Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Multi-Physics Data Assimilation Framework for Remotely Sensed Snowpacks to Improve Water Prediction","authors":"Prabhakar Shrestha, Ana P. Barros","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037885","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in remote sensing of snow using Synthetic Aperture Radar have shown the potential for retrievals of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) at high spatial resolution with good accuracy. These data can be integrated with physically based models to reconstruct spatial heterogeneity and reduce uncertainty in quantifying SWE. In this study, we present a Multi-Physics Data Assimilation Framework (MPDAF) to improve operational water prediction by assimilating snow measurements/retrievals or microwave data. This framework is demonstrated over Grand Mesa, Colorado during NASA's SnowEx’17 campaign. To illustrate the potential benefit of satellite-based time-series of SAR measurements, we investigate the value of data assimilation (DA) with window lengths determined by potential satellite revisit times and anticipated estimation error models. Daily assimilation of integral quantities like snow depth showed dramatic improvement in predicted snow depth, SWE and in vertical profile of snow density. Independent evaluation against pit measurements shows that assimilation of SWE retrievals from airborne SnowSAR backscatter measurements substantially reduced bias in snow depth (from −22% to 0%) and SWE (from −19% to 3%), also recovering spatial heterogeneity not resolved by weather forecasts. Assimilation impacts both snowpack microphysics and the forward simulation of volume backscatter in X and Ku bands with dependence on snow depth changes. The uncertainty in the forward estimates of backscatter is consistent with the synthetic measurement uncertainty based on pit data, thus demonstrating that MPDAF preserves end-to-end physical consistency among assimilated retrievals and forward simulations of backscatter measurements critical for operational retrievals.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Storage and Operation Changes of 256 Reservoirs Across the Contiguous United States","authors":"Yanan Chen, Ximing Cai","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037372","url":null,"abstract":"Reservoir operations face persistent challenges due to increasing water demand, more frequent extreme events, and stricter environmental requirements such as instream flow requirements for endangered species or other aspects of ecosystem health. This paper explores real-world changes in reservoir storage and operation between 1990 and 2019 using historical data from 256 reservoirs across the Contiguous United States (CONUS). Statistical methods are applied to detecting changes in representative storage statistical metrics. Moreover, an empirical reservoir operation model which represents the dynamic change of operation over time is used to detect changes in reservoir operation rule and responses to different water availability and demand conditions under existing rules. The relationship between storage changes and operational changes is explored. Our results uncover significant trends in the storage metrics for 130 reservoirs, more of which show decreasing trends particularly in regions such as the Arkansas-White-Red basin, the Texas-Gulf region, and the southwestern United States, where the storage declined mainly due to sedimentation and drought. Conversely, it is found that increasing trends do not show a clear spatial pattern, that is, the changes are not tied with regions but with operational changes. Additionally, 76 reservoirs are identified with changes in operations via an empirical reservoir operation model. Finally, examining the relationship of operational changes with external environment variables shows evidence of not only the effectiveness of the operations for some reservoirs, but also operation deficiencies for some reservoirs. Notably, sedimentation-related issues and inadequate operational responses during extreme weather events emphasize the need for improved operational policies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143417638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-Based Land Surface Temperatures and Vegetation Indices Explain and Predict Spatial Patterns of Soil Water Isotopes in a Tropical Dry Forest","authors":"Matthias Beyer, Alberto Iraheta, Malkin Gerchow, Kathrin Kuehnhammer, Ana Claudia Callau-Beyer, Paul Koeniger, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Christian Birkel","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037294","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial variation of soil water isotopes (SWI)—representing the baseline for investigating root water uptake (RWU) depths with water stable isotope techniques—has rarely been investigated. Here, we use spatial SWI depth profile sampling in combination with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based land surface temperature estimates and vegetation indices (VI) in order to improving process understanding of the relationships between the spatial variability of soil water content and soil water isotope patterns with canopy status, represented in the form of VI. We carried out a spatial sampling of 10 SWI depth profiles in a tropical dry forest. UAV data were collected and analyzed to obtain detailed characterization of soil temperature and canopy status. We then performed a statistical analysis between the VI and land surface temperatures with soil water content and SWI values at different spatial resolutions (3 cm–5 m). Best relationships were used for generating soil water isoscapes for the entire study area. Results suggest that soil water content and SWI values are strongly mediated by canopy parameters (VI). Various VI correlate strongly with soil water content and SWI values across all depths. SWI at the surface depend on land surface temperature (<i>R</i>² of 0.66 for δ¹⁸O and 0.64 for δ²H). Strongest overall correlations were found at a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. We speculate that this might be the ideal resolution for spatially characterizing SWI patterns and investigate RWU in tropical dry forest environments. Supporting spatial analyses of SWI with UAV-based approaches might be a future avenue for improving the spatial representation and credibility of such studies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143417637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulics of Channelized Flow in Ice-Supersaturated Debris: 1. Rock Glacier Hydrology in Alpine Glacial-Periglacial Systems","authors":"Magdalena Seelig, Simon Seelig, Karl Krainer, Gerfried Winkler","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037235","url":null,"abstract":"Frozen sediment accumulations, including rock glaciers, talus, and moraines, constitute complex aquifers in permafrost-affected terrain. The spatial distribution of permafrost ice largely governs the flow of water through the subsurface, which exhibits a spectrum of flow patterns, ranging from diffuse flow through a porous matrix to concentrated flow along discrete channels. This study characterizes the groundwater flow system within three active rock glaciers drained by springs in the Austrian Alps. We study the alteration of recharge pulses traveling through the rock glaciers to decipher the dominant flow pattern. Key hydraulic properties are explored through a combined evaluation of spring hydrographs and fluorescence tracer tests. Water predominantly flows through a network of channels within the frozen subsurface. This flow is rapid and highly turbulent, implying high energy dissipation and effective heat transfer. Although the channels exhibit large hydraulic diameters, their irregular structure contributes to exceptionally high frictional resistance. These high energy losses accelerate the melting process and promote flow-melt feedback loops, driving permafrost degradation and facilitating flow concentration. Ultimately, the hydraulic properties of these channel networks influence permafrost thaw, solute transport, lake outburst hazards, and slope stability.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Topography-Based Approach for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping","authors":"Pengfei Shi, Kai Lyu, Zhenya Li, Tao Yang, Chong-Yu Xu, Xiaobo Hao, Jiaqing Xiao","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037851","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence frequency and catastrophe caused by flooding are increasing rapidly, highlighting the importance of real-time impact-based forecasting. However, traditional approaches primarily based on hydrodynamic models need large computational cost and generally fail to achieve real-time flood mapping, especially for large-scale watersheds. In this work, a novel, simple and convenient approach called Topography-based Flood Inundation Mapping (TOPFIM) is developed to achieve rapid and accurate flood mapping. TOPFIM is characterized by an adaptive river segmentation method and a dynamic inundation volume allocation approach adhering full water volume constraint. The proposed approach is applied to the upper reaches of the Le'an River basin, China, and HEC-RAS is employed as the benchmark for comparison. The results demonstrate that TOPFIM's simulation accuracy for inundation extent approaches that of hydrodynamic models, with an averaged critical success index of 0.83 and hit rate of 0.90 compared to HEC-RAS's simulation. Moreover, TOPFIM generates flood inundation mapping prediction within 10 s rather than hours required by conventional hydrodynamic models. It signifies a pivotal practical enhancement that has the potential to effectively preserve lives and protect assets in times of flood emergencies. Overall, as a simple and convenient tool, TOPFIM demonstrates its potential for real-time flood inundation mapping and risk analysis.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement Learning of Multi-Timescale Forecast Information for Designing Operating Policies of Multi-Purpose Reservoirs","authors":"D. Zanutto, A. Ficchì, M. Giuliani, A. Castelletti","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036724","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological forecasts have significantly improved in skill over recent years, encouraging their systematic exploitation in multipurpose reservoir operations to improve reliability and resilience to extreme events. Despite the growing availability of multi-timescale forecasts, there is still a lack of transparent and integrated methods for selecting the most suitable forecast products, variables, and lead times for specific operational challenges. In this work, we propose a holistic approach based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) to design multipurpose dam operating policies informed by available multi-timescale forecast products. Our approach extends the traditional Evolutionary Multi-Objective Direct Policy Search method by parametrizing both the operating policy and the forecast information extraction process. We compare our RL approach with a state-of-the-art two-step procedure in which the forecast selection and processing are performed before the policy optimization. We demonstrate the value of the method for the multipurpose operation of Lake Como (Italy) by considering multi-timescale forecasts from short to seasonal lead times to manage flood- and drought-related operational objectives. Our approach identifies solutions achieving an 18% improvement in hypervolume indicator compared to policies not informed by forecasts and a 6% improvement over those designed using the two-step reference methodology. These improvements are accompanied by increased flexibility in policy design and trade-off analysis by directly extracting forecast information within the multi-objective optimization. This study demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of integrating policy design with forecast information extraction, particularly when multiple operational forecasts are available.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143393482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-1 SAR Derived Snow Depth Retrievals Over the Extratropical Andes Cordillera","authors":"N. Bulovic, F. Johnson, H. Lievens, T. E. Shaw, J. McPhee, S. Gascoin, M. Demuzere, N. McIntyre","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037766","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring and estimating mountain snowpack mass over regional scales is still a challenge because of the inadequacy of observational networks in capturing spatiotemporal variability, and limitations in remotely sensed retrievals. Recent work using C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data from the Sentinel-1 satellite mission has shown good promise for tracking mountain snow depth over specific northern hemisphere ranges, although the broader potential is still unknown. Here, we extend the new Sentinel-1 based modeling framework beyond the northern hemisphere by only utilizing globally available input data, and evaluate different model parametrization and model performance over the Chilean and Argentine Andes mountains, which contain the largest mountain snowpack in the southern hemisphere. The accuracy of Sentinel-1 snow depth estimates is evaluated against an extensive in situ network available for the region. Satellite-retrieved snow depth is found to have poorer performance across the Andes than observed for northern hemisphere mountain ranges because of greater sensitivity to evergreen forest cover and shallower snowpacks. The algorithm does offer some skill but performance is variable and site-dependent. Algorithm performance is best over regions with limited evergreen forest cover (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/d4b89b59-a642-4962-91eb-d0c7cca6bf62/wrcr70007-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70007:wrcr70007-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70007-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mo>&lt;</mo>\u0000</mrow>\u0000${&lt; } $</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>15%) and snow depths greater than 0.75 m, although the retrievals over-estimate snow depth across most sites. Systemic errors for specific snow classes and across different snow depths are shown, highlighting specific areas in need of further investigation and development.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143393961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatic Controls on Hydrological Landslide Triggering in the Northern Himalayas","authors":"Linfeng Fan, Xingxing Kuang, Chaojun Ouyang, Kewei Chen, Chunmiao Zheng","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039611","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrologically-induced landslides are ubiquitous natural hazards in the Himalayas, posing severe threat to human life and infrastructure. Yet, landslide assessment in the Himalayas is extremely challenging partly due to complex and drastically changing climate conditions. Here we establish a mechanistic hydromechanical landslide modeling framework that incorporates the impacts of key water fluxes and stocks on landslide triggering and risk evolution in mountain systems, accounting for potential climate change conditions for the period 1991–2100. In the drainage basin of the largest river in the northern Himalayas– the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB), we estimate that rainfall, glacier/snow melt and permafrost thaw contribute ∼38.4%, 28.8%, and 32.8% to landslides, respectively, for the period 1991–2019. Future climate change will likely exacerbate landslide triggering primarily due to increasing rainfall, whereas the contribution of glacier/snow melt decreases owing to deglaciation and snow cover loss. The total Gross Domestic Productivity risk is projected to increase continuously throughout the 21st century, while the risk to population shows a general declining trend. The results yield novel insights into the climatic controls on landslide evolution and provide useful guidance for disaster risk management and resilience building under future climate change in the Himalayas.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Carbopeaking and CO2 Fluxes in a Regulated Alpine River","authors":"G. Dolcetti, S. Piccolroaz, M. C. Bruno, E. Calamita, S. Larsen, G. Zolezzi, A. Siviglia","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037834","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (&lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/cfd621e3-5b3a-4657-b270-b89b5721986a/wrcr27673-math-0002.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0002.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;semantics&gt;\u0000&lt;mrow&gt;\u0000&lt;msub&gt;\u0000&lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000&lt;/msub&gt;\u0000&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) fluxes in regulated Alpine rivers are driven by multiple biogeochemical and anthropogenic processes, acting on different spatiotemporal scales. We quantified the relative importance of these drivers and their effects on the dynamics of &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/19b5e807-fc94-4f6f-bbc0-d05bb981c9f3/wrcr27673-math-0003.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0003.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;semantics&gt;\u0000&lt;mrow&gt;\u0000&lt;msub&gt;\u0000&lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000&lt;/msub&gt;\u0000&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; concentration and atmospheric exchange fluxes in a representative Alpine river segment regulated by a cascading hydropower system with diversion, which includes two residual flow reaches and a reach subject to hydropeaking. We combined instantaneous and time-resolved water chemistry and hydraulic measurements at different times of the year, and quantified the main &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/c4e4c69e-fa25-4557-a475-3f259d0b71a7/wrcr27673-math-0004.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0004.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;semantics&gt;\u0000&lt;mrow&gt;\u0000&lt;msub&gt;\u0000&lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000&lt;/msub&gt;\u0000&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; fluxes by calibrating a one-dimensional transport-reaction model with measured data. As a novelty compared to previous inverse modeling applications, the model also included carbonate buffering, which contributed significantly to the &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/b2cf641c-ed2b-442d-8d71-5be84b833adf/wrcr27673-math-0005.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0005.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;semantics&gt;\u0000&lt;mrow&gt;\u0000&lt;msub&gt;\u0000&lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000&lt;/msub&gt;\u0000&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; budget of the case study. The spatiotemporal distribution and drivers of &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/cbc2b417-910c-4752-a886-f8b36e300a0a/wrcr27673-math-0006.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0006.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;semantics&gt;\u0000&lt;mrow&gt;\u0000&lt;msub&gt;\u0000&lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000&lt;/msub&gt;\u0000&lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; fluxes depended on hydropower operations. Along the residual flow reaches, &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/a7648e6f-e87a-4e3e-a208-c090a9bf83de/wrcr27673-math-0007.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27673:wrcr27673-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27673-math-0007.png\"&gt;\u0000&lt;","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143393480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Observations of Solute Dispersion in Rocks With Distinct Degree of Sub-Micron Porosity","authors":"Takeshi Kurotori, Christopher Zahasky, Sally M. Benson, Ronny Pini","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038625","url":null,"abstract":"The transport of chemical species in rocks is affected by their structural heterogeneity to yield a wide spectrum of local solute concentrations. To quantify such imperfect mixing, advanced methodologies are needed that augment the traditional breakthrough curve analysis by probing solute concentration within the fluids locally. Here, we demonstrate the application of asynchronous, multimodality imaging by X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and positron emission tomography (PET) to the study of passive tracer experiments in laboratory rock cores. The four-dimensional concentration maps measured by PET reveal specific signatures of the transport process, which we have quantified using fundamental measures of mixing and spreading. We observe that the extent of solute spreading correlate strongly with the strength of subcore-scale porosity heterogeneity measured by XCT, while dilution is enhanced in rocks containing substantial sub-micron porosity. We observe that the analysis of different metrics is necessary, as they can differ in their sensitivity to the strength and forms of heterogeneity. The multimodality imaging approach is uniquely suited to probe the fundamental difference between spreading and mixing in heterogeneous media. We propose that when multi-dimensional data is available, mixing and spreading can be independently quantified using the same metric. We also demonstrate that one-dimensional transport models have limited predictive ability toward the internal evolution of the solute concentration, when the model is solely calibrated against the effluent breakthrough curves. The data set generated in this study can be used to build realistic digital rock models and to benchmark transport simulations that account deterministically for rock property heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}