Water Resources Research最新文献_第9页

Over-Water Low-Energy Neutron Observations for Intensity Corrections Across Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Sensor Networks 宇宙射线土壤水分传感器网络强度校正的水上低能中子观测

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1029/2024wr039727

David McJannet, Daniel Rasche, Jordan Marano, Aaron Hawdon, Matthew Stenson, Martin Schrön

{"title":"Over-Water Low-Energy Neutron Observations for Intensity Corrections Across Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Sensor Networks","authors":"David McJannet, Daniel Rasche, Jordan Marano, Aaron Hawdon, Matthew Stenson, Martin Schrön","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039727","url":null,"abstract":"Most studies using cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) for soil moisture estimation use high-energy neutron monitor observations to correct for changes in incoming neutron intensity, but there is interest in over-water CRNS observations and muon observations for such purposes. This study compares these approaches with a focus on observations from an over-water pontoon-based CRNS system. Pontoon and neutron monitor intensity comparisons showed similar responses with the best statistical agreement when neutron monitor observations were from locations of similar cutoff rigidity or when scaling for geomagnetic and elevational effects were applied. Comparison of historic variations in neutron monitor and muon detector intensity, and more recent observations from the pontoon, revealed temporal differences and weaker short-term responses from the muon detector. Time-delays in intensity correction for the pontoon and neutron monitors were observed during a Forbush decrease and through cross-correlation analysis over the comparison period with delays likely a result of longitudinal differences. Pontoon neutron intensity exhibited slightly higher amplitudes over the study period. Some of this was related to periods of irregular water vapour distribution in the atmosphere where current humidity corrections appear insufficient. Application of intensity corrections to soil moisture estimates illustrated the increasing importance of accurate corrections with decreasing cutoff rigidity and increasing elevation. The impact of neutron intensity correction was greatest for wet soil conditions at low cutoff rigidity sites at higher elevations. Over-water CRNS observations offer a means to correct CRNS observations with the advantages of being locally managed, locally applicable, and directly relevant to CRNS energy spectra.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lost in Dune Translation: The Effects of Aerobic Microbial Growth Dynamics on Hyporheic Transport and Reaction in the Presence of Moving Riverbed Dunes 迷失在沙丘平移中：移动河床沙丘存在下好氧微生物生长动力学对潜流运输和反应的影响

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr041045

W. Seth Lotts, Kyle Strom, Mark Widdowson, Eduardo Mendez, Erich T. Hester

{"title":"Lost in Dune Translation: The Effects of Aerobic Microbial Growth Dynamics on Hyporheic Transport and Reaction in the Presence of Moving Riverbed Dunes","authors":"W. Seth Lotts, Kyle Strom, Mark Widdowson, Eduardo Mendez, Erich T. Hester","doi":"10.1029/2025wr041045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr041045","url":null,"abstract":"The hyporheic zone is the interface between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) in shallow aquatic sediments where reactions can attenuate contaminants. Dunes that drive hyporheic exchange in sand-bedded rivers constantly move (translate), causing “turnover exchange,” yet few numerical studies of hyporheic processes account for this motion. Furthermore, microbial communities that mediate contaminant reactions are constantly adjusting to their environments, including to effects of migrating sediment, but prior studies have not examined the combined effects of migrating dunes and microbial growth/death. We coupled SW hydrodynamics (OpenFOAM), GW hydraulics (MODFLOW), and GW reactive transport and microbial growth/death (SEAM3D) models to simulate the effects of dune translation and dynamics of aerobic microbial colonies on subsurface transport and consumption of dissolved oxygen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Dune translation was implemented by modifying SEAM3D to incorporate a moving frame of reference. As dune translation speed (celerity) increased with increasing SW velocity, turnover exchange, influx of DOC from SW, aerobic microbial growth, and DOC consumption all increased, given transport-limited conditions. Our no-growth models predicted only half the DOC consumption as the growth/death models despite having over six times the biomass. Explicitly simulating microbial growth/death allows simulated microbial populations to more efficiently process DOC by adjusting their spatial distribution to substrate patterns. This effect multiplies as turnover exchange increases with dune translation, highlighting the reinforcing effects of dune movement and microbial dynamics. Our results underline the importance of including both translation and growth/death dynamics when simulating hyporheic transport and reaction induced by riverbed dunes.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opportunities for Translational Water Research in Global Biodiversity Conservation 全球生物多样性保护中水资源转化研究的机遇

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr040493

Charles B. van Rees, J. Michael Reed

{"title":"Opportunities for Translational Water Research in Global Biodiversity Conservation","authors":"Charles B. van Rees, J. Michael Reed","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040493","url":null,"abstract":"Academic researchers and practitioners in water resources disciplines are calling for solution-oriented and actionable hydrological science, recently encompassed by the term translational water research (TWR). Here, we argue that the interdisciplinary field of biodiversity conservation science (also known as conservation biology) presents several critical opportunities for highly impactful TWR that can contribute not only to addressing the ongoing freshwater biodiversity crisis but also to informing the robust application of Nature-based Solutions and other Ecosystem-based Adaptation strategies for water management. In this review, we expand upon established theory and practice in ecohydrology, environmental flows, and water management to identify opportunities for TWR in biodiversity conservation, and highlight reciprocal opportunities for ecology and conservation to contribute to achieving water management and sustainable-development objectives. We expand established framings of TWR to include viewing water as a habitat for non-human life and an ecological driver and explain how these viewpoints lead to opportunities for impactful applied hydrological research. We also examine the formal conceptualizations of applied ecohydrology and IWRM for their connections to biological conservation, leveraging the conceptual foundations of environmental flows research and practice to demonstrate how they form the basis for integrating conservation biology and hydrology for TWR. We conclude with a description of opportunities for productive TWR integrating biodiversity conservation science and water resources research, dividing these into conservation science <i>per se</i> and ecosystem-based approaches through which conservation goals can be accomplished as a co-benefit.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Model‐Based Decomposition of Spatially Varying Temporal Shifts in Seasonal Streamflow Across North Temperate US Rivers 基于模型的美国北温带河流季节流量时空变化分解

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1029/2024wr039500

Kevin M. Collins, Erin M. Schliep, Tyler Wagner, Christopher K. Wikle

引用次数: 0

The Hydrodynamic, Thermodynamic, and Mixing Impacts of Floating Photovoltaics on the Surface of a Lake 湖面上浮动光伏的水动力、热力学和混合影响

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr039917

F. J. Rueda, C. L. Ramón, S. G. Schladow

{"title":"The Hydrodynamic, Thermodynamic, and Mixing Impacts of Floating Photovoltaics on the Surface of a Lake","authors":"F. J. Rueda, C. L. Ramón, S. G. Schladow","doi":"10.1029/2025wr039917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr039917","url":null,"abstract":"The use of floating photovoltaic panels (FPVs) on lakes and reservoirs is expanding globally. However, their impacts on water column motion, mixing, and thermal stratification remain poorly understood, often characterized by overly simplistic modeling approaches. Here, three‐dimensional simulations, supported by analytical calculations, are used to understand the internal transport processes and mixing dynamics of an idealized lake with anchored floating structures under a range of conditions. The effects of FPVs on lake physics include: (a) increased thermal inertia with greater areal coverage, delaying and attenuating seasonal oscillations; (b) perturbations in surface equilibrium temperatures; (c) altered surface heat fluxes in uncovered areas due to lateral heat redistribution, resulting in either increased (conductive FPVs) or decreased (insulating FPVs) near‐surface temperatures; (d) reduced vertical mixing rates and mixed layer depths, depending on areal coverage and spatial arrangement of the FPVs in relation to the boundaries; (e) changes in the internal dynamics and velocity fields of the lake in response to the spatial arrangement of the devices; (f) higher rates of mechanical energy exchange across the air‐water interface and greater horizontal transport between covered and uncovered regions for lower areal coverages; and (g) a greater fraction of the mechanical energy flux into the lake being used to enhance lateral transport rather than vertical mixing.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"315 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatially Distributed Modeling of Lake Ice Trends and Distribution in the North Slave Region, NWT, Canada 加拿大NWT北部奴隶地区湖冰趋势和分布的空间分布模拟

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr040216

G. Attiah, K. A. Scott, H. Kheyrollah Pour

{"title":"Spatially Distributed Modeling of Lake Ice Trends and Distribution in the North Slave Region, NWT, Canada","authors":"G. Attiah, K. A. Scott, H. Kheyrollah Pour","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040216","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian Lake Ice Model has been adapted and distributed at a high spatial resolution (∼50 m) to simulate Lake Ice Thickness (LIT) and phenology across small to medium‐sized lakes in this study. The model was applied to simulate the spatial variability of LIT, Ice Cover Duration (ICD), and Lake Ice Phenology across 500 predominantly small to medium‐sized lakes in the North Slave Region (NSR) of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, from 1984 to 2022. The model utilizes a 30 m grid lake surface temperature (LST) data set derived from the North Slave LST data set, along with climate inputs from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5), including wind speed, relative humidity, snowfall, and cloud cover. These inputs provide surface fluxes to the model, driving its unsteady heat equation to produce daily LIT, annual ICD, and annual freeze‐up and break‐up dates on a ∼50 m grid resolution. Validation against in situ measurements shows a root mean square deviation of 2.7–7 cm for LIT. Trend analysis revealed a significant decline in LIT (−0.26 cm/year to −0.10 cm/year) and ICD (−0.40 days/year to −0.15 days/year). The highest rates of LIT decline are observed in the early and later months of ice formation. Freeze‐up timings are primarily influenced by depth, while geographic factors such as latitude and elevation affect break‐up timing in the NSR. This distributed modeling approach provides a robust assessment of lake ice variability and trends under changing climate and weather conditions.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physics–Informed Neural Network With Enhanced Parameter–State Coupling for Inverse Modeling of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils 非均质土非饱和流动的增强参数-状态耦合的物理信息神经网络反演模型

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr040040

Xuezi Gong, Yuanyuan Zha

{"title":"Physics–Informed Neural Network With Enhanced Parameter–State Coupling for Inverse Modeling of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils","authors":"Xuezi Gong, Yuanyuan Zha","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040040","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling unsaturated flow remains challenging due to the interplay of uncertain atmospheric forcing, parameter heterogeneity, and sparse observations. This study presents the application of physics–informed neural networks (PINNs) with Karhunen–Loève Expansion (KLE) to unsaturated flow, specifically designed to handle both soil heterogeneity and boundary uncertainty. We propose KLE–PINN–EC (Enhanced Coupling), a novel architecture that explicitly couples parameter and state representations through a branch–trunk design to enhance learning from sparse data. Through numerical experiments, we compare KLE–PINN–EC against (a) standard KLE–PINN, previously successful in groundwater modeling but untested for highly nonlinear unsaturated flow, and (b) ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES–MDA), a well–established data assimilation method. Our findings reveal that: (a) KLE–PINN successfully handles combined uncertainties in parameters and boundary conditions; (b) KLE–PINN–EC achieves superior performance over standard KLE–PINN in sparse data scenarios; and (c) while ES–MDA performs competitively when boundary timing is known, its performance degrades significantly under uncertainty in boundary timing, whereas KLE–PINN–EC maintains robust performance. These results suggest that the KLE–PINN–EC framework provides a flexible and robust alternative for characterizing unsaturated zone processes in environments where both boundary conditions and subsurface properties are poorly constrained.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forest Recovery Reduces Production and Rising Aridity Diminishes Export of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon 森林恢复减少了产量，干旱加剧减少了溶解无机碳的出口

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1029/2025wr040200

Bingqin Wang, Hang Wen, Bryn Stewart, Li Li, Xi Chen, Si‐Liang Li

{"title":"Forest Recovery Reduces Production and Rising Aridity Diminishes Export of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon","authors":"Bingqin Wang, Hang Wen, Bryn Stewart, Li Li, Xi Chen, Si‐Liang Li","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040200","url":null,"abstract":"Riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), essential for understanding terrestrial carbon cycling, is undergoing dramatic changes due to climate change and human disturbances. Quantifying how these changes impact DIC fluxes from land to rivers has remained challenging due to limited long‐term data and complex, interacting drivers. Here we ask the question: How and to what extent do climate and land‐cover changes distinctively influence long‐term seasonal and annual trends of DIC production and export? We developed a reactive transport model, constrained by three decades of streamflow, DIC, and carbon isotope data, for a karst catchment in southwest China simultaneously experiencing a warmer, drier climate (increasing aridity) and forest recovery. Results show that from 1980 to 2010s, precipitation has declined from 1,261 to 1,005 mm/yr, and discharge from 700 to 552 mm/yr, with no significant change in evapotranspiration. DIC production and export have declined at the rates of 2.3 × 105 and 5.4 × 105 mol C/yr/yr, respectively. Drier climate and reduced discharge diminish carbonate weathering but also store more produced DIC, resulting in higher DIC concentrations over time but a twofold decline in DIC export compared to its production. Interestingly, although forest recovery elevates organic carbon content, cooling soils and lower soil moisture reduce rates of soil respiration. Scenario analysis shows that forest recovery accounts for 91% of the production decline, while increasing climate aridity explains 78% of the export reduction. Seasonal analysis further reveals that soil respiration declines most during hot‐wet seasons but calcite weathering drops more in cold‐dry seasons. These findings underscore the differential impacts of climate and land‐cover changes on carbon transport and transformation processes, which are crucial for understanding carbon cycling and budgets under evolving environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wind Stress Effects on Drone‐Based Thermal Infrared Surface Velocimetry Measurements of Tidal Flow in an Estuary 风应力对无人机热红外表面测速法测量河口潮流的影响

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1029/2024wr038287

Evan T. Heberlein, Marc Mayes, Bryn E. Morgan, Kelly K. Caylor, Seth A. Schweitzer, Edwin A. Cowen

{"title":"Wind Stress Effects on Drone‐Based Thermal Infrared Surface Velocimetry Measurements of Tidal Flow in an Estuary","authors":"Evan T. Heberlein, Marc Mayes, Bryn E. Morgan, Kelly K. Caylor, Seth A. Schweitzer, Edwin A. Cowen","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038287","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the effect of surface wind stress on remote velocimetry measurements of tidal flow by comparing these measurements to the bulk flow velocity measured by a co‐located acoustic velocity profiler in a tidal channel. The remote velocity measurements are made with a thermal imager mounted on a drone hovering directly over the acoustic measurement location. Drones are a useful platform to support a variety of cameras and sensors for capturing images that can be used to infer surface velocities. Drone‐mounted thermal infrared microbolometer cameras are a lower‐cost infrared imaging solution that can detect subtle temperature patterns which naturally occur at the surface of many flows. These thermal patterns are used as signals for pattern‐tracking to produce velocity measurements across the observed water surface. Drone flights were conducted at Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve (California, USA). Wind speed and direction relative to the flow direction caused the drone‐based surface velocimetry measurements to deviate from in‐channel surface‐extrapolated acoustic velocity measurements. Drone‐based velocity measurements were slower than in‐channel velocity measurements when the parallel wind stress direction was opposite the tidal flow, while drone‐based velocity measurements were faster than in‐channel velocity measurements when the parallel wind stress and tidal flow were in the same direction. The effect of wind stress on remote surface velocimetry measurements is relatively unstudied, and herein we quantify this effect by comparing image‐derived estimates to in‐channel velocity measurements. This experiment also demonstrates the feasibility of drone‐based thermal surface velocimetry measurements in an estuary.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synchronicity and Asynchrony of Particles Loss Intensity With Unsteady Seepage Loadings in Suffusion 非定常渗流加载下颗粒损失强度的同向性和非同向性

IF 5.4 1区地球科学

Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1029/2024wr038547

Zhe Huang, Yuchuan Bai, Haijue Xu, Baolong Zhang, Yinyi Li

{"title":"Synchronicity and Asynchrony of Particles Loss Intensity With Unsteady Seepage Loadings in Suffusion","authors":"Zhe Huang, Yuchuan Bai, Haijue Xu, Baolong Zhang, Yinyi Li","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038547","url":null,"abstract":"Suffusion is a crucial mechanism to trigger seepage failure in hydraulic structures. The unsteady seepage, particularly in internally unstable gap‐graded soils, poses significant risks. However, the impact of unsteady loading has been scarcely explored in quantification, leading to temporally indistinct response of the finer particles loss. Here, we use a rigorously calibrated numerical model to clarify the unsteady seepage, encompassing step‐rise loading, flood loading, and random fluctuations, to forecast suffusion process in gap‐graded specimens. The results indicate as the seepage loading varies, the intensity of finer particles loss can manifest either synchronicity or asynchrony, characterized by alterations in sufficiency and locations of the finer particles sources. In the initial phase of increasing unsteady loading, when finer particles sources are sufficient and particles loss is primarily concentrated in surface layers, the suffusion intensity exhibits synchronicity with the loading pattern. As suffusion progresses upstream and interconnected seepage develops throughout the specimen, the middle layers subsequently become the primary source of particles loss. During this period, the insufficient source constrained the finer particles carrying capacity of the powerful seepage loading, resulting in the asynchrony. Through discussion, the critical hydraulic gradient emerges as a pivotal variable in suffusion model, rendering the prediction of synchronicity and asynchrony challenging. In addition, the cumulative hydraulic gradient is introduced to comprehensively encapsulate the power of unsteady loadings in both magnitude and duration. The results bring implications to actual suffusion that the synchronicity and asynchrony between suffusion intensity and seepage loading need to be taken seriously in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0