Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110661
Andrew C. Kotze , Neil H. Bagnall , Angela P. Ruffell , Nicholas M. Rolls
{"title":"Application of in vitro insecticide selection pressure to a susceptible strain of the sheep blowfly reveals different rates of resistance development and cross-resistance patterns","authors":"Andrew C. Kotze , Neil H. Bagnall , Angela P. Ruffell , Nicholas M. Rolls","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to investigate the development of resistance to the pyrimidine derivative dicyclanil and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in the sheep blowfly, <em>Lucilia cuprina</em>. We applied laboratory-based insecticide selection pressure to a susceptible strain and measured resistance patterns that emerged to all of the currently-available blowfly control chemicals. The dynamics of resistance emergence was quite different for the two compounds. Resistance to imidacloprid emerged after 4 rounds of selection, increased up to 9 rounds before then remaining relatively constant at almost 10-fold until the termination of the experiment after 15 rounds. Dicyclanil resistance did not emerge until the 13th round of selection, and then increased to approximately 3.5-fold at 15 rounds. This faster development of resistance to imidacloprid is in agreement with observations of resistance emergence in field populations of the blowfly over the last 25 years. The imidacloprid-selected strain also developed resistance towards dicyclanil (3.1-fold). Similarly, the dicyclanil-selected strain also showed resistance to imidacloprid (4.8-fold). This level of resistance to imidacloprid in the dicyclanil-selected strain (4.8-fold) was slightly higher than the level of resistance to dicyclanil itself (3.5-fold). The study provides insights into the dynamics of resistance emergence to different compounds in the sheep blowfly and describes cross-resistance patterns with important implications for chemical rotation strategies. In demonstrating the emergence of resistance to two chemical classes after exposure to single classes, this study illustrates the need to examine the potential impact of resistance mechanisms that can act across multiple insecticide classes when designing insecticide-use strategies for parasite control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 110661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Double antigen sandwich ELISA for detection of antibodies against Babesia bovis.","authors":"María Evangelina Primo, Beatriz Susana Valentini, Matilde Mazzucco Panizza, Nicolás Morel, Carolina Soledad Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Babesia bovis</em> is a hemoparasite responsible for bovine babesiosis, an economically important tickborne disease widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Serological tests are used in calves to evaluate the need for vaccination and the immunity achieved after vaccination. We developed, validated, and evaluated under field conditions a double-antigen sandwich ELISA (dasELISA) using a recombinant major surface antigen 2c (MSA2c) from a pathogenic and an attenuated <em>B. bovis</em> strain. The tests were validated using a panel of 1057 serum samples of known status (217 known-positive and 840 known-negative). Samples from 116 herds (n = 2771) were evaluated by indirect ELISA (iELISA) and dasELISA. Samples with disagreement between ELISAs (231 out of 594, 38.9 %) were analyzed by IFAT. The dasELISA cutoff was ≥ 52 %P, with a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.5 % (95 % CI, 90.5–97.1) and a diagnostic specificity of 96.4 % (95 % CI, 94.9–97.6). The area under the curve (AUC) was assessed to be 0.979, which corresponds to an excellent ability of the assay to discriminate truly infected from truly uninfected animals. Concordance among dasELISA and iELISA was 78.6 %, with a κ value of 0.567 (95 % CI = 0.537–0.598); meanwhile, 57 % and 43 % of the IFAT results agreed with dasELISA and iELISA, respectively. The dasELISA could be useful for large-scale detection of anti–<em>B. bovis</em> antibodies in calves pre- and post-vaccination and for seroepidemiologic investigations, given its appropriate sensitivity and specificity and the simplicity of production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 110657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis of macrocyclic lactones in sheep infested with resistant Psoroptes ovis","authors":"Rodolfo Herrera , Victoria Miró , Adrián Lifschitz , Marcela Larroza","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of five macrocyclic lactone (MLs) formulations, three 1 % formulations (ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin) and two long-acting 3.15 % products (ivermectin and doramectin), against sheep experimentally infested with resistant <em>Psoroptes ovis</em> under standardized doses. Thirty naïve Merino sheep were experimentally infested and randomly assigned to five treatment groups (n = 6). Baseline mite counts were not used to block animals during group allocation. The three 1 % formulations of ivermectin (IVM), doramectin (DRM), and moxidectin (MXD), were administered off-label at a dose of 0.5–0.6 mg/kg on days 0 and 7, subcutaneously. The long-acting 3.15 % formulations were subcutaneously administered once at their approved doses of 1.05 mg/kg (IVM 3.15 %) and 1.26 mg/kg (DRM 3.15 %). Plasma drug concentrations and mite counts were assessed between 0 and 35 days post-treatment. Conventional 1 % formulations produced higher peak plasma concentrations than long-acting formulations, although the latter showed greater persistence, similar to that observed with repeated MXD 1 %. DRM 1 % showed greater systemic exposure compared to 3.15 % long acting formulations and IVM 1 %. Significant reductions in mite counts were observed by day 7 with DRM 1 %, and by day 14 with IVM 1 % and MXD 1 %. In contrast, long-acting formulations showed delayed responses, with significant reductions only by day 21. Only DRM 1 % and MXD 1 % achieved 100 % efficacy. PK/PD indices established for ML-resistant <em>P. ovis</em> were calculated as the ratio between peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 15 and 30 ng/mL (Cmax/MIC), as well as the ratios between the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and the same MIC values (AUC/MIC). The Cmax/MIC ratio observed for 1 % formulations were significantly higher compared to those obtained with the long-acting formulations at both MIC levels. For the AUC/MIC parameter, the 1 % formulations exhibited significantly higher values compared to the long-acting formulations for the MIC 30 ng/mL.These findings suggest that both the magnitude and duration of MLs in plasma are critical for efficacy against <em>P. ovis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 110681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145865844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110654
María Ahumada , Lorena Guasconi , Belkys Angélica Maletto , Constanza Marín , Santiago Daniel Palma , Cesar Iván Pruzzo , Corvo Ileana , Gabriel Caffe , Ana María Martin , Laura Chiapello , Laura Cervi
{"title":"Fasciola hepatica vaccine based on Kunitz-type molecule reduces adult worm fecundity in experimentally infected sheep","authors":"María Ahumada , Lorena Guasconi , Belkys Angélica Maletto , Constanza Marín , Santiago Daniel Palma , Cesar Iván Pruzzo , Corvo Ileana , Gabriel Caffe , Ana María Martin , Laura Chiapello , Laura Cervi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fasciolosis is a widespread and continuously expanding helminthiasis caused by the trematode <em>Fasciola hepatica</em>. Sheep and cattle are the primary definitive hosts of <em>F. hepatica</em> and are economically significant hosts for this pathogen worldwide. <em>F. hepatica</em> is not only a major threat to livestock but also an important neglected zoonosis. Reports of anthelmintic resistance in <em>F. hepatica</em> emphasize the urgent need for the development of an effective vaccine. Such a vaccine would reduce the impact and spread of the disease by decreasing the number of viable eggs, as well as reducing the adult worm population, ultimately leading to less liver damage. In a previous study, we demonstrated the ability of the <em>F. hepatica</em> Kunitz-type molecule synthetic (sFhKTM), formulated with a liquid crystal nanostructure created through the self-assembly of 6-O-ascorbyl palmitate ester (Coa-ASC16) and the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) to provide protection against <em>F. hepatica</em> in infected mice. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of the vaccine sFhKT/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 in sheep. The formulation containing the highest sFhKT dose was the most effective, significantly reducing fecal egg counts by 81.6 % (<em>p</em> < 0.0001). It also reduced worm burden by 55.7 % (<em>p</em> = 0.179), although this difference was not statistically significant. The addition of Cathepsin L3 (FhCL3) further reduced fecal egg counts (89.1 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) but resulted in a lower reduction in worm burden (24.06 %). Sheep vaccinated with sFhKT/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 exhibited slightly less hepatic damage than non-vaccinated animals, with histological lesions characterized by increased inflammatory infiltrates. The experimental vaccine FhKT/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 induced non-significantly greater IgG titers in immunized sheep compared to non-vaccinated controls. The <em>variation</em> in efficacy observed between the sFhKT doses highlights the need for additional trials using higher protein concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 110654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110684
Xialian Bu , Yulong Liu , Xianqi Peng , Lei Huang , Weisong Ma , Jing Chen , Chen Niu , Xiaofeng Shan , Jiayun Yao
{"title":"Comparative efficacy of herbal extracts and separately bakuchiol against the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus kobayashii in goldfish","authors":"Xialian Bu , Yulong Liu , Xianqi Peng , Lei Huang , Weisong Ma , Jing Chen , Chen Niu , Xiaofeng Shan , Jiayun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Species of <em>Gyrodactylus</em> are common monogenean ectoparasites infecting both freshwater and marine fish. Their rapid proliferation and high transmissibility make them a serious threat to aquaculture. Current chemical treatments have drawbacks of drug residues and high resistance, requiring the discovery of safe and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this study, anthelmintic efficacy against <em>Gyrodactylus kobayashii</em> of eight herbal medicines was evaluated. One of the components bakuchiol from <em>Psoralea corylifolia</em> showed the best anthelmintic efficacy. The <em>in vitro</em> assays showed a positive correlation between bakuchiol concentrations and the mortality of <em>G. kobayashii</em>, with 100 % mortality at 8 mg/L and 1 h exposure. The <em>in vivo</em> anthelmintic efficiency also exhibited a concentration-dependent relationship, treatment with bakuchiol at 6 mg/L for 48 h resulted in 100 % mortality. The EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values after 48 h exposure were 2.93 and 5.17 mg/L, respectively. Besides, the result of acute toxicity test showed its safety in goldfish, with the 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> value of 45.85 mg/L. Additionally, the results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that bakuchiol induced severe ultrastructural damage to <em>G. kobayashii</em>, including tegument disruption, mitochondria swelling, and myofilaments reduction. Histopathological analysis indicated that <em>G. kobayashii</em> were detached from gills of goldfish after bakuchiol exposure. Overall, these findings demonstrated the potential of bakuchiol as an alternative treatment for controlling gyrodactylid infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 110684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110640
K. Thutwa , J.B. van Wyk , K. Dzama , P.T. Muvhali , S.W.P. Cloete
{"title":"Cutaneous changes and cellular infiltration in response to tick attachment in Namaqua Afrikaner, Dorper and South African Mutton Merino sheep","authors":"K. Thutwa , J.B. van Wyk , K. Dzama , P.T. Muvhali , S.W.P. Cloete","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Host immune reaction to tick infestation is crucial for minimizing parasite burdens and reducing the transmission of pathogens, ultimately improving livestock health, welfare and productivity. It is unclear how divergent sheep breeds respond to tick infestation in South Africa. This study explored local cutaneous cellular immune responses in to tick infestation, a critical factor in reducing parasite burdens, limiting disease transmission, and improving livestock health, welfare and productivity. Breed-specific differences in cellular infiltration and skin responses at tick attachment and adjacent non-attachment sites were studied in 89 mature ewes maintained in the same flock. In total, 21 Namaqua Afrikaner (NA), 29 South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) and 39 Dorper ewes were used. Skin biopsies per ewe from both tick attachment and non-attachment control sites were analyzed histologically. The results showed marked variation in immune responses within and between breeds. Although skin changes were generally more pronounced at tick attachment sites across all breeds, four skin defects (spongiosis, apopthosis, necrosis and collagen degeneration) in the NA breed showed no difference between sites. All breeds exhibited similar frequencies of skin defects at tick attachment sites. Cellular infiltration was more common at tick attachment sites, with the NA and SAMM breeds showing more pronounced leukocyte infiltration than the Dorper breed. Notably, basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils were more frequently observed at tick attachment sites in NA sheep compared to the Dorper, followed by occasional increases in the SAMM breed. These findings highlight divergent breed-related immune responses to tick infestation and underscore the role of specific immune cells in mediating resistance, with the NA showing an enhanced response to tick attachment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 110640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bovine macrophages transcriptome profiling reveals divergent responses to virulent and attenuated Babesia bovis strains","authors":"Magalí Nicole Valenzano , Liliana Alvarez , Beatriz Valentini , Silvina Wilkowsky","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Babesia bovis is a tick-borne parasite of major economic impact in the livestock industry. Control strategies rely mainly on the use of acaricides and live attenuated vaccines. Comparative genomic analyses have shown no major differences between virulent and attenuated B. bovis strains, suggesting that studies on the host’s differential response may represent a key step toward clarifying the basis of disease severity and vaccine efficacy. In this study, we analyzed by RNA-seq the differential gene expression in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages after phagocytosis of erythrocytes infected with either the virulent <em>B. bovis</em> S2P strain or the attenuated R1A one. The results revealed a common transcriptional core response of several cellular processes largely centered on lymphocyte related functions, cytokine regulation, and adaptive immune signaling. In turn, the two strains elicited contrasting responses in bovine macrophages, where the virulent strain induced the enrichment of lymphocyte- and antiviral-related pathways, and the attenuated strain led to a stronger pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and extracellular matrix remodeling signatures. Taken together, these data improved our understanding of the early transcriptional events that develop in macrophages in response to the phagocytosis of red blood cells containing contrasting <em>B. bovis</em> strains. This large dataset could be evaluated in further studies to better characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of bovine babesiosis and to identify targets for host-directed therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 110634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110656
Luo Jin , Lan Xinting , Zhao Shuaiyang , Ren Qiaoyun , Muhammad Kashif Obaid , Diao Peiwen , Guan Guiquan , Liu Guangyuan , Yin Hong
{"title":"Comparative metagenomic profiling of microbial pathogen diversity in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Hyalomma dromedarii ticks","authors":"Luo Jin , Lan Xinting , Zhao Shuaiyang , Ren Qiaoyun , Muhammad Kashif Obaid , Diao Peiwen , Guan Guiquan , Liu Guangyuan , Yin Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ticks are globally important vectors of human and animal pathogens. This study characterized microbial communities in <em>Haemaphysalis longicornis</em> (from humid Zhangjiachuan County) and <em>Hyalomma dromedarii</em> (from arid Minqin County, Gansu Province, China) using metagenomic sequencing. We identified diverse bacteria and viruses including known pathogens (<em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</em>, <em>Totivirus</em> spp., <em>Escherichia</em> spp.) and potentially novel agents (<em>Totivirus</em>-like and <em>Trachysalambria</em> curvirostris-associated sequences). These results highlight the role of these tick species in pathogen transmission across different environments and emphasize the need for region-specific surveillance. Our findings contribute to the understanding of tick-borne disease risks and inform strategies for targeted control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 110656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veterinary parasitologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110635
Aliaa A. Abd-Elaziz , Eman M. Abouelhassan , Elham A. Elkhawass , Obeid Shanab , Waleed F. Khalil , Abdelfattah M. Abdelfattah
{"title":"Effects of Citrus aurantium extracts and limonene on Dipylidium caninum tegument: In vitro and in vivo study","authors":"Aliaa A. Abd-Elaziz , Eman M. Abouelhassan , Elham A. Elkhawass , Obeid Shanab , Waleed F. Khalil , Abdelfattah M. Abdelfattah","doi":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetpar.2025.110635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dipylidiosis is a common zoonotic infection of dogs caused by <em>Dipylidium caninum</em>. Infected dogs were treated using ethanolic extracts of the peel and seed of <em>Citrus aurantium</em>, as well as its main active compound (limonene). <em>In vitro</em>, peel and seed extracts (12.5, 25, 50 mg/ml) as well as limonene (30, 60, 120 µl/ml) induced worm immobility. Complete mortality of worms (100 %) was achieved 100 % mortality after 4 h for peel extracts and limonene and 6 h for seed extracts. Histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed significant structural damage in treated worms, including peeling, vesiculation, ulceration, fissures, and tegumental distortion. <em>In vivo</em>, dogs treated with peel extract at 150 and 300 mg/kg achieved high efficacy rates of 72.33 % and 92 %, respectively, and reached 100 % efficacy, comparable to that of praziquantel, by the end of the experiment. The extract's effectiveness was dose- and time-dependent. In conclusion, these findings suggest that <em>C. aurantium</em> peel extract provides a safe, sustainable, and effective natural alternative to synthetic drugs for treating <em>D. caninum</em> infections in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23716,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 110635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}