Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Study on Hysteresis During Cyclic Injection in Hierarchical Porous Media","authors":"Shuo Yang, Si Suo, Yixiang Gan, Shervin Bagheri, Lei Wang, Johan Revstedt","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038923","url":null,"abstract":"Cycle injection schemes are often encountered in underground hydrogen storage (UHS), and the involved hysteresis directly impacts storage and extraction efficiency. The geological formation generally has hierarchical features containing multiple-level pore sizes. Nevertheless, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon and the pore-scale mechanism behind the geometry affects saturation hysteresis and its cyclic responses. In this work, by 3D printing technology, we fabricated a hierarchically structured porous media with dual permeability and uniform one for comparison. Gas-liquid injection cycles were performed to investigate the impact of hierarchical structure on invasion behavior. The phase morphology shows the preferential invasion in 1st-order structure and the capillary trapping in 2nd-order structure, which are supported by the phase saturation at each level of the hierarchical structure. Furthermore, ganglion motion is suppressed in the hierarchical structure. Through analyzing local invasion behaviors, the connect-jump invasion mode is identified as the primary reason for this suppression. Then, the hysteresis effect was quantified based on the Land model, revealing a weaker hysteresis effect in the hierarchical structure compared with the uniform structure, indicating that the hierarchical structure has a lower storage and extraction efficiency in UHS. Finally, the upward trend of relative permeability with saturation was fitted by the van Genuchten model. The model parameter in the hierarchical structure is higher than that in the uniform structure, which is caused by extra pore space in 2nd-order structure. The findings improve the understanding of hysteresis effect and can promote optimizing strategies for storage and extraction in UHS.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DREAM(LoAX): Simultaneous Calibration and Diagnosis for Tracer-Aided Ecohydrological Models Under the Equifinality Thesis","authors":"Songjun Wu, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Keith Beven, Chris Soulsby","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038779","url":null,"abstract":"The Limits of Acceptability approach has been demonstrated to be an effective conditioning tool due to its capacity to consider epistemic uncertainty. However, its application faces two challenges—the low efficiency when random sampling is used and the difficulty in setting limits prior to calibration. Here an algorithm DREAM_(LoAX) was developed and added to GLUE framework. As an extension of DREAM_(LoA) of Vrugt and Beven (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.026, it evaluates model performance based on limit boundaries, thus inherits the merits of the GLUE framework (explicit consideration of epistemic errors). Moreover, the importance of initial choice of limits is strongly reduced by allowing iterative evolution of limits based on historical model performance. By testing a series of examples (including a high-dimensional numeric example, a single-objective hydrological example, and a multi-objective hydrological example) with or without error-free assumption using synthetic or real observations, the search capacity of DREAM_(LoAX) to locate acceptable models is demonstrated. The algorithm also shows comparable efficiency to DREAM and DREAM_(LoA). More importantly, it provides real-time diagnostic information regarding <i>when (at which timestep)</i>, <i>where (for which objective)</i>, and <i>how (to which direction and to which extent)</i> the model fails when uncertainty is pronounced, allowing potential uncertainty sources in the data or flaws in the model structure to be identified. In this context, DREAM_(LoAX) is not only a useful conditioning tool, but also a diagnostic and learning tool for development of improved modeling.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informed Neural Networks for Flood Forecasting With Limited Amount of Training Data","authors":"K. Komiya, H. Kiyotake, R. Nakada, M. Fujishima, K. Mori","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036380","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel method called Informed Neural Networks (INNs), developed to enhance flood forecasting accuracy, particularly under limited data conditions. Accurate flood forecasts are crucial for timely evacuations, especially as heavy rainfall increasingly threatens areas previously unaffected by flooding. Traditional methods often require extensive data and frequent updates, making them costly and challenging to maintain. INNs address these challenges by enabling accurate predictions under limited data conditions. We propose an INN architecture for rivers in regions like Japan, where floods are predominantly caused by rainfall. We applied the INN to both rainfall-dominated and non-rainfall-dominated floods to evaluate its effectiveness and limitations. Our experiments show that the INN effectively integrates domain knowledge, maintains performance, and achieves lower prediction errors than ANN in data-scarce scenarios. These findings highlight the potential of INNs as a promising approach for future flood forecasting, particularly in data-limited environments.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Changes in Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Soil Hydrothermal Dynamics and Erosion Degradation Under Global Warming in the Black Soil Region","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhang, Yingqi Zhang, Junyu Qi, Gary W. Marek, Raghavan Srinivasan, Puyu Feng, Kelin Hu, De Li Liu, Yong Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038318","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming can change the freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) in seasonally frozen ground and influence soil and water conservation. This study employed an enhanced SWAT-FT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool-FTCs) model to explore the effects of different future climate change scenarios on the FTCs, soil hydrothermal dynamics, and soil erosion in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), a typical black soil region with seasonally frozen ground. Results suggested that SWAT-FT could more representatively simulate soil hydrothermal dynamics and soil erosion compared to SWAT. The SWAT-FT simulations revealed that soil temperature in 0–100 cm soil layers of the UMRB could increase by approximately 2°C–4°C during the FTCs period under SSP5-8.5 in the mid to late 21st century, decreasing the freezing days (FD) and even the absence of FTCs in some southern zones, but an increase in FD for some central zones. These changes were affected by air temperature, soil water content, and snow cover, resulting in three dominant response patterns of soil hydrothermal dynamics to global warming during the FTCs period in the UMRB, which were lag symmetric response in the northern zones, non-symmetric response in the central zones, and rapid symmetric response in the southern zones. The alterations in soil hydrothermal dynamics due to global warming exacerbated soil erosion in early spring after the FTCs by 2.3 times under SSP5-8.5 in 2071–2100 compared to the baseline scenario (1985–2014). Moreover, the erosion pattern converted from “dual-peak” to “single-peak” in April or May, increasing challenges of spring erosion control.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Vapor Transport in Dry Sand During Evaporation Monitored by Quasi-Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology","authors":"Junyi Guo, Mengya Sun, Chengcheng Zhang, Werner Lienhart, Hongtao Jiang, Bin Shi","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038719","url":null,"abstract":"Water vapor transport in the dry soil layer (DSL) plays a critical role in water and energy exchange between soil and atmosphere in semi-arid and arid regions. However, monitoring water vapor transport in extremely dry soils remains challenging. This study directly measured changes in water vapor content and temperature within sand pores during evaporation using fiber Bragg grating relative humidity sensing technology. Results indicated that soil temperature reached a minimum when relative humidity dropped from 100%, confirming that the sensors successfully captured the evaporating front and its dynamic migration within the soil. Water vapor fluxes exhibited a mono-convex temporal pattern, peaking at the evaporating front. Additionally, deeper evaporating fronts migrated more slowly in sands with varying initial water content. Furthermore, the relative humidity distribution within the DSL was found to be depth-dependent and could be described by a nonlinear function of depth. These findings suggest that our method offers a novel approach for investigating the mechanisms of water vapor transport in dry soils in semi-arid and arid regions.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Fidelity Numerical Study of the Effect of Wing Dam Fields on Flood Stage in Rivers","authors":"Xun Han, Gary Parker, Pengzhi Lin","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037852","url":null,"abstract":"Trains of wing dams (spur dikes) are used in river engineering for navigation in many rivers, such as the Mississippi River. These structures increase water level due to added resistance, and thus increase flood stage. The redistribution of bed sediment associated with constriction scour in the central channel zone and deposition along the banks between wing dams, however, may result in a compensating decrease in water stage. The net effect of wing dams on flood stage is determined by a balance between these two effects. We apply a high-fidelity 3D numerical model (LES rather than RANS or shallow water approach) to investigate the flow, water level and sediment transport in wing dam fields. We study both fully emergent (tops of wing dams protrude above water surface) and submerged (tops of wing dams below water surface) fields. Our results for a simplified configuration show that (a) the additional resistance of wing dams does indeed increase water stage, but (b) much of this increase is reduced via in-channel redistribution of bed sediment, including non-local contraction scour in the main channel. In all cases studied here, when the bed is fully erodible, wing dams increase depth in the central channel region between the wing dam field, promoting navigability there. We provide a direct upscale our results to an Upper Reach of the Lower Mississippi River (URLMR) using distorted Froude scaling, but outline numerous caveats which motivate future studies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143575213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bushfire Impact on Drinking Water Distribution Networks and Investigation Methods: A Review","authors":"Vaughan Mitchell, Jinzhe Gong, Ellen Moon, Wenyan Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038225","url":null,"abstract":"Bushfire events can directly and indirectly impact drinking water distribution networks. Water authorities around the world have experienced compromised water supply and quality in the aftermath of recent bushfires, necessitating costly investigation and repair. Future climate models predict an escalation of bushfire weather events with a significant increase in the severity and frequency in many regions, for which water authorities must now prepare. Currently, there is no systematic review on the impact that bushfires can have on drinking water networks and how these impacts can be evaluated and investigated. The current study provides a systematic review of academic literature, agency response, water operator reports and media releases on these two emerging topics. On bushfire impacts, the review focuses on the physical impact to water assets, potential risk to water quality in the distribution network, and possible interruptions to water supply. On evaluation and investigation methods, the review summarizes available testing methods for evaluating physical damages to assets, identification of chemical or biological contaminants that may compromise water quality, and the identification of, or elective, interruption of water service. Gaps in our knowledge on how drinking water assets are physically damaged and how services are interrupted due to water quality testing or results are also identified to inform water operators, government agencies and researchers. Further research into the impact of bushfire temperature and duration on various types of pipe materials exposed is discussed.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143575223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Resistance and Hydraulic Geometry in Gravel-And Boulder-Bed Rivers","authors":"Rob Ferguson, Alain Recking","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038852","url":null,"abstract":"The frictional resistance of river beds affects how water discharge is partitioned between depth and velocity, which is important in many aspects of hydrology, geomorphology, and aquatic ecology. Many of the most widely-used resistance equations predict reach-average velocity from relative submergence (RS), the ratio of mean flow depth to a bed roughness height such as the 84th percentile of the bed grain-size distribution (<i>D</i>₈₄). Nondimensional hydraulic geometry (HG) is an alternative approach that directly partitions unit discharge into depth and velocity. We show that any RS equation has an implicit or explicit HG equivalent, and the other way round. Analysis of a large set of flow measurements in gravel- and boulder-bed channels confirms previous findings that HG equations using <i>D</i>₈₄ outperform mathematically equivalent RS equations in predicting velocity. This paradox is explained by mathematical analysis and numerical experiments, both of which show that HG equations are less sensitive to the inevitable measurement uncertainty in the variables required for a prediction and the observed velocity used for testing. We also propose a new, simple and effective HG equation using <i>D</i>₈₄ to predict depth and velocity from unit discharge. It is derived in the same way as the now widely-used variable-power equation equation (Ferguson, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005422) and for deep flows it reduces to an inverted Manning-type equation. It should be possible to use HG equations for flow resistance in sand-bed and bedrock rivers, but this may require new definitions of roughness height.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Hydrodynamic Intensities and Sediment Erosion Along Submerged Aquatic Vegetation","authors":"Xinya Liang, Yunsong Wang, Jiarui Lei","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038311","url":null,"abstract":"Submerged aquatic vegetation, a key component of these solutions, plays a crucial role in coastal and river ecosystems by reducing flow velocity and preventing sediment erosion. Although extensive research has explored the velocity profiles of submerged meadows covering entire channels, natural submerged aquatic vegetation distributions are often patchy and interact with three-dimensional velocity fields. Although some studies have shown that vegetation patches improve sediment deposition, the effects of 3-D meadows on flow structures and sediment transport remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the physical mechanisms underlying flow-vegetation-sediment interactions. By combining theoretical derivations and laboratory experiments, we examine the impact of 3-D submerged artificial vegetation on sediment transport and flow development in unidirectional flows. Our results reveal a strong correlation between turbulent kinetic energy, vegetation characteristics, and the co-evolved sand bedforms. The root mean square error of our turbulence prediction model, which includes vegetation factors and sand bed friction, is less than 10% in the fully developed region. Furthermore, in the presence of 3-D meadows, the TKE outside the vegetation increases to triple the levels found within the meadow, significantly influencing bedform development and increasing the roughness height &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/0165d61c-b5d0-4440-ba7b-a4b76ad7a2f6/wrcr70057-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"294\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70057-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"3,4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis k Subscript s Baseline right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" size=\"s\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;/mjx-script&gt;&lt;/mjx-msub&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-sema","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143575226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Saltwater Intrusion Into Coastal Freshwaters in the California Central Coast","authors":"Lauren N. Kim, Casey Meusel, Rusty Barker, Brian Lockwood, Mark Strudley, Dane Behrens, Mara M. Orescanin, Mark Merrifield, Sarah N. Giddings, Morgan C. Levy","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037141","url":null,"abstract":"Saltwater intrusion (SWI) into coastal freshwater systems is a growing concern in the face of climate change-driven sea level rise and hydrologic variability. Saltwater contamination of surface freshwater in the coastal California Pajaro Valley exemplifies this concern, where surface water cannot be diverted for agriculture if it is too saline. Closures at the mouth of the Pajaro River Lagoon, a bar-built estuary in the Pajaro Valley, are associated with SWI. Closures and SWI are driven by a combination of offshore climate, coastal hydrodynamics, estuarine dynamics, inland hydrology, and infrastructure and management. Here, we describe the Pajaro Valley coastal water system and identify the oceanic and inland hydrologic drivers of SWI using available observational data between 2012 and 2020. We use time series and exploratory statistical analyses of coastal total water levels (TWLs), slough stage and salinity, river discharge, and contextual knowledge from local water managers. We observe that wet season lagoon closure and SWI events follow high oceanic TWLs coupled with low stage and discharge in the inland freshwater network, revealing how both wave and inland flow conditions govern lagoon closures and coincident SWI. This study yields novel empirical findings and a methodology for connecting coastal oceanography, estuarine coupled hydro- and morpho-dynamics, inland hydrology, and water management practices relevant to climate change adaptation in human-modified coastal water systems.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}