VirusDisease最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of soybean cultivars response to mosaic and mottle disease caused by soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus.","authors":"M Srikant, Nagamani Sandra, Atul Kumar, Sandeep Kumar Lal, Sanjay Kumar Lal, Bikash Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00905-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00905-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus</i> is an emerging viral pathogen in leguminous crops including soybean. The present study was carried with 18 soybean cultivars to screen and identify the resistant cultivars to SYMMV infection under controlled environment glasshouse. Agro-inoculation of French bean cv. Arka Sharat with SYMMV produced systemic symptoms of mosaic and chlorotic blotches. Mechanical sap inoculation of 18 soybean cultivars with SYMMV infected French bean leaves produced systemic symptoms like chlorotic spots, chlorotic blotches, mosaic, mottle and veinal mild mottling by 15-20 dpi. The PDI on a scale of 0-5 showed that out of 18 cultivars, only SL-979 cultivar was moderately resistant, seven cultivars were moderately susceptible, and eight cultivars were susceptible, while two cultivars displayed highly susceptible reaction (SL-958 & JS-335). Detection of SYMMV through DAC-ELISA showed the absorbance values of 0.84 to 2.05 at 405 nm. RT-PCR analysis of these cultivars showed amplification of 1065 bp fragment with CP primers. The present study clearly showed that none of the screened soybean cultivar is resistant against SYMMV, suggesting a need for further research into breeding programs that may enhance resistance to SYMMV.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-024-00905-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of rapid and simple detection of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in mung beans (<i>Vigna radiata</i>) using reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP).","authors":"Parvaiz Ullah, Shahjahan Rashid, Sumiah Wani, Nulevino Iralu, Sajad Un Nabi, Gowhar Ali, Asif B Shikari, Aflaq Hamid","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00916-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00916-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) is one of the most serious and devastating <i>Potyvirus</i> of leguminous crops. In mung bean (<i>Vigna radiata</i>), BCMV is an emerging virus causing enormous losses to the crop, thereby reducing the production and profitability of the crop. Being seed borne and aphid transmitted virus, it important to reduce the spread and prevent its transfer to new geographical locations using rapid, specific and sensitive detection techniques. In this study, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was devised to rapidly and specifically detect BCMV. Three pairs of specific primers were designed targeting the BCMV genome. To determine the ideal temperature, reactions were carried out across a temperature range of 45 °C to 70 °C, with intervals of 5 °C. The optimal temperature for the assay was determined to be 60 °C with a 30-min incubation period. Comparison between the RT-LAMP and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that former can detect the BCMV upto 10^- 9 and was one hundred times more sensitive than later. It was also determined that RT-LAMP was specific only in detecting BCMV, with no cross-reactivity with other closely related non-target viruses [potato virus Y (PVY), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV)]. After incubating the reactions at constant temperature of (60 °C/30 min), a characteristic ladder like banding pattern was observed on agarose gel for positive samples. Colorimetric tests (SYBR Green I) were also performed to reduce the requirement of laboratory equipment for visualizing RT-LAMP results. The results developed by SYBR Green I were comparable to that of agarose gel and can be visualized with naked eye. The developed RT-LAMP assay enables rapid detection of BCMV at 60 °C within a time period of 30-min.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescue of bovine ephemeral fever virus through reverse genetics, but inability to propagate.","authors":"Pagala Jasmeen, Priya Gupta, Charanpreet Kaur, Sulgey Gauthami, Shruti Pyasi, Debasis Nayak, Nagendra R Hegde","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00901-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00901-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is caused by BEF virus (BEFV) belonging to the Genus <i>Ephemerovirus</i> under the Family <i>Rhabdoviridae</i>. The BEFV carries a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. Not much is known about the various aspects of BEFV replication, its interaction with cellular proteins or the cellular response to BEFV infection. Here, we report the rescue of BEFV through reverse genetics. A full-length cDNA copy of BEFV was assembled to be driven by the RNA polymerase I (PolI) promoter. Parallely, eukaryotic expression plasmids containing BEFV sequences encoding the helper proteins N, P and L, which form the replicase complex, were generated. The expression of N and P proteins were verified by using the in-house generated and purified polyclonal sera. Transfection of the full-length cDNA copy along with the helper plasmids rescued BEFV, as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, reverse-transcription polymerase reaction, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. However, the virus did not produce a cytopathic effect and failed to be propagated beyond a certain number of passages. The results lay the foundation for establishment of reverse genetics for BEFV but also highlight the difficulties in studying this virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"48-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12022207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Dengue virus and West Nile virus in Southern Africa.","authors":"Maropeng C Monyama, Letlhogonolo R Molefe, Stephen Meddows-Taylor","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00917-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00917-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses are important re-emerging mosquito-borne members of the genus <i>Flavivirus</i> that are under-recognized in many parts of Africa. This review aims to evaluate the existing literature on the transmission, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, clinical presentation and prevention of infection with DENV and WNV in Southern Africa. Literature shows that both DENV and WNV are transmitted by mosquitoes of <i>Aedes spp.</i> and <i>Culex</i> species., respectively, and both viruses are widespread in the Southern African region. Epidemiologically, sporadic outbreaks have been reported of both DENV and WNV in various Southern African countries, indicating the ongoing threat of these viruses. However, the lack of comprehensive surveillance and diagnostic capacity challenges accurate estimation of their true prevalence. Diagnostic techniques for DENV and WNV involve serological tests, molecular tests and viral isolation, enabling prompt diagnosis and differentiation from other febrile illnesses. In Southern Africa, infection with DENV and WNV presents significant public health concerns, with the clinical presentation of both infections ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe manifestations. Symptoms of infection include high fever, myalgia, rash, and, in severe cases, haemorrhagic fever for DENV and neurological complications for WNV. No specific antiviral treatment exists for either virus, underscoring the importance of supportive care and symptom management. To prevent the spread of DENV and WNV in Southern African countries, a combination of prevention and treatment strategies should be employed, including effective mosquito control, continuous monitoring of vector population dynamics, public health education, and surveillance and reporting systems for averting future outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12022202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of porcine parvovirus 2 in pigs in North Kerala, India.","authors":"Jayanth Kolar Venkatachalapathi, Chintu Ravishankar, Shashank Somashekara, Rajasekhar Ravindran, Ajith Jacob George, Sumod Kanjirakkuzhiyil, Madhanraj Nallusamy, Sri Ramya Lakamana, Koshy John","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00909-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00909-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) is one the viruses that has been reported to be associated with respiratory ailments in pigs. In North Kerala, there has been an increase in the cases of respiratory diseases in pigs. The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) that are associated with respiratory disease in pigs has been established in Kerala. However, no study has been carried out on PPV2 in the state. This paper reports the results of a pioneer study carried out to detect and characterize PPV2 associated with cases of respiratory ailments in pigs in North Kerala. A total of 54 samples were tested for the presence of PPV2 by NS1 and VP1 gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the samples tested, 3 (5.56%) were found to be positive for the virus. In two samples, coinfection of PPV2 and PCV2 was observed. On phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene of the virus, it was revealed that the virus was similar to PPV2 viruses detected in Croatia, Hungary and Romania. The results of the study indicate that PPV2 is present in pigs of North Kerala and that its prevalence is low. Since the virus is capable of inducing significant pathological changes in the lungs, and due to the possibility of coinfection with other viruses inducing respiratory ailments, measures are to be taken to control the spread of the virus in pigs in Kerala.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00909-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"114-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular evidence for the occurrence of cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) infecting round melon and wild melon in India.","authors":"Ashwini Kumar, Shakshi Choudhary, D G S Ramyashee, Virendra Kumar Baranwal, Rakesh Kumar Jain, Y B Basavaraj","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00906-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00906-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), has recently been detected in different crops in India, including cucumber, bitter gourd, and watermelon. To investigate the distribution of emerging criniviruses, symptomatic round melon and wild melon plants were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR. Long filamentous virions (~ 850 nm in length) resembling criniviruses and ~ 550 bp amplicons of RdRp gene specific to the genus <i>Crinivirus</i> were observed. The phylogeny using coat protein gene amino acid sequences of different criniviruses revealed grouping of round melon and wild melon isolates of this study with CYSDV isolates originating from Mexico. These isolates exhibited up to 100% amino acid sequence homology with other previously reported CYSDV isolates worldwide. Further, the associated virus was transmitted successfully to the healthy cucumber test plants in the whitefly-based bio-assay. Results of this study confirm the association of CYSDV in round melon and wild melon plants for the first time in India, highlighting the virus's rapid geographic and host range expansion. The findings emphasize the urgent need for strategies to manage and mitigate the spread of this devastating virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"93-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a two-step RT-multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of six viruses with a wide host range, including fruit-tree, for use in post-entry plant quarantine inspections in Japan.","authors":"Tomoyuki Iwamae, Akinobu Maekawa","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00911-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00911-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses cause significant economic losses to fruit-tree orchards by reducing fruit yield and quality. Among viruses that infect grapevines (<i>Vitis</i> spp.) and prunuses (<i>Prunus</i> spp.), carnation ringspot virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, raspberry ringspot virus, strawberry latent ringspot virus, sowbane mosaic virus, and grapevine vein yellow virus (tomato ringspot virus) have all been designated as plant quarantine pathogens in Japan. Although these viruses can be screened using sap inoculation on quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>), it is difficult to identify the species based solely on symptoms. Several diagnostic tests can be applied to diagnose viral infections in plants; however, by and large, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most commonly used method. In particular, multiplex PCR allows simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay, thereby reducing costs, labor, and time. Therefore, reliable diagnostic methods using PCR based on the genetic diversity of viruses are critical for detecting viral infections in fruit-tree orchards. In this study, we developed a two-step reverse transcription (RT)-multiplex PCR for quick and cost-effective detection of the six viruses listed above in infected quinoa, using newly designed primer sets. Primers were designed for each viral variant based on all sequence data obtained from the NCBI database. The detection sensitivities of our assay were equivalent to or even 1-10,000 times greater than those of previously reported singleplex RT-PCR assays, with the added advantage of zero non-specific reactions occurring. The proposed assay will be useful for identifying and selecting healthy nurseries and for plant quarantine inspections.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00911-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12022187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence study of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in families and cohabitants of confirmed cases in Mashhad, Iran: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Amir Masoud Hashemian, Nafiseh Todarbari, Manouchehr Teymouri, Vahid Hajali, Seyed Jalal Ghorbani, Ehsan Saburi","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00903-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00903-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The seroepidemiological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 were investigated along with the secondary infection rate in the household of confirmed patients in a high-risk population in Mashhad, Iran. The current descriptive cross-sectional study includes a total of 154 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mashhad, Iran, from March 2021 to December 2021. The participants' families were screened for SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection rate, and a standard checklist containing the research parameters was completed by all participants. The participants' average age was 43.19 ± 9.86 years, of which 80 (51.9%) were female and the rest were male. Of the participants, 147 (95.5%) reported using face masks, and 83 (53.9%) were using masks all the time. IgG and IgM of COVID-19 were positive in 43 (27.9%) and 8 (5.2%) individuals, respectively. The average positive rate in the participants was 0.12 ± 0.24. Wearing masks when contracting with an infected patient (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and r = -0.370), using a separate room (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and r = -0.663), a separate toilet (p < 0.001 and r = -0.663) and the number of family members (<i>p</i> = 0.013 and r = 0.201) were significantly correlated to the positive rate of infection among the participants. Adherence to wearing masks and using separate rooms, and toilets by households in contact with a COVID-19-confirmed patient reduces the secondary transmission rate of the disease among healthy family members. In addition, the probability of COVID-19 transmission is higher in larger families.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-024-00903-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological investigation and analysis of human papillomavirus infection and cataract development.","authors":"Jing-Xing Li, Shu-Bai Hsu, Yu-Han Huang, Fuu-Jen Tsai","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00907-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00907-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal studies indicated that human papillomavirus (HPV) transgenic mice develop cataract. Viral infections have been proposed as a potential contributing factor of cataract. This study aimed to examine the association between HPV infection and the risk of developing cataract. We enrolled 224,203 individuals diagnosed with HPV infection between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2018, from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Propensity-score matching at a 1:1 ratio was conducted to obtain an HPV cohort and a matched non-HPV cohort. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval. The adjusted hazard ratio for developing cataract was 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.32-1.39; <i>p</i> < 0.001) in the HPV cohort, and the risk of developing cataract was age-dependent. Females were found to have a higher risk than males. The use of ophthalmic steroids was associated with an elevated risk of cataract formation. Multivariate analysis further highlighted a significant increase in cataract risk within the HPV cohort. Robust sensitivity analyses confirmed that the cumulative risk of cataract was substantially higher in the HPV cohort than in the non-HPV cohort over a 17-year follow-up period (log-rank test, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The use of chlorpromazine was associated with a lower risk of cataract development. However, a significant risk of cataract was observed in HPV patients concurrently treated with chlorpromazine (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.82-13.44; <i>p</i> = 0.017). This nationwide cohort study showed that HPV infections are associated with an increased risk of cataract development.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-024-00907-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology of small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) isolates from field outbreaks in Kerala, India based on fusion (F) and nucleoprotein (N) gene.","authors":"P M Arun, Ravindran Rajasekhar, Chintu Ravishankar, Hamza Palekkodan, Sumod Kanjirakkuzhiyil, Shashank Somasekhar, K M Maneesh","doi":"10.1007/s13337-024-00902-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-024-00902-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Small ruminants contribute significantly to the animal husbandry economy. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the major infectious diseases of small ruminants caused by small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) previously known as PPR virus-PPRV, a member of the genus Morbillivirus, which causes significant morbidity and mortality in affected population thereby disturb the economy of rural poor. The present study describes the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of SRMV with complete nucleocapsid (N) and fusion (F) gene sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of the SRMV isolates revealed that, all the isolates shared a common ancestor with Tamil Nadu isolate and were grouped under lineage IV. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that two genetic groups are circulating in Kerala and have recently evolved. Analysis of the F protein of SRMV showed two unique mutations (A18E and S430I) in Kerala isolates. Amino acid analysis of nucleoprotein revealed that most of the changes were in the C-C-terminal region. Four unique mutations were also observed in the nucleoprotein (NP) of the present SRMV isolates (I153V, A431V, R458M, and G461K). Among the 19 B cell epitopes identified on nucleoprotein, at least one amino acid variation was detected in four epitopes. These changes may affect the monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic assays. These changes in the F and N genes indicate the continuous emergence and circulation of new variants of the virus within the same geographical area. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of PPRV isolates based on full N and F genes from the Kerala state of India.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 1","pages":"104-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}