Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"AI-Based Digital Rocks Augmentation and Assessment Metrics","authors":"Lei Liu, Bernard Chang, Maša Prodanović, Michael J. Pyrcz","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037939","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable uncertainty model calculation in subsurface engineering from pore- and grain-scale to field-scale relies on sufficient data, but subsurface data set acquisition remains a challenge, particularly in domains where data collection is expensive or time-consuming, such as Computed Topography (CT) imaging for digital rock images. While AI-based data augmentation may assist the model training, it still requires many training images as well as the quality assessment of generated data. Yet, most data quantitative metrics flatten spatial data into vectors; therefore, removing the essential spatial relationships within the data. We evaluate topology-based metrics for quality assessment of AI-based image augmentation, coupled with digital rocks augmentation practice using the Single image Generative Adversarial Network (SinGAN) for binarized (segmented) images. Compared to most traditional dimensionality reduction methods that process images into a flattened vector, we propose topological image analysis for dimensionality reduction while preserving the essential geometric and topological features of the high-dimensional data. To demonstrate our proposed approach, we evaluate the generated images starting from four distinct digital rock samples, sorted sandstone, synthetic sphere pack, limestone, and poorly sorted sandstone, using Minkowski functionals, image graph network-based measures, graph Laplacian-based measures, local trend maps, and a homogeneity-heterogeneity classifier. Our workflow suggests that AI-based digital rock augmentation, combined with topological dimensionality reduction offers a powerful tool for enhanced quality assessment and diagnostic of digital rock augmentation and improved interpretation to support decision-making.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Separation of Runoff Pathways and Storage Times via Coupled Electrical Conductivity Mass Balance and Nonlinear Storage-Discharge Relationship: Theory and Application Testing","authors":"Weifei Yang, Changlai Xiao, Xiujuan Liang, Zhang Fang, Dianwu Song","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039052","url":null,"abstract":"Streamflow can be separated into fast runoff and baseflow according to runoff pathways, and also into new and old water according to storage times. Typically, baseflow does not completely overlap with old water, nor does fast runoff completely overlap with new water. This imperfect overlap relationship divides total streamflow into four components. Separating the fractions of these components is an important prerequisite for understanding hydrological processes. However, the current baseflow separation methods are still inadequate to accomplish this task, and most of them can only separate two components. Therefore, we developed a new hydrograph separation method that couples mass balance and a nonlinear storage-discharge relationship. This method can achieve simultaneous separation of the four components based on an inexpensive tracer electrical conductivity (EC) without the need for precipitation data. The applicability of the new method was tested at 51 gages in the continental United States, which have high-quality streamflow and EC data and are widely hydrologically representative. The results show that the new method is applicable to small-to medium-scale natural watersheds across a wide range of climatic, vegetative, and geologic zones. The added consideration of the impacts of passive storage and water-rock interaction significantly increases the reproducibility of streamflow EC and also leads to more similar baseflow and old water separation, which in fact have significant differences due to distinct components they contain. The new method has a well-defined physical basis and can be expanded for several practical applications.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Hundred Fundamental, Open Questions to Integrate Methodological Approaches in Lake Ice Research","authors":"Joshua Culpepper, Sapna Sharma, Grant Gunn, Madeline R. Magee, Michael F. Meyer, Eric J. Anderson, Chris Arp, Sarah W. Cooley, Wayana Dolan, Hilary A. Dugan, Claude R. Duguay, Benjamin M. Jones, Georgiy Kirillin, Robert Ladwig, Matti Leppäranta, Di Long, John J. Magnuson, Tamlin Pavelsky, Sebastiano Piccolroaz, Dale M. Robertson, Bethel G. Steele, Manu Tom, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, R. Iestyn Woolway, Marguerite A. Xenopoulos, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039042","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of technological innovation within aquatic sciences outpaces the collective ability of individual scientists within the field to make appropriate use of those technologies. The process of in situ lake sampling remains the primary choice to comprehensively understand an aquatic ecosystem at local scales; however, the impact of climate change on lakes necessitates the rapid advancement of understanding and the incorporation of lakes on both landscape and global scales. Three fields driving innovation within winter limnology that we address here are autonomous real-time in situ monitoring, remote sensing, and modeling. The recent progress in low-power in situ sensing and data telemetry allows continuous tracing of under-ice processes in selected lakes as well as the development of global lake observational networks. Remote sensing offers consistent monitoring of numerous systems, allowing limnologists to ask certain questions across large scales. Models are advancing and historically come in different types (process-based or statistical data-driven), with the recent technological advancements and integration of machine learning and hybrid process-based/statistical models. Lake ice modeling enhances our understanding of lake dynamics and allows for projections under future climate warming scenarios. To encourage the merging of technological innovation within limnological research of the less-studied winter period, we have accumulated both essential details on the history and uses of contemporary sampling, remote sensing, and modeling techniques. We crafted 100 questions in the field of winter limnology that aim to facilitate the cross-pollination of intensive and extensive modes of study to broaden knowledge of the winter period.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Gaps in Satellite Observations of River and Delta Landscapes Using Image Warping","authors":"Youwei Wang, Yuan Li, Ajay B. Limaye","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039854","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite images are increasingly used to monitor changes in fluvial landscapes such as channel migration, bar development, and avulsion. Yet, spatial and temporal gaps in image data — due to intervals between observations, cloud cover, or sensor malfunctions — limit their applicability. This study tests whether image warping, a well-established technique that generates smooth transitions between images, can bridge these gaps in observations of fluvial landscapes. The approach applies several steps to satellite images: (a) creating channel masks, (b) delineating channel topology, (c) correlating topologic components and defining control points, (d) calculating transformations between image pairs using control points, and (e) warping channel masks based on these transformations. This approach produces intermediate channel configurations from pairs of input images. We apply this technique to two case studies: the rapidly migrating Ucayali River in Peru and the actively prograding Wax Lake Delta in Louisiana. The reconstructions show channel migration and/or progradation that are consistent with actual observations, indicating reasonable estimates to fill gaps between satellite observations. Importantly, the accuracy of the reconstructions depends on the careful selection of the input images to avoid abrupt geomorphic changes that could compromise the warping process. By combining the surface reconstruction for the Ucayali River with a simple model for channel and floodplain aggradation, we construct a stratigraphic model directly informed by the satellite observations. These case studies suggest that applying image warping to Earth-surface observations has the potential to overcome gaps in satellite data availability and translate observations directly to models for fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Non-Stationarity in the GEV Shape Parameter When Modeling Extreme Rainfall","authors":"Lalani Jayaweera, Conrad Wasko, Rory Nathan","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036426","url":null,"abstract":"It is now well established that climate change is increasing the intensity of extreme rainfall. What is less well established is how best to model these changes. Most literature considers non-stationarity in extreme rainfall using a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model with either the location, or scale, or both parameters varying with either time or some climatic covariate, and it is assumed that the shape parameter will not vary. Here we present evidence that the rainfall quantile increases for rare events are greater than those for frequent events, and these relative changes increase with shorter rainfall durations. Further, we demonstrate that this behavior can only be correctly captured if the shape parameter is non-stationary. We do this by considering annual rainfall maxima at 48 stations in Australia with durations varying from 6 min to 7 days, for events up to the 1 in 100 Annual Exceedance Probability. The results show that a GEV model with non-stationarity in all parameters is able to capture the variation in changes across both duration and frequency, whereas a model with a constant shape parameter is not. Finally, we apply this approach to calculate non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency curves and their associated uncertainty. We conclude that while a non-stationary GEV shape parameter is required to capture the greater relative increase in the rainfall depths for rare events compared to frequent events, this increase in model flexibility comes at the expense of considerably larger uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dam-Induced Alternations of Flow and Sediment Regimes in the Tibetan Plateau: An Example of the Yarlung Tsangpo River","authors":"Dongmei Zhao, Kunlong He, Donghong Xiong, Xixi Lu, Xiaomin Qin, Xiaodan Wang, Wenduo Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039016","url":null,"abstract":"Dams heavily regulate the natural hydrological regimes, impacting on riverine ecosystem and local communities. Yet, the impacts of dams on flow and sediment alterations in the alpine basins, such as the Yarlung Tsangpo River with its immense hydropower potential, remain largely understudied due to limited fine-scale hydrological records. Here, we introduced a dynamic alteration index combined with wavelet analysis to evaluate the time-varying alterations in flow and sediment regimes caused by dams in the basin from 1980 to 2020. Leveraging in-situ daily observation data, we first capture both annual and intra-annual trends by extending traditional indicators of hydrological alteration across three regulation scenarios: unregulated, tributary dam-regulated, and both mainstem and tributary dam-regulated. We then explore the spectral signatures of dam-induced alterations to identify the most affected timescales and assess the impacts of dam configuration. Our analysis reveals that despite dam construction, river flow discharge increased slightly, with decreased low-flow frequency and more common high-flow frequency. Dam operations markedly altered sediment, disrupted sediment periodicities, and weakened flow-sediment relationships. Specifically, sediment reduction was notable under dam regulation on both the mainstem and tributary, with a moderate alteration degree of 45.34%, particularly during the main flood and post-flood seasons. Dominant sediment periodicities at annual and semi-annual scales were nearly eliminated, while flow periodicities were preserved. Large flood events with high-magnitude sediment were almost absent, and a figure-eight hysteresis pattern indicated weakened sediment transport. These findings underscore the need for incorporating time-varying hydrological dynamics into dam operation strategies to minimize negative impacts on sediment transport and aquatic ecosystems, providing essential insights for sustainable water resource management and future hydropower planning in alpine river basins.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land Surface Energy Partitioning Dominates Dry-Season Water Availability Uncertainties in Earth System Models","authors":"Jianzhi Dong, Man Gao, Jianhong Zhou, Lingna Wei, Haoran Zhou, Yongqiang Zhang, Hongkai Gao, Zheng Duan, Wade T. Crow","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038000","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately characterizing dry-season water availability (<i>W</i>_<i>d</i>) is critical for projecting terrestrial carbon exchange and global water security. <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> is commonly calculated as the minimum value of precipitation minus evapotranspiration within each calendar year. However, Earth System Model (ESM) projected <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> contains substantial uncertainties and can disagree on even the sign. Based on a newly proposed framework, we disentangle the uncertainty sources in ESM-based <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> projections. Results demonstrate that ESM-based <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> uncertainties are dominated by land surface energy partitioning (summarized by evaporation fraction, denoted as EF) instead of precipitation or available energy. As such, EF alone can explain more than 83% of inter-ESM variability in historical and future <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> projections. Compared against data-driven benchmarks, ESMs tend to overestimate dry-season EF—suggesting that <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> is likely to be underestimated in ESMs. Our analysis indicates that the ET resistance parameterization is the central error source in ESM-based EF, which should be constrained to enhance the reliability of EF, and by extension, <i>W</i>_<i>d</i> projections.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Dominant Runoff Generation Mechanisms Be Disentangled Through Hypothesis Testing? Insights From Integrated Hydrological-Hydrodynamic Modeling","authors":"Pasquale Perrini, Vito Iacobellis, Andrea Gioia, Luis Cea, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Fabrizio Fenicia","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039394","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying flood-inducing processes remains a challenge in catchment hydrology due to the complex runoff dynamics, particularly in semi-arid regions where surface and subsurface mechanisms alternatively drive streamflow across seasons. Tracer data can help identify hydrograph sources, but they are often unavailable or lack sufficient temporal resolution. To aid process identification at the event-scale, we developed an integrated hydrological-hydrodynamic framework and compared multiple model hypotheses informed by hydrological signatures. We systematically tested these hypotheses through falsification, meta-evaluation, spatial validation, and posterior diagnostics, using the semi-arid Salsola nested catchment in southern Italy as case study. While all model structures performed well on common calibration metrics, differences emerged in spatial transferability tests and alternative diagnostic assessments. Some models, despite strong performance, exhibited inconsistent representations of internal runoff mechanisms, indicating that they achieved good results for the wrong reasons. Furthermore, the choice of routing schemes significantly influenced high-peak estimations and overall model performance, particularly when Horton-type overland flow was considered. This underscores the need to treat routing methods as a key component in event-scale modeling. Our findings reveal that during consecutive storm events in the study catchment, surface processes dominate the initial stages, whereas subsurface processes become more influential in later events, providing valuable insights that may be applicable to similar semi-arid regions. Overall, we emphasize the importance of hypothesis testing in runoff process identification, which can compensate for the absence of hydrochemical data for hydrograph separation. Additionally, our results highlight the value of a landscape-based modeling approach for distinguishing alternative runoff generation processes.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flowpath Partitioning Controls Chemical Weathering Fluxes in the Tropics","authors":"William J. Larsen, Mark A. Torres, María Chapela Lara, Carla López Lloreda, William H. McDowell","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038521","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical watersheds are thought to exert a strong control on the global carbon cycle because elevated temperature and rainfall rates promote the chemical weathering of silicate rocks. However, the critical factors that control tropical weathering, such as the role of subsurface flowpaths in setting the sensitivity of weathering to climate change, remain obscure. Here, we relate solute dynamics to flowpath partitioning using new and existing data from the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory (LCZO) in the tropical forests of eastern Puerto Rico. We used new measurements of deuterium excess in streamflow and rainfall to show that the fraction of young water (F_yw, fraction of streamflow less than 1–3 months old) for each catchment increases with increasing discharge. We attribute F_yw-Q behavior to the activation of shallow flowpaths that efficiently route incident rainfall to streamflow. Results from this 2-year sampling period are comparable to results from end-member mixing analysis of longer-term solute records, suggesting that water routed via shallow flowpaths acquires little additional solutes from weathering reactions. Our findings of apparent mixing between flowpaths can be unified with time-dependent weathering reactions and time-variable transit time distributions. To estimate the response of the LCZO to climatic change, we compare F_yw-Q behavior between sites that experience different mean annual precipitation amounts. Intriguingly, we find that climatically driven changes in flowpath partitioning reconcile watershed fluxes with regolith-based studies. This suggests that shallow flowpath activation is the mechanism for maintaining constant weathering rates despite variable rainfall rates in the supply limited regions where weathering is already maximized.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freeze-Up Ice Jams and Channel Hydraulics Cause Hazardous Open Water Zones Within Winter Ice Cover on the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers and Their Tributaries","authors":"Christopher D. Arp, Dana N. Brown, Allen C. Bondurant, Karin L. Bodony, Melanie Engram, Katie V. Spellman, Sarah J. Clement, Matthew C. Scragg","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039078","url":null,"abstract":"Timing and completeness of freeze-up on northern rivers impact winter travel and indicate responses to climate change. Open-water zones (OWZs) within ice-covered rivers are hazardous and may be increasing in extent and persistence. To better understand the distribution, variability, and mechanisms of OWZs, we selected nine reaches totaling 380 river-km for remote sensing analysis and field studies in western Alaska. We initially identified 48 OWZs from November 2022 optical imagery, inventoried their persistence into late winter and interannual consistency over previous years, and at a subset measured ice thickness, water depth and velocity, and physicochemistry. The most consistent locations of OWZ formation occurred below sharp bends and channel constrictions, whereas locations associated with river bars and eroding banks were more transient. Of 359 OWZs identified in early winter over 6 years, 8% persisted into late winter―all on the Yukon River mainstem. Although several OWZs were in locations where we anticipated groundwater influence, we found no field data indication of groundwater upwelling. Observations of jumble ice upstream of many OWZs led us to examine freeze-up ice jam locations in optical imagery, which showed strong correspondence to downstream OWZs. We hypothesize that reaches downstream of ice jams are much slower to freeze-over due to restricted ice transport and high turbulence caused by channel form and ice-affected hydraulics. Future work should focus on evaluation of this and other competing hypothesis at both reach and river network scales to predict OWZ locations and occurrence relative to other processes affecting river freeze-up in northern climates.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}