Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"Flood Wave Attenuation as a Function of Floodplain Storage, Secondary Channel Conveyance, and Discharge","authors":"N. Tull, P. Passalacqua","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038582","url":null,"abstract":"The elevation of natural river levees can vary considerably along the length of a river, and low-lying features such as secondary floodplain channels allow for hydrologic exchange between a river and its floodplain over a range of discharges. This hydrologic, “river-floodplain connectivity” plays a role in attenuating flood waves and transporting fluvial material to floodplain ecosystems. However, flood wave attenuation and transport are also limited by the available storage provided by floodplains. In this study, we explore the combined controls of river-floodplain connectivity and floodplain width on flood wave attenuation and transport, and how those controls change as flood magnitude increases. We develop idealized river-floodplain models based on the geometry of the lower Trinity River in Texas, USA, varying floodplain width, peak discharge, and degree of river-floodplain connectivity, which we prescribe by varying the width of a secondary channel connecting the river to the floodplain. We show that attenuation transitions from connectivity-limited to storage-limited as discharge increases. Secondary channel conveyance allows for floodplain inundation at lower discharges, but also fills the floodplain faster and, for larger floods, can cause higher flood peaks downstream. Greater secondary channel conveyance and wider floodplains increase fluxes to the floodplain, but secondary conveyance allows the floodplain to drain faster while wider floodplains have longer average residence times. This study presents a framework for understanding how secondary channel conveyance and floodplain width combine to modulate lateral flow exchange, residence times, and flood wave attenuation, and can guide successful management of river systems and future restoration efforts.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing CO2 Migration Within Faults During Megatonne-Scale Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage in Offshore Texas","authors":"Lluís Saló-Salgado, Josimar A. Silva, Lisa Lun, Christie M. Rogers, J. Steven Davis, Ruben Juanes","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037059","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies indicate that Miocene-age reservoirs offshore Texas are promising candidates for industrial-scale geologic carbon sequestration. Fault-bounded hydrocarbon traps are common, and faults may be less competent seals than the low-permeability sediments overlying the reservoirs; this means that faults may limit the amount of <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/b316c463-309b-41e5-872c-ae6113c7b39b/wrcr70040-math-0003.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"705\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70040-math-0003.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"CO Subscript 2\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70040:wrcr70040-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70040-math-0003.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"CO Subscript 2\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mtext data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\">CO</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msub></mrow>${text{CO}}_{2}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> that can be permanently sequestered. Here, we conduct flow simulations of megatonne-scale <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/a70879a7-513a-43d4-ace2-9df2bf6a13b6/wrcr70040-math-0004.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"706\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70040-math-0004.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"CO Subscript 2\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"un","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analytical Method for Estimating Hydraulic Parameters of a Nonlinear Consolidated Aquitard Considering Secondary Consolidation","authors":"Hao Li, Zhaofeng Li, Zhi Dou, Walter A. Illman","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038889","url":null,"abstract":"The estimation of groundwater released from aquitards is important for the groundwater resources assessment and disaster prevention. In this study, a mathematical model for water release from a nonlinear consolidated aquitard was established considering that the change of the void ratio is caused by effective stress and creep effect, and the corresponding analytical solutions for water release were derived while the water level in adjacent aquifers decreases. The analysis results utilizing the analytical solution show that, with the development of consolidation, the contribution of secondary consolidation to total consolidation continuously increases and dominates during the latter stage of consolidation, where the increase in thickness of aquitards and the decrease in consolidation coefficient postponed this stage. Based on this property, a quantitative method to calculate the completion time of primary consolidation and a new multi-parameter inversion method for calculating hydraulic parameters and coefficient of secondary consolidation were proposed. The consolidation test of aquitard under drawdown condition was conducted to prove the practicality and accuracy of the analytical solutions and parameter inversion methods. Compared with the traditional linear consolidation theory, the estimated water release from aquitards using the proposed non-linear analytical solution is in better agreement with experimental results. The estimated water release from aquitards without considering secondary consolidation apparently underestimated, especially during the latter stage of consolidation.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimization-Simulation Method for Low-Impact-Development (LID) Facilities Based on CCMO Algorithm Combining an Integrated Finite Volume Coastal Ocean and Drainage Pipe Model","authors":"Fei Liu, Qiming Cheng, Zijian Zeng, Shuyi Wei, Shaochun Yuan, Zhen Liu, Yao Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038718","url":null,"abstract":"The employment of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities is an effective means to alleviate urban flood in the context of climate change and urbanization. Existing methods for evaluating the hydrological reduction and control effect of LID facilities are mostly based on hydrological models, which have inherent shortages in accurate flood process simulation. In this study, a fully-distributed bidirectional-coupled hydrodynamic model based on the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) and a one-dimensional drainage pipe model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of LID facilities combining the Coevolutionary Constrained Multi-objective Optimization (CCMO) algorithm. The proposed method is applied to investigate the responses of LID facilities effectiveness in hydrological reduction and control to rainfall patterns in the Yuelai New City, Chongqing, China. Results show that the overflow volume and peak overflow under unimodal rainfall are larger than those under other rainfall patterns. The time lag between initial and peak overflow under unimodal rainfall is the shortest, and it is shorter under small rainfall return period. The flood reduction and delay effect of LID facilities under unimodal rainfall is lower than that under bimodal rainfall, and it is the best under uniform rainfall. At low costs, the peak flood reduction effect of combined LID facilities may be lower than that of a single LID facility with strong permeability, but as costs continue to increase, combined LID facilities show its superiority. The proposed optimization-simulation method is of great significance for environmental managers to seek best solutions in urban flood control.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact Models Assess the Impacts of Floodplain Storage on Suspended Sediment Delivery and Restoration Lag Times: A Chesapeake Bay Case Study","authors":"J. E. Pizzuto, M. E. Huffman","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039273","url":null,"abstract":"A lag in time occurs between implementing a watershed restoration design and attaining measurable benefits in impaired waters downstream. Where restoration is intended to reduce the delivery of sediment, lag times can be greatly increased by floodplain deposition. Floodplain processes, however, are rarely included in watershed restoration assessments. Here we present equations that can be applied with limited effort to estimate lag times associated with floodplain deposition. The equations determine if floodplain storage is likely to influence the timing of sediment delivery, and they also provide estimates of sediment travel time distributions when floodplain deposition is important. We use a step reduction in upstream sediment supply to represent restoration from Best Management Practices (BMPs), and use this initial condition to derive an analytical solution for the time needed to deliver restoration benefits downstream. Parameters required by these equations can be extracted from sediment budgets and floodplain deposit age data. Illustrative computations for the Chesapeake Bay watershed predict that only 15% of the sediment load can be transported 200 km without being stored on a floodplain. Once deposited, particles remain in place for ∼300 years before remobilization. For distances of 20–75 km, average travel times range from ∼500 to ∼750 years. These results suggest that BMPs employed in the headwaters of the Chesapeake Bay will not reduce sediment delivery within the decadal timescales assumed by the Chesapeake Bay Program. BMPs should be located close to the Bay to achieve maximum efficacy within reasonable time frames.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River Thermal Dynamics and Heatwaves of Polish Rivers Under Climate Change","authors":"Jiang Sun, Fabio Di Nunno, Mariusz Sojka, Renata Graf, Dariusz Wrzesiński, Mariusz Ptak, Wentao Dong, Jiajie Xu, Quan Zhou, Yi Luo, Wei Zhi, Roohollah Noori, Senlin Zhu, Francesco Granata","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039331","url":null,"abstract":"Progression of global warming poses a significant risk to river ecosystems. However, how river heatwaves' characteristics across complex hydrological systems alter under climate change is still poorly understood. In this study, long-term reconstructed daily river water temperatures (RWTs) from 125 hydrological stations in 70 rivers across Poland, were used. Bayesian estimator of abrupt change, seasonal change, and trend (BEAST) method was used to track the abrupt changes of RWTs. Moreover, the characteristics of river heatwaves, including number, duration, intensity, and category, were evaluated. BEAST analysis revealed pronounced spatiotemporal variability in RWT trends in Poland, influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. Notably, the maximum abrupt changes of RWT were observed during the 1980s and 1990s. Southern Poland, particularly mountainous regions, exhibited more pronounced river temperature changes and severe heatwaves compared to the milder northern regions. Our results also showed a statistically significant increase in frequency and intensity of river heatwaves at 121 out of the 125 studied stations (<i>p</i>-value &lt; 0.05), which were consistent with the warming of air temperatures. For all the designated stations, the majority of river heatwaves belonged to the category “moderate,” followed by “strong,” “severe,” and “extreme.” Number, duration, and intensity of the river heatwaves were highly correlated with air temperatures, with the correlation coefficients being 0.624, 0.631, and 0.604, respectively. Our findings further suggest that mitigation measures shall be taken to reduce the effects of climate warming on Polish river ecosystems, especially under low flow conditions which are more vulnerable to the intensified river heatwaves.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Uncertainty in Flood Predictions in Fixed Cartesian Flood Model Due To Arbitrary Conventions in Grid Alignment","authors":"M. Nguyen, M. D. Wilson, E. M. Lane, J. Brasington, R. A. Pearson","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038919","url":null,"abstract":"Digital elevation models generated by sampling and interpolating LiDAR data onto a square grid can produce reliable flood predictions. However, the arbitrary conventions in grid alignment that can introduce uncertainty in flood predictions are frequently overlooked. Hence, our research quantified this uncertainty using a Monte Carlo approach and flood model LISFLOOD-FP to generate multiple flood simulations for analysis. The simulations were generated by transforming the alignments of the square grid (North translation, East translation, North-East translation, rotation, and a combination of rotation and translation) with different resolutions (2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-m). We also used different flood scenarios (5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, 80-, and 1,000-year return periods) to observe how the uncertainty changes in a specific event. Results demonstrate that the grid alignment introduces uncertainty in flood predictions, leading to significant variability in flood extent (7%) and the number of flooded buildings (27%). Because the main river aligns with the grid lines, higher variability in water depths, flood extent, and flooded buildings is associated with grid rotation than translation. Finer resolutions have less variability in water depths, flooded areas, and the number of flooded buildings owing to the decreased movement of LiDAR points between pixels. For each flood scenario, if water overtops certain thresholds in only a few simulations, variations in water depths and flooded areas increase. However, if it only fills locations that can be flooded by water volume in smaller flood event, they decrease. The number of flooded buildings depends on if the inundated regions are residential.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Erosion and Deposition Induced by an Impinging Jet to Manage Sediment","authors":"P. Buffon, W. S. J. Uijttewaal, D. Valero, M. J. Franca","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038657","url":null,"abstract":"Dams are important water infrastructure whose main purposes can be compromised by sedimentation. This causes loss of storage volume, affecting river sediment fluxes and morphology. However, sediment management strategies can be implemented to reduce these impacts. Our goal is to characterize and quantify key processes of an idealized and reduced physical model of water injection dredging, applicable as a sediment management technique. Three sets of experiments were conducted, varying the following parameters: (a) jet discharge; (b) jet angle; (c) bed angle. The spatio-temporal evolution of the main physical processes (scour hole formation, sediment suspension development, and downstream deposition) was analyzed using images of profiles acquired during the experiments. We identified two distinct transport modes depending on how the jet flow connects with the turbidity current, each associated with different stages of scour hole development. In our experiments, the bed-perpendicular component of the exit velocity (momentum) of the jet is the primary driver of the morphological evolution. We demonstrate self-similarity in the longitudinal profiles of the scour hole and downstream deposit. Finally, we discuss practical implications of this study, such as the net displacement of the material, scaling, and limitations. This research contributes to the development of innovative sediment management strategies for water reservoirs and other hydraulic structures.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Based Digital Rocks Augmentation and Assessment Metrics","authors":"Lei Liu, Bernard Chang, Maša Prodanović, Michael J. Pyrcz","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037939","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable uncertainty model calculation in subsurface engineering from pore- and grain-scale to field-scale relies on sufficient data, but subsurface data set acquisition remains a challenge, particularly in domains where data collection is expensive or time-consuming, such as Computed Topography (CT) imaging for digital rock images. While AI-based data augmentation may assist the model training, it still requires many training images as well as the quality assessment of generated data. Yet, most data quantitative metrics flatten spatial data into vectors; therefore, removing the essential spatial relationships within the data. We evaluate topology-based metrics for quality assessment of AI-based image augmentation, coupled with digital rocks augmentation practice using the Single image Generative Adversarial Network (SinGAN) for binarized (segmented) images. Compared to most traditional dimensionality reduction methods that process images into a flattened vector, we propose topological image analysis for dimensionality reduction while preserving the essential geometric and topological features of the high-dimensional data. To demonstrate our proposed approach, we evaluate the generated images starting from four distinct digital rock samples, sorted sandstone, synthetic sphere pack, limestone, and poorly sorted sandstone, using Minkowski functionals, image graph network-based measures, graph Laplacian-based measures, local trend maps, and a homogeneity-heterogeneity classifier. Our workflow suggests that AI-based digital rock augmentation, combined with topological dimensionality reduction offers a powerful tool for enhanced quality assessment and diagnostic of digital rock augmentation and improved interpretation to support decision-making.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Separation of Runoff Pathways and Storage Times via Coupled Electrical Conductivity Mass Balance and Nonlinear Storage-Discharge Relationship: Theory and Application Testing","authors":"Weifei Yang, Changlai Xiao, Xiujuan Liang, Zhang Fang, Dianwu Song","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039052","url":null,"abstract":"Streamflow can be separated into fast runoff and baseflow according to runoff pathways, and also into new and old water according to storage times. Typically, baseflow does not completely overlap with old water, nor does fast runoff completely overlap with new water. This imperfect overlap relationship divides total streamflow into four components. Separating the fractions of these components is an important prerequisite for understanding hydrological processes. However, the current baseflow separation methods are still inadequate to accomplish this task, and most of them can only separate two components. Therefore, we developed a new hydrograph separation method that couples mass balance and a nonlinear storage-discharge relationship. This method can achieve simultaneous separation of the four components based on an inexpensive tracer electrical conductivity (EC) without the need for precipitation data. The applicability of the new method was tested at 51 gages in the continental United States, which have high-quality streamflow and EC data and are widely hydrologically representative. The results show that the new method is applicable to small-to medium-scale natural watersheds across a wide range of climatic, vegetative, and geologic zones. The added consideration of the impacts of passive storage and water-rock interaction significantly increases the reproducibility of streamflow EC and also leads to more similar baseflow and old water separation, which in fact have significant differences due to distinct components they contain. The new method has a well-defined physical basis and can be expanded for several practical applications.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}