Water Resources and Industry最新文献

{"title":"Rainwater harvesting in a Polish industrial park: Toxicity, treatment, and use","authors":"Martyna Grzegorzek ,&nbsp;Szymon Szymczewski ,&nbsp;Joanna Struk-Sokołowska ,&nbsp;Bartosz Kaźmierczak","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainwater quality is strongly influenced by industrial activity. Simultaneously, amid increasing water scarcity, it states a potential supplementary water resource. Therefore, monitoring its quality is essential. This is one of the first studies aiming to assess the quality of rainwater collected in an industrial area (in Lower Silesia, Poland), combined with an assessment of heavy metals (HMs) toxicity to evaluate its ecological risk. Rainwater samples were collected from five locations (drainage ditches and retention tanks). Selected physicochemical parameters (pH, electric conductivity, total suspended and dissolved solids, total phosphorus, BOD₅, and COD), ions (Ca, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, F⁻, Al, nitrogen compounds), and selected HMs (Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd) were analyzed in a certified laboratory. Ecological risk was assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) method by comparing maximum observed concentrations with literature-derived predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC). Most parameters met World Health Organization guidelines, except for Ni (up to 0.098 mg/L), and Cl- (up to 302 mg/L), suggesting possible contamination from industrial emissions. Ca was the most abundant cation (108 mg/L). Rainwater pH was rather neutral. Cu was the most prevalent heavy metal (concentrations up to 0.1 mg/L), and RQ values up to 2000, indicating high ecological risk. Cr posed the lowest ecological risk. The elevated Ni, and Cl⁻ concentrations suggest that untreated rainwater is unsuitable for direct reuse. To mitigate risks, appropriate treatment, e.g., filtration, membrane processes, or disinfection (depending on the expected outcomes), is recommended. The findings highlight the need for effective rainwater management and the environmental impact of industrial activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating textile wastewater treatment by electro-Fenton method with Fe-MIL-88(A) catalyst composited with graphene oxide","authors":"Farzane Esmaili ,&nbsp;Hasti Hasheminejad ,&nbsp;Kimia Zarean Mousaabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The textile sector is one of the most complex industries that has significant problems due to the high toxicity and non-biodegradable properties of its dyes. Pollutants in this industry are a threat to living organisms and the environment, so their purification is of great importance. Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been more effective than other methods of treating this wastewater. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the synthesis of MIL-88A(Fe)/rGO for the removal of organic substances from textile wastewater using the electro-Fenton method.</div><div>MIL-88(A) nanorods were first synthesized by hydrothermal method and embedded in graphene oxide (GO) substrate. Then, the synthesized composite was examined through spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, all analyses showed the correct formation of MIL-88A(Fe)/rGO structure. In each experiment, the value of the current density and the distance of the electrodes were considered equal to 9 Am⁻² and 1 cm, respectively. The response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize parameters such as pH, time, the quantity of MIL-88A(Fe)/rGO composite, and the concentration of Na₂S₂O₈ oxidant. The optimal conditions for conducting the test are pH 5, duration of 60 minutes, MIL-88A(Fe)/rGO composite concentration of 0.61 g/L, and oxidizer concentration of 0.017 M. According to the obtained optimal values, COD removal efficiency from textile factory wastewater is statistically and experimentally equal to 76.5 % and 78 %, respectively. The results of the electro-Fenton process demonstrated the promising efficiency of the MIL-88A(Fe)/rGO composite with environmentally friendly titanium and graphite electrodes, surpassing previous studies in accelerating the purification process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different impacts of landscape pattern and industrial structure on water quality in Yellow River's mainstream and tributary in Gansu, China","authors":"Zhixiang Lu ,&nbsp;Jinbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Haolin Li ,&nbsp;Jiali Xie ,&nbsp;Yan Luo ,&nbsp;Qi Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water quality of rivers is usually influenced by landscape patterns and industrial structures, but the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has received less attention. Taking the mainstream and tributary rivers of the Yellow River in Gansu Province as the study area, the correlation between water quality indicators and landscape pattern index, as well as the social and economic factors were analyzed to explain the driving forces of the differences in water quality from 2018 to 2021, moreover, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water quality were investigated. The water quality of the mainstream and tributary rivers was improving, except the Taohe River; however, the monthly nitrogen source pollution in the Weihe River (3.58–11.19 mg/L for TN and 0.25–1.88 mg/L for NH₄⁺-N), Jinghe River (2.66–8.18 mg/L for TN and 0.25–1.69 mg/L for NH₄⁺-N) and Zhuanglang River (1.20–6.75 mg/L for TN and 0.18–0.65 mg/L for NH₄⁺-N) still had high levels, and the average values of TN even fall within the Class V standard. Water quality is positively correlated with the aggregation degree and connectivity of landscape, but the risk of water pollution increased with the increase of the degree of landscape fragmentation and dispersion. The NH₄⁺-N, TP, CODMn and COD are influenced by rural domestic and agricultural activities, while TN and DO are affected by urban domestic and industrial production. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected river water quality by impacting production and daily life. These findings provide a foundation for managing the water quality of Yellow River Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentrating esterquat-based surfactant wastewater via forward osmosis: A step toward reuse","authors":"Aleksandra Klimonda,&nbsp;Izabela Kowalska","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of forward osmosis (FO) for concentrating industrial wastewater obtained from the rinsing stage of esterquat-based cationic surfactant production. The raw wastewater exhibited a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of approximately 20,000 mg O₂/L and a significant concentration of cationic surfactants (CSs) from the esterquat group (∼2500 mg/L). The FO process with 1 M NaCl reduced wastewater volume by 50 %, resulting in a twofold increase in COD and CSs. An increase in the feed solution salinity (67–612 mg Cl⁻/L) confirmed the occurrence of reverse salt flux, while total organic carbon (TOC) in the draw solution at the end of the process reached ∼200 mg/L, indicating partial organic contaminants transfer through the membrane. These results demonstrate that FO is effective for concentrating wastewater and supports circular economy strategies by enabling water reuse and reducing freshwater consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and comparison of efficient electrochemical purification methods for bilge water using lead, aluminum, copper, and iron electrodes","authors":"Chin-Ko Yeh ,&nbsp;Hsiang-Cheng Hsu","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study targets the effectiveness of electrochemical technology in treating bilge water from ships. Bilge water is complex in composition, containing seawater, freshwater, hydraulic oil, fats, oils, heavy metals, and other pollutants, posing a potential threat to the marine environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has strict regulations regarding the treatment and discharge of bilge water. The electrochemical treatment technology proposed in this study uses aluminum/copper electrodes, purifying the wastewater through four steps: electrochemical oxidation, reduction, coagulation, and flotation. Experimental results showed that this technology could effectively reduce the alkalinity by 75 %, lower the pH value to between 7 and 8, reduce nitrate by 78 %, and nearly completely remove free chlorine and copper concentrations within 30 min. However, the removal of sulfate was limited. Compared to traditional treatment methods, the aluminum/copper electrochemical technology offers low energy consumption, reduced chemical usage, and good environmental compatibility, aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals 6 (SDGs 6), Sustainable Development Goals 12 (SDGs 12), and Sustainable Development Goals 14 (SDGs 14), making it a promising alternative for bilge water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable-circular water resources management in the mining industry using system dynamics modeling","authors":"Elahe Irandoost ,&nbsp;Ahmad Ghorbanpour ,&nbsp;Hadi Balouei Jamkhaneh ,&nbsp;Peiman Ghasemi ,&nbsp;Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mining is seen as a water-consuming industry, whereas the number of mining industries increases, followed by the excessive consumption of groundwater. An efficient water management system, pursuing a global objective of sustainable development and circular solutions, is needed at the production process level. Hence, to separate economic development and growth from the excessive consumption of resources, the alternative Circular Economy (CE) model is recommended as a new paradigm of the economy for sustainable development. This study aims to design a dynamic model which allows the analysis of various scenarios in line with sustainable Water Consumption Management (WCM) in the mining industries, considering the components of CE. In this work, the water system of mining industries is modeled using the System Dynamics (SD) approach in a southern province of Iran, given the impact of components of the CE on water demand, industrial balance, and groundwater volume by 2041. Findings demonstrate that implementing three strategies of reduction, recovery and reuse in the mining industries of Bushehr Province through public policies encourages the use of water consumption reduction technology in the mining industry units, wherein greet growth in the number of active units, 90 % reduction in the stagnant units, 92 % reduction in water consumption per capita and 70 % reduction in the water demand of mining industries are observed. Therefore, compliance with CE principles in this industry can solve the main concerns of Water Resources Management (WRM), such as increasing water productivity, reducing water withdrawal from existing sources, and reducing per capita water consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100313"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel chitosan sorbent enriched with nickel ions: An effective approach for eliminating excess phosphate(V) anions in water","authors":"Łukasz Wujcicki ,&nbsp;Tomasz Mańdok ,&nbsp;Dominika Paprota ,&nbsp;Dawid Sapia ,&nbsp;Gabriela Dudek ,&nbsp;Klaudiusz Gołombek ,&nbsp;Joanna Kluczka","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for living beings. Unfortunately, high phosphate(V) levels can lead to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. One promising technique for removing phosphate(V) contamination is sorption, which uses various sorbents. In particular, chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has gained special attention due to its excellent sorption properties, biocompatibility, and ease of modification. This study proposes a new sorbent, a chitosan-based hydrogel modified with nickel ions (Cs-Ni), for effectively sorbing phosphate(V) anions from both model and natural waters. The maximum sorption capacity of phosphates(V) by the Cs-Ni hydrogel calculated by the Langmuir model was 62.5 mg/g, which was much higher compared to the unmodified chitosan-based hydrogel. The phosphates(V) sorption rate by Cs-Ni hydrogel was best explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which established the time to reach equilibrium as 24 h. Phosphates(V) desorption to 95 % efficiency was achieved using a 0.1 M NaOH solution. Multi-cycle sorption and desorption studies showed that the Cs-Ni hydrogel can be reused at least five times without any loss of nickel(II) ions from the structure of the sorbent. Most coexisting anions in natural waters had a minor impact on phosphate(V) removal by the Cs-Ni hydrogel, with the exception of sulfate(VI), which reduced the phosphorus removal efficiency by ∼50 %. Modification of chitosan with nickel(II) significantly enhanced its properties for both physical and chemical sorption of phosphate(V) anions. The hydrogel beads’ design allows for easy solid-phase separation from the purified water, making the Cs-Ni hydrogel advantageous for removing phosphates(V) from real aqueous systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-step double-chambered wastewater electrolysis to recover separated fractions of heavy metals and phosphate","authors":"Lena Hahn ,&nbsp;João Marcos Monteiro ,&nbsp;Ulrich Kunz ,&nbsp;Michael Sievers","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The separated recovery of heavy metals and phosphate through a two-step water electrolysis is investigated. The use of carbon-polymer composite cathode with non-sticking properties and a dimension-stable anode in two-chamber cells is investigated to treat original industrial wastewater from metal industry by minimal addition of salts to support process water recovery. The heavy metals and phosphates are precipitated as metal-hydroxides and magnesium/calcium-phosphates, respectively. For phosphate precipitation the addition of magnesium chloride, calcium oxide as well as a reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate of artificial water reservoir were investigated. The pH value in the first steps affects both the amount of heavy metals and phosphate precipitated and an optimal pH for the first step is found to increase the phosphate recovery at low heavy metal content. Moreover, the use of RO concentrate enables a chemical input free phosphate recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the environmental impact of wastewater leakage: A case study on grey water and carbon footprints in wastewater collection networks","authors":"Keivan Arastou ,&nbsp;Mohamadreza Najarzadegan ,&nbsp;Mehrtash Eskandaripour","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the dynamics of mixed industrial and municipal wastewater (MWW) flows in industrial and municipal settings from February 2023 to January 2024. During the study period, total freshwater consumption averaged 85,228 m³/month, with 78 % (66,269 m³/month) converted into MWW. Of this volume, 25 % (16,758 m³/month) was lost due to leakage in the wastewater collection network (WWCN), while the remaining 75 % (49,511 m³/month) reached the discharge stage. The analysis of pollutants indicated that COD was the predominant pollutant across all sampling points, with concentrations of 953.3 mg/L in MWW compared to 1.8 mg/L in freshwater, demonstrating significant contamination. The grey water footprint (GWF) assessment identified COD as the critical pollutant, with peak values reaching 1,260,468 m³/month for generated MWW and 316,449 m³/month for leakage MWW, followed by phosphate (PO₄) contributions. The carbon footprint (CF) assessment estimated that WWCN energy consumption led to emissions of 34,898 kg CO₂/month (0.53 kg-CO₂/m³ MWW). Leakage exacerbated environmental impacts by increasing pollution loads and wasting energy, as untreated MWW bypassed treatment processes. These findings highlight the urgency of mitigating leakage and optimizing MWW management to minimize environmental impacts. Targeted interventions can improve the sustainability of MWW infrastructure and enhance resource efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hydrocarbon and co-contaminants in groundwater and associated public health risks using electrical resistivity and hydrochemical data","authors":"Joseph Omeiza Alao ,&nbsp;Bala Balarabe ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Ayejoto ,&nbsp;Fahad Abubakar ,&nbsp;Oche J. Otorkpa ,&nbsp;Stanley U. Eze","doi":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wri.2025.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrocarbon plays a vital role in national and global economic development. However, the environmental impact of hydrocarbon extraction and utilization remains a challenging phenomenon, which has recorded a far worse impact on the soil, groundwater, and public health. This study applied resistivity and hydrochemical data to provide information about the distribution of potential hydrocarbon contaminants (HCCs) and co-contaminants such as heavy metals (HMs) in groundwater near a refinery and the possible associated health risks for effective environmental management and public health protection. The concentrations of HCCs and variations in electrical resistivity values were examined. The regional aquifer vulnerability to the HCCS was evaluated. Based on the study's outcomes, HCCs occur in the overburdened topsoil at depths of 0.0 m–3.5 m, with electrical resistivity values varying between 15,000 Ωm and 60,000 Ωm. These values exceeded the known subsurface resistivity values of the region as a result of the presence of HCCs. Hydrochemical data records indicate high concentrations of HCCs in groundwater ranging from 0.342 mg/L – 0.572 mg/L. The level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in groundwater from five hand-dug wells (HDWs): HDW 1 (0.4721), HDW 2 (0.4517), HDW 3 (highest at 0.5716), HDW 4 (0.4012), and HDW 5 (lowest at 0.3421), over the Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR). The aquifer of the region was polluted with HMs owing to infiltrated HCCs in different range, i.e., 0.792–1.692 mg/L for zinc, 0.909–1.711 for iron, 0.711–1.612 mg/L for lead, 0.333–0.717 mg/L for chromium, and 0.038–0.081 mg/L for cadmium, and pH ranged from 5.3 to 7.1 and electrical conductivity (EC) from 0.524 to 0.777 mS/cm, corresponding to the elevated electrical resistivity contrast caused by HCCs. Data analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impacts of hydrocarbons and HMs, demonstrating how petrochemical industrial activities infiltrate into groundwater systems, exacerbating environmental degradation and posing serious health threats to human beings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23714,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources and Industry","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}