Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Mapping Global Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration Coupling Strength Based on a Two-System Method and Multiple Data Sources","authors":"Jianhong Zhou, Kun Yang, Jianzhi Dong, Wade T. Crow, Hui Lu, Long Zhao, Huihui Feng, Jiaxin Tian, Xiaogang Ma, Xin Tian, Yaozhi Jiang","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036847","url":null,"abstract":"Soil moisture (SM) is a key state variable in the climate system through its control on evapotranspiration (ET) and ET-regulated lower atmospheric processes. The SM-ET coupling strength (SECS) is thus closely linked with land-atmosphere interactions and its reliability is crucial for Earth system modeling. However, acquiring global maps of unbiased SECS remains challenging given significant levels of error present in globally available SM and ET products. Triple collocation (TC) provides a possible solution; however, it is difficult to apply globally since it requires access to three independent SM-ET data pairs—a requirement that is difficult to meet in practice. Here, we generate a global SECS map based on a new two-system approach that requires only two independent SM-ET data pairs. This two-system approach is first validated over local ground sites versus a ground-inclusive benchmark SECS. Subsequently, it is applied to generate a global map of SECS with input from various independent globally available SM-ET data pairs (identified using the benchmark SECS). Results suggest that previous TC-based SECS estimates are generally negatively biased due to cross-correlated error present between RS products. Instead, our generated new SECS map is shown to provide more robust mapping of global SECS—thus offering an important reference for improving Earth system models.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Applicability of the Kappa Distribution for Rainfall Frequency Analysis","authors":"Robert Strong, Olivia Borgstroem, Rory Nathan, Conrad Wasko, Declan O’Shea","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039035","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme rainfall events have profound implications across various sectors, necessitating accurate modeling to assess risks and devise effective adaptation strategies. The common practice of employing three-parameter probability distributions, such as the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Pearson Type III distributions, in rainfall frequency analysis often encounters limitations in capturing rare, heavy-tailed events with a lack of consensus as to which distribution is the most applicable. In this study, we explore the applicability of the four-parameter Kappa distribution (K4D) for modeling extreme daily rainfalls using annual maxima from the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily database. Quality checks and thresholds were used to remove erroneous and poor-quality data, retaining 20,500 stations with 50 or more years of data. The variation in the second shape parameter (<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/38c8a8bd-6099-4a01-845f-e8dfd3769fca/wrcr27658-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"107\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27658-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"h\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27658:wrcr27658-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27658-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"h\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">h</mi></mrow>$h$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>) was examined across regime characteristics, geospatial regions, and climate regional groupings to identify where the K4D is best able to model extreme rainfalls. Consistent with theoretical expectations, <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/1a96b52e-6d43-4f73-899d-be3c670df5d3/wrcr27658-math-0002.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"108\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27658-math-0002.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"h\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27658:wrcr27658-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tidal Influences on Temperature Dynamics and Heat Exchange in Coastal Wetlands","authors":"Xinghua Xu, Xiayang Yu, Junjie Wu, Kai Xiao, Pei Xin","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038374","url":null,"abstract":"Soil temperature is crucial for the ecological functions of coastal wetlands. While the impact of tides on porewater flow is well recognized, their effect on soil temperature, which is also closely related to hydrodynamic processes, has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigates how dynamic tidal and atmospheric conditions interact to drive temperature variations in coastal wetlands, based on both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The results reveal that temperature plumes develop near creek banks, where the annual mean soil temperature closely correlates with tidal temperature. Tide-induced water circulation enhances local heat transfer and mixing, leading to moderate annual temperature ranges in areas close to creeks. In contrast, surface soil temperatures across the wetland platform are closer to atmospheric conditions in both annual mean values and ranges. At the field scale, tide-induced advective heat exchange is apparent, particularly near creeks. However, its net impact on the overall heat balance is relatively limited compared to the conductive heat flux at the sediment-water interface. The study also highlights the role of macropores in enhancing local temperature fluctuations by augmenting advective heat exchange and increasing heat capacity. Additionally, increased hydraulic and thermal conductivities in wetland sediments could result in more efficient temperature transfer and larger temperature ranges in deeper soil layers. These findings advance our understanding of the hydrodynamic and thermal processes in coastal wetlands coupled with benthic bioturbation.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Implementation of Tidal Forcing in Simulations of Groundwater Dynamics in Subterranean Estuaries","authors":"Tao Wang, Chenming Zhang, David Andrew Barry, Jiansheng Chen, Yuan Wang, Jie Ren, Ling Li","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038145","url":null,"abstract":"Submarine groundwater discharge from subterranean estuaries is affected by tides, which are represented in computational models as time-dependent boundary conditions on the seaward boundary. Conventionally, a small time step is used in the numerical model to phase-resolve the tidal signal so as to ensure accurate results, although at the cost of excessive computation times for long-term simulations. This study proposes a highly efficient alternative method for modeling the tidal signal, in which a phase-averaged pressure is assigned to the seawater boundary with a much larger time step. The assigned pressure condition is first determined from an analytical solution of the time-independent pressure boundary condition. Along with the analytical solution, a single calibration factor is introduced at the beach face to account for the conductance at the beach. This results in good agreement between the results for phase-averaged and phase-resolved simulations. The new method is verified by comparison of the results for a wide range of physical cases determined using TOUGHREACT, a model for simulating coupled hydrodynamic, thermodynamic, and geochemical processes. This comparison shows that the phase-averaged results give good agreement except for a small underestimation of the mixing zone over the saltwater wedge region. These results confirm that the new boundary condition is suitable for efficient, long-term simulations of coastal aquifers subjected to tidal forcing.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Horizontal Dispersion on Residence Times in Shallow Lakes","authors":"Eiji Masunaga, Oliver B. Fringer, Tatsumi Kitamura, Takao Ouchi","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037509","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents results of circulation and residence time in lakes influenced by wind-induced mixing investigated with numerical simulations. The study area is Lake Kasumigaura, a continuous lake system primally consisting of two lakes, West Lake and North Lake. Although metrological conditions and depths are similar for both lakes, the surface area and shape of the lakes are very different. A numerical model resolves the primary features of the wind-driven circulation in the lake system and is forced by observed river discharges and wind stress. A passive tracer released from the river mouths is used to estimate the residence time and evaluate mixing processes. Wind-driven flow dominates the kinetic energy in the lakes and induces chaotic motions leading to tracer dispersion which is largely influenced by the shape of the lakes. Results indicate that the residence time is much longer in the well-mixed middle basin of West Lake than North Lake. The estimated horizontal tracer diffusivity is approximately three times larger for the large West Lake than for the small-narrow North Lake. This study suggests that the surface area and shape of lakes in which the flow is predominantly wind driven largely influences circulation, water exchange processes and residence times in lakes.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls of Climate Seasonality and Vegetation Dynamics on the Seasonal Variability of Terrestrial Water Storage Under Diverse Climate Regimes","authors":"Chuanhao Wu, Pat J.-F. Yeh, Tian Yao, Zhengjie Gong, Jie Niu, Shanshui Yuan","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038065","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial water storage change (Δ<i>S</i>) is an important indicator of climate change that can monitor and predict hydrological changes. However, the interactions between Δ<i>S</i> and climate, vegetation, and soil factors add complexity in temporal variability of Δ<i>S</i>, particularly at seasonal scale. Here, we conduct a systematic assessment in the roles that seasonal variabilities of climate and vegetation modulate seasonal variability of Δ<i>S</i> in 769 basins covering a wide range of climate regimes and vegetation types globally. The variance decomposition method of Δ<i>S</i> based on the Budyko framework is used to estimate the contributions of climate factors (precipitation <i>P</i> and potential evapotranspiration <i>PET</i>) and runoff (<i>R</i>) to Δ<i>S</i> variability for different vegetation types. Results indicate that the increased climatic (<i>P</i>, <i>PET</i>) and <i>R</i> seasonal variabilities enhances Δ<i>S</i> seasonal variability under both in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) seasonal relations between <i>P</i> and <i>PET</i>, with a larger contribution from <i>P</i> than <i>PET</i> and <i>R</i>. However, the <i>P</i>-<i>PET</i> covariance tends to reduce (enhance) Δ<i>S</i> seasonal variability under the IP (OP) relation, while the <i>P</i>-<i>R</i> covariance tends to reduce Δ<i>S</i> variability for both IP and OP relations. Climate seasonality influencing Δ<i>S</i> is regulated through vegetation dynamics, mainly via extending plant roots to access deeper soil water under water stress or by seasonally adapting water use efficiency and primary production. The growth of seasonal vegetation under the IP <i>P</i>-<i>PET</i> relation can cope with limited soil water, while the growth of evergreen vegetation under OP <i>P</i>-<i>PET</i> relation depends on soil water availability throughout the year.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Grass Cover on the Overland Soil Erosion Mechanism Under Simulated Rainfall","authors":"Mingwang Zhang, Kuandi Zhang, Youdong Cen, Pengfei Wang, Junqiang Xia","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036888","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research on soil erosion primarily focuses on the individual effects of factors such as rainfall intensity, slope gradient, grass cover, and soil characteristics, with limited exploration of the interactions among these factors. This study investigated the mechanisms of soil erosion on overland covered with vegetation in the Loess Plateau region through indoor artificial simulated rainfall experiments. The experiments included six levels of grass coverage (0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%), five grass distribution patterns (DP, CP, VP, SP, HP), five rainfall intensities (60, 80, 90, 100, 120 mm/hr) and three slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°) to explore the effects of experimental design factors and hydraulic parameters on the overland soil erosion mechanisms. The results show that as the grass coverage increases, the soil erosion rate on the overland decreases. Under different grass distribution patterns, horizontal grass distribution played an important role in inhibiting overland soil erosion rate. The overland soil erosion rate increased following a power function relationship with rising slope steepness and rainfall intensity, with erosion rates being more sensitive to changes in rainfall intensity than slope gradient. Among the six hydraulic parameters, dimensionless stream power was the optimal hydraulic parameters for predicting overland soil erosion rate under grass cover. Furthermore, an overland soil erosion model under the influence of grass cover and rainfall intensity was established based on general dimensionless hydraulic parameters (<i>KGE</i> = 0.931, <i>R</i>² = 0.912). The model satisfactorily simulates overland soil erosion rate under grass cover and helps to reveal the mechanism of overland soil erosion.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Physics Data Assimilation Framework for Remotely Sensed Snowpacks to Improve Water Prediction","authors":"Prabhakar Shrestha, Ana P. Barros","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037885","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in remote sensing of snow using Synthetic Aperture Radar have shown the potential for retrievals of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) at high spatial resolution with good accuracy. These data can be integrated with physically based models to reconstruct spatial heterogeneity and reduce uncertainty in quantifying SWE. In this study, we present a Multi-Physics Data Assimilation Framework (MPDAF) to improve operational water prediction by assimilating snow measurements/retrievals or microwave data. This framework is demonstrated over Grand Mesa, Colorado during NASA's SnowEx’17 campaign. To illustrate the potential benefit of satellite-based time-series of SAR measurements, we investigate the value of data assimilation (DA) with window lengths determined by potential satellite revisit times and anticipated estimation error models. Daily assimilation of integral quantities like snow depth showed dramatic improvement in predicted snow depth, SWE and in vertical profile of snow density. Independent evaluation against pit measurements shows that assimilation of SWE retrievals from airborne SnowSAR backscatter measurements substantially reduced bias in snow depth (from −22% to 0%) and SWE (from −19% to 3%), also recovering spatial heterogeneity not resolved by weather forecasts. Assimilation impacts both snowpack microphysics and the forward simulation of volume backscatter in X and Ku bands with dependence on snow depth changes. The uncertainty in the forward estimates of backscatter is consistent with the synthetic measurement uncertainty based on pit data, thus demonstrating that MPDAF preserves end-to-end physical consistency among assimilated retrievals and forward simulations of backscatter measurements critical for operational retrievals.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Storage and Operation Changes of 256 Reservoirs Across the Contiguous United States","authors":"Yanan Chen, Ximing Cai","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037372","url":null,"abstract":"Reservoir operations face persistent challenges due to increasing water demand, more frequent extreme events, and stricter environmental requirements such as instream flow requirements for endangered species or other aspects of ecosystem health. This paper explores real-world changes in reservoir storage and operation between 1990 and 2019 using historical data from 256 reservoirs across the Contiguous United States (CONUS). Statistical methods are applied to detecting changes in representative storage statistical metrics. Moreover, an empirical reservoir operation model which represents the dynamic change of operation over time is used to detect changes in reservoir operation rule and responses to different water availability and demand conditions under existing rules. The relationship between storage changes and operational changes is explored. Our results uncover significant trends in the storage metrics for 130 reservoirs, more of which show decreasing trends particularly in regions such as the Arkansas-White-Red basin, the Texas-Gulf region, and the southwestern United States, where the storage declined mainly due to sedimentation and drought. Conversely, it is found that increasing trends do not show a clear spatial pattern, that is, the changes are not tied with regions but with operational changes. Additionally, 76 reservoirs are identified with changes in operations via an empirical reservoir operation model. Finally, examining the relationship of operational changes with external environment variables shows evidence of not only the effectiveness of the operations for some reservoirs, but also operation deficiencies for some reservoirs. Notably, sedimentation-related issues and inadequate operational responses during extreme weather events emphasize the need for improved operational policies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143417638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-Based Land Surface Temperatures and Vegetation Indices Explain and Predict Spatial Patterns of Soil Water Isotopes in a Tropical Dry Forest","authors":"Matthias Beyer, Alberto Iraheta, Malkin Gerchow, Kathrin Kuehnhammer, Ana Claudia Callau-Beyer, Paul Koeniger, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Christian Birkel","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037294","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial variation of soil water isotopes (SWI)—representing the baseline for investigating root water uptake (RWU) depths with water stable isotope techniques—has rarely been investigated. Here, we use spatial SWI depth profile sampling in combination with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based land surface temperature estimates and vegetation indices (VI) in order to improving process understanding of the relationships between the spatial variability of soil water content and soil water isotope patterns with canopy status, represented in the form of VI. We carried out a spatial sampling of 10 SWI depth profiles in a tropical dry forest. UAV data were collected and analyzed to obtain detailed characterization of soil temperature and canopy status. We then performed a statistical analysis between the VI and land surface temperatures with soil water content and SWI values at different spatial resolutions (3 cm–5 m). Best relationships were used for generating soil water isoscapes for the entire study area. Results suggest that soil water content and SWI values are strongly mediated by canopy parameters (VI). Various VI correlate strongly with soil water content and SWI values across all depths. SWI at the surface depend on land surface temperature (<i>R</i>² of 0.66 for δ¹⁸O and 0.64 for δ²H). Strongest overall correlations were found at a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. We speculate that this might be the ideal resolution for spatially characterizing SWI patterns and investigate RWU in tropical dry forest environments. Supporting spatial analyses of SWI with UAV-based approaches might be a future avenue for improving the spatial representation and credibility of such studies.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143417637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}