Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Evaluating Field Evapotranspiration Considering the Impact of Soil Salinity","authors":"Yao Rong, Weishu Wang, Peijin Wu, Pu Wang, Chenglong Zhang, Chaozi Wang, Zailin Huo","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036809","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate evaluation of evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i>) is crucial for efficient agricultural water management. Data-driven models exhibit strong predictive <i>ET</i> capabilities, yet significant limitations like naive extrapolation hamper wider generalization. In this perspective, we explore a novel hybrid deep learning (<i>DL</i>) framework to integrate domain knowledge and demonstrate its potential for evaluating <i>ET</i> under the influence of soil salinity. Specifically, we integrated physical constraints from process models (Penman-Monteith or Shuttleworth-Wallace) and salinity-induced stomatal stress mechanisms into the <i>DL</i> algorithm, and evaluated its performance by comparing four diverse scenarios. Results demonstrate that hybrid <i>DL</i> framework offers a promising alternative for <i>ET</i> estimation, achieving comparable accuracy to pure <i>DL</i> during training and validation. Nonetheless, due to the limited available measurements, data-driven model may not adequately capture plant responses to salt stress, leading to significant prediction biases observed during independent testing. Encouragingly, the hybrid <i>DL</i> model (<i>DL-SS</i>) integrating Shuttleworth-Wallace and salinity-induced stomatal stress mechanisms demonstrated enhanced interpretability, generalizability, and extrapolation capabilities. During testing, <i>DL-SS</i> consistently showed optimal performance, yielding root mean square error (<i>RMSE</i>) values of 37.4 W m⁻² for sunflower and 39.2 W m⁻² for maize. Compared to traditional Jarvis-type approaches (<i>JPM</i> and <i>JSW</i>) and pure <i>DL</i> model during testing, <i>DL-SS</i> achieved substantial reductions in <i>RMSE</i> values: 51%, 33%, and 43% for sunflower, and 45%, 31%, and 35% for maize, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of integrating prior scientific knowledge into data-driven models to enhance extrapolation capability of <i>ET</i> modeling, especially in salinized regions where conventional models may struggle.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradient Information Enhanced Image Segmentation and Automatic In Situ Contact Angle Measurement Applied to Images of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media","authors":"Yang Gao, Sajjad Foroughi, Zhuangzhuang Ma, Sanyi Yuan, Lizhi Xiao, Branko Bijeljic, Martin J. Blunt","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036869","url":null,"abstract":"A gradient-information-enhanced image segmentation method using convolutional neural networks is presented, and then combined with contact angle measurement to establish an automated processing workflow. For three-dimensional X-ray images, the segmentation accuracy at interfaces and sparsely distributed small objects directly influences the accuracy of the contact angle measurement. Leveraging reliable gradient information to train the neural network, this segmentation method addresses the issue of inaccurate segmentation of interfaces even at low resolution and with small objects present. Furthermore, memory requirements are reduced by performing analysis on orthogonal two-dimensional planes. The workflow was tested on water-wet Ketton limestone, as well as on both water-wet and mixed-wet sandstone and a reservoir carbonate. The results from both the segmentation and contact angle measurements underscore the effectiveness of the approach. Notably, the workflow shows considerable generalizability and robustness, even with varying wettability and lithology.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142142883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Flow Turbulence Metrics to Improve Bar Rack Guidance for Downstream Migrating Fish","authors":"X. Fang, S. Kumahor, M. F. Tachie, C. Katopodis, H. Ghamry","doi":"10.1029/2023wr034900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr034900","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulent flows are investigated upstream of a bar rack system that is recommended as optimum in recent literature from tests with several fish species of different morphology, swimming ability, and behavior. Both two-dimensional two-component and two-dimensional three-component state-of-the-art particle image velocimetry were used to quantify and analyze hydrodynamic metrics important for downstream migrating species. The inclination angles of the bar and rack were 45° and 30°, respectively, and the thickness of the bottom overlay was 13% of the water depth. The two Reynolds numbers investigated, based on incoming velocity and bar thickness, were 4,000 and 6,000. The statistical and structural characteristics of turbulent flows in the streamwise-spanwise plane at 5% water depth, and the streamwise-vertical plane at channel mid-span are discussed. Upstream of the bottom overlay, the mean flow is deflected and accelerated toward the bypass, leading to an increase in the Reynolds stresses, while the turbulence eddies become smaller. For effective fish guidance, it is recommended that sweeping velocity (<i>V</i>_<i>p</i>) be larger than normal velocity (<i>V</i>_<i>n</i>), with <i>V</i>_<i>p</i> parallel and <i>V</i>_<i>n</i> perpendicular to the bar rack and bottom overlay. In the downstream half of the bar rack, <i>V</i>_<i>n</i> may increase sufficiently to surpass <i>V</i>_<i>p</i> near the bypass, possibly reducing effective guidance for some species and sizes. Upstream of the bars, the levels of streamwise mean velocity vary abruptly, which may deter fish from contacting the bars. Although inferences on passage effectiveness are made based on previous studies, tests with different species and sizes are needed to confirm fish responses.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Impact of Remotely Sensed Interannual Vegetation Variability in the Upper Colorado River Basin","authors":"Qianqiu Longyang, Ruijie Zeng","doi":"10.1029/2023wr035662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr035662","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetation plays a crucial role in atmosphere-land water and energy exchanges, global carbon cycle and basin water conservation. Land Surface Models (LSMs) typically represent vegetation characteristics by monthly climatological indices. However, static vegetation parameterization does not fully capture time-varying vegetation characteristics, such as responses to climatic fluctuations, long-term trends, and interannual variability. It remains unclear how the interaction between vegetation and climate variability propagates into hydrologic fluxes and water resources. Multi-source satellite data sets may introduce uncertainties and require extensive time for analysis. This study developes a deep learning surrogate for a widely used LSM (i.e., Noah) as a rapid diagnosic tool. The calibrated surrogate quantifies the impacts of time-varying vegetation characteristics from multiple remotely sensed GVF products on the magnitude, seasonality, and biotic and abiotic components of hydrologic fluxes. Using the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) as a test case, we found that time-varying vegetation provides more buffering effect against climate fluctuation than the static vegetation configuration, leading to reduced variability in the abiotic evaporation components (e.g., soil evaporation). In addition, time-varying vegetation from multi-source remote sensing products consistently predicts smaller biotic evaporation components (e.g., transpiration), leading to increased water yield in the UCRB (about 14%) compared to the static vegetation scheme. We also highlight the interaction between dynamic vegetation parameterization and static parameterization (e.g., soil) during calibration. Parameter recalibration and a re-evaluation of certain model assumptions may be required for assessing climate change impacts on vegetation and basin-wide water resources.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142142886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seawater Intrusion Inhibits Nitrate Removal in Tidal Marsh Aquifers","authors":"Zhaoyang Luo, Jun Kong, Xiayang Yu, Chao Gao, D. A. Barry, Simone Fatichi","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038107","url":null,"abstract":"Tidal freshwater marshes are threatened by seawater intrusion globally due to freshwater discharge reduction and sea-level rise. However, terrestrial nitrate (NO₃⁻) transport responding to seawater intrusion remains poorly understood in tidal marshes. After validation against laboratory experiments, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze seawater intrusion effects on terrestrial NO₃⁻ transport and transformation in tidal marsh aquifers. Results reveal that seawater intrusion noticeably affects NO₃⁻ transport from the marsh aquifer to the tidal creek. Seawater intrusion results in an upper saline plume and a saltwater wedge within the aquifer, which markedly narrows the discharge outlet width of the NO₃⁻ plume and intensifies the peak NO₃⁻ flux across the creek bank. Consequently, both the NO₃⁻ removal efficiency and total nitrogen gas load to the creek decrease substantially after seawater intrusion. This is because the reduction of the transit time and the mixing zone width of the NO₃⁻ plume after seawater intrusion weakens denitrification. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the difference of the NO₃⁻ removal efficiency before and after seawater intrusion depends on soil properties. A larger unsaturated flow effect, saturated hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity leads to a greater difference of the NO₃⁻ removal efficiency before and after seawater intrusion. The predicted decrease of the NO₃⁻ removal efficiency after seawater intrusion is consistent with existing field data.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142142884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Pricing Framework for Water Demand Management Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data","authors":"Faisal M. Alghamdi, Eric C. Edwards, Emily Z. Berglund","doi":"10.1029/2023wr035246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr035246","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates dynamic pricing as a demand management tool to reduce cost and increase the lifespan of water distribution systems by reducing peak hour demand. Individual consumer responses to changes in hourly water price are simulated using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data. Demand profiles are used as input to a hydraulic simulation model to evaluate the effects of changing demands on flows and in-network metrics. The framework is applied to Lakewood City, California, using a model of the pipe network and AMI data collected at nearly 20,000 accounts. Four dynamic pricing policies are applied to the model to show that reductions in morning peak demand ranging from 6% to 25% reduce peak energy demands up to 14%. These small changes in overall energy demand, up to a 1.7% reduction, lead to relatively larger overall reductions in energy cost, up to 5.5%. The results demonstrate the importance of dynamic pricing as a demand-side strategy for infrastructure management and highlight the potential to accommodate demand growth without additional infrastructure investments.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142142885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenological Shifts in Lake Ice Cover Across the Northern Hemisphere: A Glimpse Into the Past, Present, and the Future of Lake Ice Phenology","authors":"A. Basu, J. Culpepper, K. Blagrave, S. Sharma","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036392","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term ice phenology records quantify the effects of climate change on Northern Hemisphere lakes. This study uses lake ice phenological records across a gradient of lake sizes (0.1–31,967.8 km² in lake surface area) obtained from community science networks. We compiled in situ ice phenological records for 2,499 lakes across 15 countries for an average of 30 years. These data revealed that for the last 50 years (1971–2020), the annual mean duration of lake ice cover decreased at a rate of 9 days per decade, with a regime shift in lake ice phenology in the late 1980s. We projected that at the end of the century (2070–2099), ice duration will decrease by an average of 10 days when compared to the historical time period (1971–2000) for the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 1–2.6 climate scenario (SSP126), 23 days for SSP370, and 28 days for the SSP585. Impending human development can enhance or attenuate lake ice loss, as adaptation strategies can accelerate fossil fuel use, result in conflict, or seek strategies apart from fossil fuel development. These future pathways have critical implications for the future preservation of lake ice cover.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Freeze-Thaw Cycle Altered the Simulations of Groundwater Dynamics in a Heavily Irrigated Basin in the Temperate Region of China","authors":"Baogui Li, Lili Tan, Xueliang Zhang, Junyu Qi, Gary W. Marek, Puyu Feng, De Li Liu, Xi Luo, Raghavan Srinivasan, Yong Chen","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036151","url":null,"abstract":"With intensified global warming, accurate quantification of hydrological processes in seasonally frozen regions, particularly with irrigated overwinter crops, is necessary to develop management strategies that promote groundwater conservation. By incorporating a physically based freeze-thaw cycle module into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT-FT) model, variations of surface hydrology and groundwater dynamics were systematically assessed in North China Plain under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways during 2041–2070 and 2071–2100 periods between the conventional and improved SWAT models. Compared to the conventional SWAT model, the SWAT-FT model predicted an increase in soil water content, decrease in irrigation, and an increase in percolation during the growing season of winter wheat. These discrepancies resulted in a 5% higher decline rates of shallow groundwater levels simulated by the SWAT model compared to the SWAT-FT. Additionally, the SWAT-FT model projected that the average decline rates of shallow groundwater levels were approximately 0.90 ± 0.16 m yr⁻¹ (SSP1-2.6), 0.60 ± 0.46 m yr⁻¹ (SSP2-4.5), and −0.17 ± 0.53 m yr⁻¹ (SSP5-8.5), respectively, during 2071–2100 compared to the historical period. The SWAT-FT simulations indicated that the decline rates in shallow groundwater levels were projected to either decrease slowly or potentially increase by the end of the 21st century under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, potentially achieving equilibrium between shallow groundwater extraction and replenishment. Our study emphasized the importance of considering the freeze-thaw processes to evaluate groundwater variations more accurately in response to climate change effects in temperate regions with an overwinter crop.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry Effects on Interfacial Dynamics of Gas-Driven Drainage in a Gradient Capillary","authors":"Si Suo, Doireann O’Kiely, Mingchao Liu, Yixiang Gan","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036766","url":null,"abstract":"Unfavorable fluid-fluid displacement, where a low-viscosity fluid displaces a higher-viscosity fluid in permeable media, is commonly encountered in various subsurface processes. Understanding the formation and evolution of the resulting interfacial instability can have practical benefits for engineering applications. Using gradient capillary tubes as surrogate models of permeable media, we numerically investigate interfacial dynamics during gas-driven drainage. Our focus is on understanding the impact of tube geometry on interface stability. In a gradient tube, since the interface shape changes during the drainage process, we measure interfacial stability using the difference between the contact-line velocity <i>U</i>_cl and the meniscus tip velocity <i>U</i>_tip. We define instability as a rapid reduction in the contact line velocity <i>U</i>_cl compared to the tip velocity <i>U</i>_tip. Beyond the onset of this instability, gas penetrates into the liquid, forming a finger, and entraining a liquid film on the tube wall. The observed stability transition can be rationalized to a large extent by adaptation of an existing theory for cylindrical tubes in terms of a critical capillary number Ca_crit. For an expanding tube, simulations suggest that a stability transition from an initially unstable meniscus to a final stable one, with <i>U</i>_cl catching up with <i>U</i>_tip, can occur if the local capillary number is initially slightly larger than Ca_crit and then drops below Ca_crit. The insights gained from this study can be beneficial in estimating the mode and efficiency of subsurface fluid displacement.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Drought Mitigation and Water Security Through 100 Years of Reservoir Expansion in Semi-Arid Brazil","authors":"Antônio Alves Meira Neto, Pedro Medeiros, José Carlos de Araújo, Bruno Pereira, Murugesu Sivapalan","doi":"10.1029/2023wr036411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036411","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil's Northeast region (BRN), especially the state of Ceará (CE), has dealt historically with severe drought events since the late 1800s, which commonly led to catastrophic impacts of mass migration and deaths of thousands of people. Throughout the last century, the “Droughts Polygon” region experienced an intense infrastructural development, with the expansion of a dense network of reservoirs. This paper presents a parsimonious hydrologic modeling approach to investigate the 100-year (1920–2020) evolution of the hydrology of the 24,500 km² Upper Jaguaribe Basin, throughout the development of a dense reservoir network. We aimed at reproducing the hydrology at the basin scale and analyzed the outcomes of reservoir expansion in terms of water fluxes and water security. Our model's structure captured the growth in reservoir count and storage capacity, which was then confronted with an evolving water demand, allowing us to estimate how water security (i.e., proportion of demand being met) varied over the 100-year period. Significant streamflow reduction at the basin's outlet and increase in evaporation losses, associated with a decrease in streamflow at varying exceedance frequencies were observed at the end of the study period. While reservoir expansion allowed for the transition from complete vulnerability to meteorological droughts to increased levels of water security, drought impacts had, in the meantime, disproportionally intensified, especially in reservoirs of medium to small capacities. Smaller reservoirs are suggested to have played the role of distributing water resources throughout the region, while larger reservoirs were more efficient as tools to promote water security.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}