mathematical modeling. The rate of capacity-fade and the useful remaining life of the retired- or used-LIB particularly investigated in this paper. The first part of this paper presents the optimal size of a small-scale battery energy storage system (BESS) to store a part of the solar energy for postponing consumption in the near future for a typical home in Akron, Ohio. The LIBs in this study has lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) chemistry. The sizing is determined based on a set of PV panels, power rate of the BESS, and hourly data of temperatures, irradiation and home demand load. Using PVWatts® Calculator from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the hourly PV performance data of the PV generation system is obtained. In this study, the home is connected to the grid, but the net energy usage from the grid in one year is zero. The duty-cycle of the PV generation is obtained in order to design a LIB energy storage system using calculations of the PV system hourly energy production. The difference between the residential home demand and PV generation is used to evaluate the excess energy that charges the battery and is sold to the electric grid. In the second part, the retired- or the used-battery degradation rate and its remaining useful second-life in the BESS are estimated using an empirical battery model. This model includes the capacity-fade of the LIB for both first- and second-life applications under different operating and environmental conditions. It is shown that a used-LIB from first-life applications is still suitable to be used for this system. The results show that the investigated used-LIB is capable of being in-service for another 10 years in the PV system for residential application. The results of this paper can potentially reduce the battery cost for electric vehicles and electric aircraft because the retired battery from these applications have still value to serve for another applications such as PV system for residential homes. Since this study is based on mathematical modeling, several assumptions have been made in the model. Although the results of mathematical modeling is very promising, these results should be proved experimentally. The experimental studies is out of the scope of this paper.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129553070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency Regulation With Connected Lighting Systems","authors":"Peng Wang, Michael R. Brambley, M. Poplawski","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70474","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The management of end-use energy loads, including commercial buildings, has been increasingly investigated as a promising source of services for the electric power grid. Lighting consumes about 17% of the total electricity use of U.S. commercial buildings; however, it may contribute significantly to services that improve the reliability and resilience of the grid due to its rapid speed of response. Connected lighting systems (CLS), which build upon solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) technology, can change their power demand more quickly than most other building electricity end-uses. But the potential of CLS to provide grid services has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we describe initial research to evaluate the potential of CLS for providing frequency regulation grid service. Frequency regulation is a reliability service that corrects in a matter of seconds for short-term changes in the balance between supply and demand that might affect the stability of the power system in a specific balancing area. Frequency regulation signals for a medium office building are generated from the normalized test signals for the PJM Regional Transmission Organization Reg-A and Reg-D regulations services. CLS are controlled in simulations to follow the Reg-A or Reg-D signal and thereby provide frequency regulation service. The performance of CLS providing frequency regulation is evaluated using the PJM 40-Minute Performance Score Template. The performance scores obtained for five different CLS categories responding to both Reg-A and Reg-D signals far exceed the minimum qualification score, a very promising result for CLS aiming to provide frequency regulation service.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129690023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of the Manufacturing of Porous Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","authors":"Cole Wilhelm, Evan Schaffer, T. Welles, J. Ahn","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69235","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are typically operated in a dual-chamber setup, where the fuel and oxidant flows are separated by the fuel cell. However, dual-chamber SOFCs (DCSOFCs) require sealant to keep the flows separate, meaning that rapid heating and cooling cycling could break the seal. The initial answer to this problem was a single-chamber SOFC (SC-SOFC). The SC-SOFC is simply a planar fuel cell mounted parallel to a mixed fuel and oxidant flow. This system operates through the catalytic reactions of the anode and cathode with the fuel and oxidant, respectively. The drawback of this design comes from the requirement of fuel rich flow. A fuel lean flow leads to the oxidation of the anode and failure of the cell. On the other end, a fuel rich flow will greatly decrease system efficiency as much fuel will pass the cell and be wasted, making SC-SOFCs a difficult technology to implement. This issue led to the development of a porous SOFC (PSOFC), as a variant on the SC-SOFC. The PSOFC incorporates a similar mixed flow but is mounted perpendicular to the flow with cathode upstream of anode, and a catalyst downstream of the anode with the goal of reforming exhaust into syngas for a zero-emission fuel cell. Pores through the entire cell allow the flow to reach the anode, from the cathode side of the cell. The zero-emission condition is realized with the use of hydrocarbon fuels in the mixed flow. Reactions of fuel and air in the cell result in products of CO2 and H2O, which are then reformed by the catalyst into syngas (H2 and CO). Exhaust reformation by the catalyst is possible due to the high operating temperature of SOFCs. Syngas from the cell may be used immediately for further electricity generation or stored for later use. Manufacturing of a PSOFC is carried out with additive manufacturing (3D printing). Techniques of manufacturing PSOFCs will be discussed. The catalyst layer has been omitted from cell production until electricity generation performance of the cell improves. PSOFCs tested thus far have produced under 100 mW/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.60 V. This performance is not enough to begin implementing PSOFCs in industry. However, it does set a solid base for future PSOFCs and shows that they are a viable source of power generation. With further improvement of manufacturing methods and implementation of a catalyst, PSOFCs will become an important tool in zero-emission power production.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130073007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatology and Trends of Heat Index, Human Discomfort Index and Energy per Capita for CONUS and Meso-America","authors":"Qurat Faiz, Jorge E. González","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-72532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72532","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Air temperature and humidity both affect the human comfort and health in warm and humid climates. An effective way to measure the overall effect of temperature and humidity on human comfort (or discomfort) is using the term referred as Heat Index (HI). The HI is a measure of how people “feel” when exposed to warm and humid environments, making it an effective variable to explain the effects of heat in people, to alert of heat advisories, and to reform public health policies. Evidently, heat index is a changing variable with geography and with climate seasons and change. This research aims to investigate the spatial and temporal trends of Heat Index and energy per capita (EPC) in the Continental US (CONUS) and the Meso-America (the Caribbean, and Northern Regions of South America).\u0000 In order to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution and trends of heat index and EPC in different regions of the CONUS and the Meso-America, hourly air temperature and relative humidity datasets were collected from two sources; The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and weather stations for the period of thirty years: 1990 to 2019. The Algorithm used in our study to determine the HI is similar to the one used by the National Weather Service (NWS) measuring air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (T) and relative humidity in percent (RH). Our analysis of the HI and EPC climatology for the summer season for Southeast US and the Meso-America exhibits the largest values in Southeast US, followed by the Greater Antilles, and then the Lesser Antilles. HI is used herein to quantify the impacts of these warming trends on EPC. Results of the analysis depict a Southern Greater Antilles with a positive EPC rate of 2 kWh per year for summer season. These spatial trends using NARR data were found to correlate very well with selected weather stations and were also determined to be statistically significant. The state level trends of electricity consumption per person per year (Figure 5.) suggests, in general, a correlation between trends on total energy consumption per capita and increasing maximum heat index. Therefore, increased energy production and improved energy infrastructure will be required to maintain ideal indoor building conditions as consequence of a warmer climate.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116134878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Behavior and Equation of State for Cryogenic Helium 3-4 Mixtures","authors":"George-Rafael Domenikos, E. Rogdakis, I. Koronaki","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70314","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On this study the authors have derived and present an overall Equation of State for Helium 3 and Helium 4 mixtures. The point of the present study is to give equations that are usable for engineering low temperature applications such as dilution or Stirling refrigerators, without the need to make any approximations or having to use different models for different phase regions. The offered model uses all the existing data, experimental and theoretical, describing the different phases of the Helium 3-4 mixture. Additionally, to the pure data, in areas where no direct data exist the presented equations are such that they follow the expected and observed behaviors and in parallel continuously connecting the data refence points while being self-coherent and able to correlate the different thermodynamic values and their derivatives with each other. Furthermore, the effects of mixing properties in the total values have been studied and through the understanding and modeling of their behavior, combined with the equations of state for the pure isotopes the authors have been able to extend the range of the equations outside of any current models by offering a range from near absolute zero to over the lambda line of Helium 4. Because of its importance in applications also the osmotic pressure of the mixture has been included. Lastly in order to make the model more usable for thermodynamic cycles the thermodynamic maps have been created where one can directly foresee the expected behaviors without the need to run the calculations.","PeriodicalId":238134,"journal":{"name":"Volume 8B: Energy","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125611139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}