Virulence最新文献

{"title":"YjbH contributes to <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> skin pathology and immune response through Agr-mediated α-toxin regulation.","authors":"Aubrey K G McReynolds, Emma A Pagella, Miranda J Ridder, Olivia Rippee, Zachary Clark, Michaella J Rekowski, Michele T Pritchard, Jeffrey L Bose","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2399798","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2399798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) with Methicillin-Resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) strains being a major contributor in both community and hospital settings. <i>S. aureus</i> relies on metabolic diversity and a large repertoire of virulence factors to cause disease. This includes α-hemolysin (Hla), an integral player in tissue damage found in various models, including SSTIs. Previously, we identified a role for the Spx adapter protein, YjbH, in the regulation of several virulence factors and as an inhibitor of pathogenesis in a sepsis model. In this study, we found that YjbH is critical for tissue damage during SSTI, and its absence leads to decreased proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in the skin. We identified no contribution of YjbI, encoded on the same transcript as YjbH. Using a combination of reporters and quantitative hemolysis assays, we demonstrated that YjbH impacts Hla expression and activity both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Additionally, expression of Hla from a non-native promoter reversed the tissue damage phenotype of the Δ<i>yjbIH</i> mutant. Lastly, we identified reduced Agr activity as the likely cause for reduced Hla production in the Δ<i>yjbH</i> mutant. This work continues to define the importance of YjbH in the pathogenesis of <i>S. aureus</i> infection as well as identify a new pathway important for Hla production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2399798"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11404607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The presence of differentiated C2C12 muscle cells enhances toxin production and growth by <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type A strain ATCC3624.","authors":"Jihong Li, Sameera Sayeed, Bruce A McClane","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2388219","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2388219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type A causes gas gangrene, which involves muscle infection. Both alpha toxin (PLC), encoded by the <i>plc</i> gene, and perfringolysin O (PFO), encoded by the <i>pfoA</i> gene, are important when type A strains cause gas gangrene in a mouse model. This study used the differentiated C2C12 muscle cell line to test the hypothesis that one or both of those toxins contributes to gas gangrene pathogenesis by releasing growth nutrients from muscle cells. RT-qPCR analyses showed that the presence of differentiated C2C12 cells induces <i>C. perfringens</i> type A strain ATCC3624 to upregulate <i>plc</i> and <i>pfoA</i> expression, as well as increase expression of several regulatory genes, including <i>virS/R</i>, <i>agrB/D</i>, and <i>eutV/W</i>. The VirS/R two component regulatory system (TCRS) and its coupled Agr-like quorum sensing system, along with the EutV/W TCRS (which regulates expression of genes involved in ethanolamine [EA] utilization), were shown to mediate the C2C12 cell-induced increase in <i>plc</i> and <i>pfoA</i> expression. EA was demonstrated to increase toxin gene expression. ATCC3624 growth increased in the presence of differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and this effect was shown to involve both PFO and PLC. Those membrane-active toxins were each cytotoxic for differentiated C2C12 cells, suggesting they support ATCC3624 growth by releasing nutrients from differentiated C2C12 cells. These findings support a model where, during gas gangrene, increased production of PFO and PLC in the presence of muscle cells causes more damage to those host cells, which release nutrients like EA that are then used to support <i>C. perfringens</i> growth in muscle.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"15 1","pages":"2388219"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11364075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histone-like transcription factor Hfl1p in <i>Candida albicans</i> harmonizes nuclear and mitochondrial genomic network in regulation of energy metabolism and filamentation development.","authors":"Xiaodong She, Xiaowei Zhou, Meng Zhou, Lulu Zhang, Richard Calderone, Joseph A Bellanti, Weida Liu, Dongmei Li","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2412750","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2412750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida albicans</i> is an opportunistic fungal pathogen known for surviving in various nutrient-limited conditions within the host and causing infections. Our prior research revealed that Hfl1p, an archaeal histone-like or Hap5-like protein, is linked to mitochondrial ATP generation and yeast-hyphae morphogenesis. However, the specific roles of Hfl1p in these virulence behaviours, through its function in the CBF/NF-Y complex or as a DNA polymerase II subunit, remain unclear. This study explores Hfl1p's diverse functions in energy metabolism and morphogenesis. By combining proteomic analysis and phenotypic evaluations of the <i>hfl1Δ/hfl1Δ</i> mutant with ChIP data, we found that Hfl1p significantly impacts mitochondrial DNA-encoded CI subunits, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and morphogenetic pathways. This influence occurs either independently or alongside other transcription factors recognizing a conserved DNA motif (TAXXTAATTA). These findings emphasize Hfl1p's critical role in linking carbon metabolism and mitochondrial respiration to the yeast-to-filamentous form transition, enhancing our understanding of <i>C. albicans</i>' metabolic adaptability during morphological transition, an important pathogenic trait of this fungus. This could help identify therapeutic targets by disrupting the relationship between energy metabolism and cell morphology in <i>C. albicans.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2412750"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11469427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional dissection of prenyltransferases reveals roles in endocytosis and secretory vacuolar sorting in type 2-ME49 strain of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>.","authors":"Qiangqiang Wang, Yuanfeng Wang, Jinghui Wang, Wenjie Tian, Naiwen Zhang, Shaojun Long, Shuai Wang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2432681","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2432681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prenyltransferases act essential roles in the prenylation modification, which is significant for proteins, like small GTPases to execute various important activities in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T.gondii</i>). The structures and partial functions of prenyltransferases (FTase, GGTase-I, and GGTase-II) in prenylation process have been dissected in <i>T. gondii</i>. However, the cellular effects of prenyltransferases on type 2-ME49 strain of <i>Toxoplasma</i> are largely unknown. To address this gap, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing technology was employed to construct conditional knockdown strains of prenyltransferases in ME49 strain. Subsequent observation of ingestion ability of host cytosolic molecules (e.g, green fluorescent protein [GFP]) and status of secretory vacuolar sorting post-knockdown of prenyltransferases revealed significant findings. Our study demonstrated that degradation of FTase and GGTase-II notably affected the trafficking of endocytic GFP and vacuolar secretory trafficking to rhoptry bulb. Additionally, depletion of GGTase-II led to disordered endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules, as well as impaired gliding motility. The integrity of mitochondrion was damaged after degradation of GGTase-I. These findings underscore the critical functions of prenyltransferases in endocytosis and secretory vacuolar sorting in ME49 strain of <i>T. gondii</i>, thereby enhancing our understanding of prenyltransferases as potential drug targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2432681"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11601059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjuvants for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> vaccines: Outer membrane vesicles provide an alternative strategy.","authors":"Hanchi Zhang, Zhili Liu, Yi Li, Ziwei Tao, Lu Shen, Yinpan Shang, Xiaotian Huang, Qiong Liu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2425773","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2425773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the human stomach, leading to various gastric diseases. The efficacy of traditional treatments, such as bismuth-based triple and quadruple therapies, has been reduced due to increasing antibiotic resistance and drug toxicity. As a result, the development of effective vaccines was proposed to control <i>H. pylori</i>-induced infections; however, one of the primary challenges is the lack of potent adjuvants. Although various adjuvants, both toxic (e.g. cholera toxin and <i>Escherichia coli</i> heat-labile toxin) and non-toxic (e.g. aluminum and propolis), have been tested for vaccine development, no clinically favorable adjuvants have been identified due to high toxicity, weak immunostimulatory effects, inability to elicit specific immune responses, or latent side effects. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), mainly secreted by gram-negative bacteria, have emerged as promising candidates for <i>H. pylori</i> vaccine adjuvants due to their potential applications. OMVs enhance mucosal immunity and Th1 and Th17 cell responses, which have been recognized to have protective effects and guarantee safety and efficacy. The development of an effective vaccine against <i>H. pylori</i> infection is ongoing, with clinical trials expected in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2425773"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11583678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic and extrahepatic metabolic modulation in hbv-related decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure.","authors":"Zhi-Wei Li, Sheng Tu, Xia Yu, Yi-Jie Wang, Kai Gong, De-Xin Yang, Jun-Jie Yao, Hao-Tang Ren, Da-Xian Wu, Zhe-Hua Zhang, Xiao-Ling Su, Yu Wang, Zhao-Yi Pan, Rui-Hong Zhao, Ji-Fang Sheng, Yun-Qing Qiu, Yu Shi, Ze-Yu Sun","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2404953","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2404953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and decompensated cirrhosis (DC) are life-threatening syndromes that can develop at the end-stage of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Both ACLF and DC are complicated by hepatic and extrahepatic pathogeneses. To better understand the compartment-specific metabolic modulations related to their pathogenesis, HBV-DC, HBV-ACLF patients, and controls (30 each) were analyzed by metabolomics using portal (Port), hepatic vein (Hep), and peripheral (Peri) serum. Compartment ratios of metabolites (Ratio_Hep/Port, Ratio_Peri/Hep, and Ratio_Port/Peri) were calculated. The liver tissues (10 per group) were analyzed using transcriptomics and metabolomics. An additional 75 patients with ACLF, 20 with DC, and 20 with liver cirrhosis (LC) were used to confirm oxlipid dysregulation. Both multi-omics datasets suggest suppressed energy, amino acid, and pyrimidine metabolism in the ACLF/DC liver. The serum metabolomic variations were contributed primarily by disease rather than sampling compartments, as both HBV-ACLF and HBV-DC patients demonstrated abnormal profiles of amino acids and peptides, indoles, purines, steroids, and benzimidazoles. In ACLF/DC patients, impaired hepatic metabolism resulted in a highly correlated hepatic and portal vein serum metabolome and release of inflammatory lipids and heme metabolites from the liver. HBV-ACLF showed higher Ratio_Peri/Hep of extrahepatic inflammatory oxlipids, while HBV-DC patients showed higher Ratio_Port/Peri of gut microbial metabolites. An inflammatory oxlipid outburst was confirmed in the early stages of HBV-ACLF. The inflammatory effects of the selected oxlipids were confirmed in monocytes. These findings support a synergy between liver-specific mechanisms and systemic inflammation in ACLF/DC development, and that pro-inflammatory oxlipids are metabolic signatures of early HBV-ACLF.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"15 1","pages":"2404953"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A <i>Colletotrichum fructicola</i> dual specificity phosphatase CfMsg5 is regulated by the CfAp1 transcription factor during oxidative stress and promotes virulence on <i>Camellia oleifera</i>.","authors":"Yalan Gao, Shengpei Zhang, Song Sheng, He Li","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2413851","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2413851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthracnose, caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> species, induces significant economic damages to crop plants annually, especially for <i>Camellia oleifera</i>. During infection, the counter-defence mechanisms of plant pathogens against ROS-mediated resistance, however, remain poorly understood. By employing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we identified ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1 (AP-1), a bZIP transcription factor, as significant to infection. And deletion of <i>CfAP1</i> inhibited aerial hyphae formation and growth under oxidative stress. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis post H₂O₂ treatment revealed 33 significantly down-regulated genes in the AP-1 deficient strain, including A12032, a dual specificity phosphatase (DSP) homologous to MSG5 from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. This Δ<i>Cfmsg5</i> strain showed enhanced oxidative tolerance, reduced ROS scavenging, and negative regulation of the CWI MAPK cascade under oxygen stress, suggesting its involvement in oxidative signal transduction. Importantly, we provide evidence that CfMsg5 regulates growth, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and several unfolded protein response genes upregulated in Δ<i>Cfmsg5</i>. Collectively, this study identified core components during <i>C. fructicola</i> infection and highlights a potential regulatory module involving CfAp1 and CfMsg5 in response to host ROS bursts. It provides new insights into fungal infection mechanisms and potential targets like <i>CfAP1</i> and <i>CfMSG5</i> for managing anthracnose diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"15 1","pages":"2413851"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11492636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host combats porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection at non-coding RNAs level.","authors":"Zhi Qin, Weiye Liu, Zhihua Qin, Hongliang Zhang, Xuewei Huang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2416551","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2416551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. The emergence of new, highly virulent strains has precipitated recurrent outbreaks worldwide, underscoring the ongoing battle between host and virus. Thus, there is an imperative to formulate a more comprehensive and effective disease control strategy. Studies have shown that host non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an important regulator of host - virus interactions in PRRSV infection. Hence, a thorough comprehension of the roles played by ncRNAs in PRRSV infection can augment our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection. This review focuses on elucidating contemporary insights into the roles of host microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in PRRSV infection, providing both theoretical foundations and fresh perspectives for ongoing research into the mechanisms driving PRRSV infection and its pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"15 1","pages":"2416551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11492689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden liver-joint axis: HBV infection causes rheumatoid arthritis via TRAFD1 with imbalance of HBV X protein and trans-ferulic acid.","authors":"Na Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xilong Wang, Zhipu Liu, Guixi Zheng, Xin Zhang, Helgi B Schiöth, Chengxi Sun, Hongxing Wang, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2422540","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2422540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver metabolites are involved in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), indicating a connection between the liver and joints. However, the impact and mechanism of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a hepatotropic virus, on RA are still unclear. We investigated the correlation between HBV and RA using Mendelian randomization analysis. Single-cell transcriptome analysis was conducted to investigate changes in cell subtypes in synovial tissue of HBV-RA patients. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were used to create a cell model, and the transcriptome was examined to identify the key downstream molecules of FMT regulated by HBx. CIA model was constructed using HBV transgenic, HBx transgenic, and TRADF1 knockout mice to investigate the impact and mechanism of HBV on CIA. The results of our study revealed a significant positive correlation between HBV and RA. The functional studies identified a crucial role of fibroblast-myofibroblast transition (FMT) in the progression of RA. The results suggest that HBV-encoded HBx may promote FMT in RA by upregulating TRAFD1. Furthermore, trans-ferulic acid (TFA) was identified by screening for common metabolites in the liver, joints, and peripheral blood using the metabolome and WGCNA. Interestingly, we found that TFA ameliorated HBx-induced RA by suppressing TRAFD1 expression. Our study demonstrates that hidden liver-joint axis, an imbalance between TFA and HBx, plays a critical role in HBV-induced RA, which could be a potential strategy for preventing RA development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":" ","pages":"2422540"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11542605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An updated review of HSV-1 infection-associated diseases and treatment, vaccine development, and vector therapy application.","authors":"Dan Su, Liping Han, Chengyu Shi, Yaoxin Li, Shaoju Qian, Zhiwei Feng, Lili Yu","doi":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2425744","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21505594.2024.2425744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a globally widespread virus that causes and associates with a wide range of diseases, including herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes simplex keratitis, and herpes labialis. The interaction between HSV-1 and the host involves complex immune response mechanisms, including recognition of viral invasion, maintenance of latent infection, and triggering of reactivation. Antiviral therapy is the core treatment for HSV-1 infections. Meanwhile, vaccine development employs different strategies and methods, and several promising vaccine types have emerged, such as live attenuated, protein subunit, and nucleic acid vaccines, offering new possibilities for the prevention of HSV-1 infection. Moreover, HSV-1 can be modified into a therapeutic vector for gene therapy and tumour immunotherapy. This review provides an in-depth summary of HSV-1 infection-associated innate and adaptive immune responses, disease pathogenesis, current therapeutic approaches, recent advances in vaccine development, and vector therapy applications for cancer treatment. Through a systematic review of multiple aspects of HSV-1, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed reference for the public on the prevention, control, and treatment of HSV-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":23747,"journal":{"name":"Virulence","volume":"15 1","pages":"2425744"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11562918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}