Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Long-Term Capturability of Atmospheric Water on a Global Scale","authors":"Fang-Fang Li, Hou-Liang Lu, Guang-Qian Wang, Jun Qiu","doi":"10.1029/2023wr034757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr034757","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming has changed both the amount of global precipitation and the atmospheric capacity to retain water. In this paper, a novel definition of the long-term Capturability of Atmospheric Water (CAW) based on horizontal atmospheric water transport is proposed, describing the ability of a certain area to intercept and convert the atmospheric water transported by horizontal moisture flux into local precipitation. The significant decrease of the CAW in Amazon and Congo rainforests and Inside Greenland indicates that these areas were having less precipitation with the same water vapor in the past 42 years, while in Asia (especially China), CAW is showing a large-scale increasing trend, verifying the regional humidifying. Considering the change of both the CAW and the background atmospheric water simultaneously, their mismatch degree is also investigated. The positive mismatch in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Greenland, and the Andes, suggests higher susceptibility to climate change, and in the areas of negative mismatch (Amazon, Maritime Continent, southeastern China, the Eastern United States, India, and Japan), a more stable precipitation response to climate change is expected. The proposed concept of CAW provides a novel perspective to analyze the precipitation response to climate change on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using an Isotope Enabled Mass Balance to Evaluate Existing Land Surface Models","authors":"Marja Haagsma, Catherine E. Finkenbiner, David C. Noone, Gabriel J. Bowen, Christopher Still, Richard P. Fiorella, Stephen P. Good","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037530","url":null,"abstract":"Land surface models (LSMs) play a crucial role in elucidating water and carbon cycles by simulating processes such as plant transpiration and evaporation from bare soil, yet calibration often relies on comparing LSM outputs of landscape total evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i>) and discharge with measured bulk fluxes. Discrepancies in partitioning into component fluxes predicted by various LSMs have been noted, prompting the need for improved evaluation methods. Stable water isotopes serve as effective tracers of component hydrologic fluxes, but data and model integration challenges have hindered their widespread application. Leveraging National Ecological Observation Network measurements of water isotope ratios at 16 US sites over 3 years combined with LSM-modeled fluxes, we employed an isotope-enabled mass balance framework to simulate <i>ET</i> isotope values (<i>δET</i>) within three operational LSMs (Mosaic, Noah, and VIC) to evaluate their partitioning. Models simulating <i>δET</i> values consistent with observations were deemed more reflective of water cycling in these ecosystems. Mosaic exhibited the best overall performance (Kling-Gupta Efficiency of 0.28). For both Mosaic and Noah there were robust correlations between bare soil evaporation fraction and error (negative) as well as transpiration fraction and error (positive). We found the point at which errors are smallest (<i>x</i>-intercept of the multi-site regression) is at a higher transpiration fraction than is currently specified in the models. Which means that transpiration fraction is underestimated on average. Stable isotope tracers offer an additional tool for model evaluation and identifying areas for improvement, potentially enhancing LSM simulations and our understanding of land-surface hydrologic processes.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sub-Hourly MRMS Quantitative Precipitation Estimates in Mountainous Terrain Using Machine Learning","authors":"Phoebe White, Peter A. Nelson","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037437","url":null,"abstract":"The Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product incorporates radar, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and gage data at a high spatiotemporal resolution for the United States and southern Canada. MRMS is subject to various sources of measurement error, especially in complex terrain. The goal of this study is to provide a framework for understanding the uncertainty of MRMS in mountainous areas with limited observations. We evaluate 8-hr time series samples of MRMS 15-min intensity through a comparison to 204 gages located in the mountains of Colorado. This analysis shows that the MRMS surface precipitation rate product tends to overestimate rainfall with a median normalized root mean squared error (RMSE) of 42% of the maximum MRMS 15-min intensity. For each time series sample, various features related to the physical characteristics influencing MRMS performance are calculated from the topography, surrounding storms, and rainfall observed at the gage location. A gradient-boosting regressor is trained on these features and is optimized with quantile loss, using the RMSE as a target, to model nonlinear patterns in the features that relate to a range of error. This model was used to predict a range of error throughout the mountains of Colorado during warm months, spanning 6 years, resulting in a spatiotemporally varying error model of MRMS for sub-hourly precipitation rates. Mapping of this data set by aggregating normalized RMSE over time reveals that areas further from radar sites in higher elevation terrain show consistently greater error. However, the model predicts larger performance variability in these regions compared to alternative error assessments.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"24 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Common Preferential Two-Phase Displacement Pathways in Porous Media","authors":"Samaneh Vahid Dastjerdi, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, S. Majid Hassanizadeh, Holger Steeb","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037266","url":null,"abstract":"Including specific interfacial area and saturation of the percolating phase into two-phase porous media flow models, on the Darcy scale, enhances our ability to capture the physical properties of porous media flow more effectively. Using optical microscopy and microfluidic devices, we perform sequential drainage and imbibition experiments. The relevant processes, images, and boundary pressures are monitored, recorded, and logged at all times. For comparative purposes, two PDMS micromodels are used, one with an ortho-canonical, homogeneous, and the other with a periodic heterogeneous pore network, with similar macro- but different pore-scale properties. After processing the images, parameters like interfacial area belonging to percolating and non-percolating phases and the corresponding phase saturations are determined. Our experimental results show that the relation between specific interfacial area and saturation of the percolating invading phase is a linear relationship with interesting properties. Additionally, after a number of fluid displacement processes (drainage and imbibition), and for both pore networks, unique flow paths for both phases are formed. We speculate that this happens due to the establishment of an effective porous medium, meaning a hydro-dynamically active region within the pore space where the corresponding phase remains connected and flowing, where the capillary forces act as the guide for creating the “path of least resistance” in a highly viscous flow regime by keeping the non-percolating phases in place. As the results can be specific to our experiments, more work needs to be done toward the potential generalization of these findings, especially in 3D flow domains.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widespread Increasing Control of Water Supply on Evapotranspiration","authors":"Yu Zhang, Xiaomang Liu, Kaiwen Wang, Dan Zhang, Weihang Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038353","url":null,"abstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET), a crucial component of water consumption in the hydrological process, is directly controlled by soil moisture (SM) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) from the perspectives of water supply and demand. However, SM and VPD are strongly coupled through multiple physical processes, confounding their effects on ET. Here, we decouple the interaction between SM and VPD and then analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of their individual effects on ET based on multiple observation-based data sets. The results show that ET is limited by SM rather than VPD in approximately 63% of global land areas (60°S–60°N), defined as water supply-limited regions. From 1982 to 2014, the effect of SM on ET enhances significantly in 43% of the water supply-limited regions. The trends can be attributed to changes in SM and VPD themselves as well as to changes in vegetation conditions. Using the findings from the observation-based data sets as the benchmark, we show that Earth System Models (ESMs) can overall reproduce the spatial pattern of SM and VPD effects on ET but fail to capture their temporal trends. Our results highlight that the water supply and demand control on ET varies with changing environments, which should be explicitly considered when analyzing the terrestrial water cycle and land-atmosphere interaction.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Monitoring Frequency for Representation of Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Urban Rivers","authors":"Hongzheng Zhu, Kieran Khamis, David M. Hannah, Stefan Krause","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037254","url":null,"abstract":"In-situ dissolved organic matter (DOM) monitoring frequencies have often been chosen for convenience or based on perceived wisdom, without fully assessing their impact on representation of DOM dynamics. To address this gap, we collected 5-min fluorescence data in an urban headwater and resampled it at coarser intervals to investigate the impact of monitoring frequencies on the detectability of DOM dynamics during storms. Expecting hydrometeorological conditions to modify the impact of monitoring frequency, we categorized 85 storm events into groups: Group A (low intensity, short duration), Group B (high intensity, short duration), and Group C (low intensity, long duration). Surprisingly, our analysis indicated that monitoring frequency has minimal influence on commonly used biogeochemical indexes (e.g., maximum, hysteresis and flushing index), which are employed to characterize solute behavior, regardless of storm type. To facilitate a direct comparison between monitoring frequencies, we back-interpolated coarser data into 5-min intervals and calculated mean squared errors by comparing them with original high-resolution data. Our findings indicated that in colder periods with predominately Type A and C storms, a coarser monitoring frequency (&gt;30 min) can capture DOM dynamics. Conversely, in warmer periods when Type B storms dominate, a finer frequency (≤15 min) is necessary to capture key solute chemograph processes (e.g., first flush and dilution). Generally, we suggest a 15-min monitoring frequency as optimal for similar urban headwater systems, and advocate an adaptive approach based on seasonal variations to improve efficiency, especially when power, data transfer, and storage are constraints.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote Sensing Estimation of Shallow and Deep Aquifer Response to Precipitation-Based Recharge Through Downscaling","authors":"Ikechukwu Kalu, Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Vagner G. Ferreira, Sreekanth Janardhanan, Matthew Currell, Russell S. Crosbie, Mark J. Kennard","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037360","url":null,"abstract":"The Gnangara groundwater system is a highly productive water resource in southwestern Australia. However, it is considered one of the most vulnerable groundwater systems to climate change, due to consistent declines in precipitation and recharge, and regional climate models project further declines into the future. This study introduces a new framework underpinned by machine learning techniques to provide reliable estimates of precipitation-based recharge over the whole Perth Basin (including the Gnangara system). By combining estimates of baseflow, groundwater evaporation, and extraction, groundwater recharge was estimated over the Perth (testing site) and Gnangara (calibration site) systems using downscaled Groundwater Storage Anomalies (GWSA) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. The random forest regression (RFR) model was used to downscale the spatial resolution of GRACE to 0.05° (approx. 5 km), providing estimable signals over the relatively small calibration site (∼2,200 km²) in order to discern any meaningful signals from the original GRACE resolution. Our study reveals that downscaled signals from GRACE can be used to provide precipitation-based recharge estimates for groundwater systems accurately. However, the growing impacts of climate change, which has led to sporadic precipitation patterns over Western Australia, can limit the efficiency of satellite remote sensing methods in estimating recharge, especially in deep and complex aquifers.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Nonlinear–To–Linear Relationship Between Bulk and Pore Water Electrical Conductivity in Saturated Porous Media Using a Padé Approximant","authors":"Yongwei Fu, Andrew Binley, Robert Horton, Joshua Heitman","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037935","url":null,"abstract":"A petrophysical model that accurately relates bulk electrical conductivity (σ) to pore fluid conductivity (σ_w) is critical to the interpretation of geophysical measurements. Classical models are either only applicable over a limited salinity regime or incorrectly explain the nonlinear-to-linear behavior of the σ(σ_w) relationship. In this study, asymptotic limits at zero and infinite salinity are first established in which, σ is expressed as a linear function of σ_w with four parameters: cementation exponent (<i>m</i>), the equivalent value of volumetric surface electrical conductivity (σ_s), the volume fraction of overlapped diffuse layer (ϕ_od) and parameter χ representing the ratio of the volume fraction of the water phase to that of the solid phases in the surface conduction pathway. Subsequently, we bridge the gap between the two extremes by employing the Padé approximant (PA). Given that parameter χ exhibits a marginal influence on the σ(σ_w) curve, based on measurements for 15 samples, we identify its optimal value to be 0.4. After setting the optimal value of <i>χ</i>, we proceed to evaluate the performance of the PA model by comparing its estimates and estimates made by two existing models to measured values from 27 rock samples and eight sediment samples. The comparison confirms that the PA model estimates are more accurate than estimates made by existing models, particularly at low salinity and for samples with higher cation exchange capacity. The PA model is advantageous in scenarios involving the interpretation of electrical data in freshwater environments.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Corner-Bridge Flow on Capillary Pressure Curve: Insights From Microfluidic Experiments and Pore-Network Modeling","authors":"Tian Lan, Ran Hu, Guan-Xiong Wang, Zhibing Yang, Yi-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037690","url":null,"abstract":"The capillary pressure curve is essential for predicting multiphase flow processes in geological systems. At low saturations, wetting films form and become important, but how wetting films control this curve remains inadequately understood. In this study, we combine microfluidic experiments with pore-network modeling to investigate the impact of corner-bridge flow on the capillary pressure curve in porous media. Using a CMOS camera and a confocal laser scanning microscopy, we directly observe the corner-bridge flow under quasi-static drainage displacement, revealing that corner-bridge flow serves as an additional flow path to drain trapped water. Consequently, the capillary pressure curve shifts toward lower saturations, resulting in a reduced water residual saturation. We establish a theoretical criterion for the occurrence of corner-bridge flow and develop a pore-network model to simulate quasi-static drainage, taking into account this additional flow path. Pore-network modeling results agree well with our experimental observation. On this basis, we employ our pore-network model to systematically analyze the impact of corner-bridge flow on capillary pressure curve across varying porosity, pore-scale disorder, and system size. Results indicate that the impact of corner-bridge flow becomes more pronounced as porosity decreases and shape factor increases. Our findings demonstrate that the maximum decrease of water residual saturation is 0.19 when porosity is at its minimum, and the shape factor is at its maximum. This work bridges the gap between the pore-scale mechanism and capillary pressure behavior and has significant implications for estimating the amount of extractable water and the CO₂ storage capacity.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 Trapping in Layered Porous Media by Effective Viscosification","authors":"Boxin Ding, Apostolos Kantzas, Abbas Firoozabadi","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037819","url":null,"abstract":"Safe and efficient storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers requires mobility control to prevent CO₂ from accumulation and rapid spreading at the formation top below the caprock. In the past, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of two engineered olefinic-based oligomers for viscosification of sc-CO₂ and the significant improvements in residual trapping of sc-CO₂ in brine-saturated homogeneous sandstone cores (Ding et al., 2024, https://doi.org/10.2118/214842-pa). The objective of this work is to examine the sweep efficiency and residual brine saturation in the layered cores by effective viscosification with two engineered molecules, providing the implications for CO₂ trapping in layered porous media by effective viscosification. In neat CO₂ injection, the CO₂ channels through the high permeability layer, causing rapid breakthrough and high residual brine saturation. This results in an inefficient process for CO₂ storage in saline aquifers. In viscosified CO₂ injection, we observe significant improvements in crossflow at the interface between the two-permeability layer, partly due to the mobility control and residual brine saturation reduction. In comparison to the neat CO₂ injection, the synergistic effect of the mobility control and increases in interfacial elasticity by injection of vis-CO₂ results in delay in breakthrough by a factor of 2 and about 95% higher brine production. Compared to our previous work on displacement experiments in homogeneous sandstone core, there is a more significant reduction of residual brine saturation in layered cores by viscosified CO₂ injection. Increases in injection rate is also demonstrated to improve the CO₂ storage in layered cores. Both the CO₂ viscosification and increases in injection rate may promote the injection pressure to overcome the capillary entry pressure, leading to CO₂ displacement of brine in the low-permeability layer. CT-imaging data advances understanding of boundary conditions, brine production, and local residual brine saturation in layered cores.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}