Veterinary Research Communications最新文献

{"title":"High richness of ungulate Sarcocystis species in intestines of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) from Lithuania.","authors":"Donatas Šneideris, Naglis Gudiškis, Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu, Tamara Kalashnikova, Dalius Butkauskas, Petras Prakas","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10804-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-10804-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144476911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from Algerian poultry: associations between antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.","authors":"Sarah Saci, Karim Houali, Rossana Schena, Hakima Ait Issad, Fatima Mourabiti, Hillal Sebbane, Bilal Saoudi, Luisa De Martino, Francesca Paola Nocera","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10801-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10801-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), represents a major threat to the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses. This study aimed to characterize selected biofilm-producing APEC strains isolated from diseased chickens in the Tizi-Ouzou region of Algeria and to explore potential associations between antimicrobial resistance and the presence of virulence factors. Twenty-four confirmed biofilm-producing E. coli isolates were analyzed for serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence gene profiles. While none belonged to the O157 serogroup, all isolates demonstrated concerning resistance profiles, with high rates observed for tetracycline (83.3%), ampicillin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (62.5%). Notably, 40% of the strains exhibited biofilm-forming capability, predominantly showing weak to moderate production levels.Virulence gene profiling revealed traT, bcsA, and csgA as nearly ubiquitous (95.8%), with fimH present in 83.3% of isolates. Intermediate prevalence was noted for iutA (62.5%), fliC (45.8%), and agn43 (33.3%), while fyuA (29.2%) and several other virulence markers (kpsMT II, papC, cnf1, ibeA) occurred at lower frequencies (< 10%). Statistical analysis identified significant correlations between virulence gene content and phenotypic characteristics, including a positive association between virulence gene number and biofilm intensity (p < 0.05). Moreover, the fimH gene showed a strong positive correlation with resistance to the antibiotic nalidixic acid. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam) was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with papC and ibeA, but negatively correlated with csgA. These findings underscore the complex interplay between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Algerian biofilm-producing APEC strains, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance programs and tailored intervention strategies. This study provides critical baseline data for developing effective control measures against colibacillosis poultry production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right-sided cryptorchidism and contralateral intrascrotal testicular torsion in a young dog: a rare case report.","authors":"Saeed Farzad-Mohajeri, Ramina Khodadadian, Hamidreza Moosavian, Alireza Vajhi, Maryam Mahdipour, Mohamad Amin Saeedi","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10803-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10803-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 7-month-old, 20-kg male mixed-breed dog with a history of right retained testis was presented to the hospital. Over the past three days, he developed swelling for two days and then hardening in the scrotum, which only included the left testis. Hematological and biochemical analyses revealed mild anemia and elevated urea levels. Ultrasonography examination revealed the left testis to be mildly enlarged, heterogeneous, with abnormal mediastinum, and with an insufficient Doppler signal. On surgical exploration, the left testis was necrotic, dark in color, and twisted clockwise. A left orchiectomy and right cryptorchidectomy were performed. The left testicle showed widespread hemorrhage, vessel dilation, fibrosis, and necrosis, whereas the right testicle lacked spermatogenesis but contained normal Sertoli cells. The dog experienced no post-operative complications and was brought back for a 2.5-month follow-up in good health. This study highlights the rare unilateral right-sided cryptorchidism and intrascrotal torsion of the left testis in a young dog.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of central injection of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) on feed intake in broiler chickens: interactions with opioidergic and serotonergic systems.","authors":"Kowsar Saffar, Morteza Zendehdel, Bita Vazir, Shahin Hassanpour, Kimia Mahdavi","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10798-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10798-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is recognized for its role in regulating meal consumption in mammals, but its function in avian species, especially broiler chickens, is not well understood. This study investigates the impact of central LEAP2 injection on food intake in broiler chickens, and explores its interactions with the opioidergic and serotonergic systems. Across eight trials, we examined the relationships between these systems and LEAP2 concerning meal intake in meat-type chickens. In Experiment 1, broilers received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of LEAP2 (0.75, 1.5, and 3 nmol) alongside a control solution. Subsequent experiments involved injecting birds with β-FNA (mu opioid receptor antagonist), LEAP2 (3 nmol), and β-FNA + LEAP2 (Experiment 2), with Experiments 3-8 following a similar design, substituting β-FNA with nor-BNI (kappa opioid receptor antagonist), NTI (delta opioid receptor antagonist), PCPA (serotonin synthesis inhibitor), fluoxetine (serotonin reuptake inhibitor), 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist), and SB242084 (5-HT2C receptor antagonist). Cumulative meal consumption was measured for 120 min post-infusion. Results indicated that LEAP2 injection (1.5 and 3 nmol) significantly reduced feed intake in broilers compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Co-infusion of β-FNA, PCPA, and SB242084 + LEAP2 attenuated LEAP2-induced hypophagia (P < 0.05), while co-infusion of fluoxetine + LEAP2 amplified LEAP2-induced hypophagia compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that LEAP2 induces hypophagic effects in broiler chickens, potentially mediated through the mu opioid and 5-HT2C receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late-phase depolarization and repolarization abnormalities in english bulldogs with phenotypic expression of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.","authors":"Mara Bagardi, Manuela Perego, Fabio M Colombo, Alessandra Maffei, Paola G Brambilla, Michele Polli, Giorgio Camozzini, Roberto A Santilli","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10800-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10800-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In humans with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) late-phase depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, such as epsilon (ɛ) waves and T wave inversion (TWI), are commonly observed in right precordial leads (V1-V3). This myocardial disorder has also been described in Boxer and English bulldogs (EBs), but data on electrocardiographic alterations in these breeds are lacking. The objective of this study was to describe electrocardiographic abnormalities in EBs with ACM, comparing QRS complexes and T waves with ≤ 5-year-old EBs without phenotypic expression of the disease. This is a retrospective study including 59 EBs (37 with ACM-ACM group and 22 healthy-healthy group). Standard echocardiographic, and 12-lead electrocardiogram data were retrospectively analyzed. In all leads QRS complex, R-peak time (RPT), and R peak-end time (RPE) were evaluated. Terminal activation duration (TAD), TWI, and presence of ɛ wave, defined as a positive small spike wave in right limb (aVR) and right precordial (V1) leads, were evaluated and compared with echocardiographic measurements. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy group showed wider QRS complexes in all leads due to longer RPE (P < 0.05). The TAD in lead V1 was longer in ACM group (P < 0.001). The TWI and ɛ wave in ACM group were respectively present in 19% and 32%. Prolonged QRS complex and RPE in duration V1, the ɛ wave in lead aVR and V1, TWI and prolonged TAD in V1 were correlated with echocardiographic parameters defining right ventricular systolic function (P < 0.05). The presence of fragmented QRS complexes in limb and precordial leads, the prolongation of the RPE, the prolongation of TAD in V1, the presence of ɛ wave, can all be considered electrocardiographic features associated with ACM in EBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in urine of dogs rescued from Southern Brazil floods.","authors":"Maria Eduarda Rocha Jacques da Silva, Gabriela Merker Breyer, Tainara Soares Weyh, Silvia Dias de Oliveira, Franciele Maboni Siqueira","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10796-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10796-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has emerged as an important issue in public health. Additionally, climate change increases the risk of bacterial infections and pathogens dissemination, posing a serious challenge to public health. Among these threats, the emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are of particular concern, given the limited therapeutic options and high mortality rates associated with these bacterial infections. This study investigated the presence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the urine samples of 192 dogs rescued from the 2024 floods in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among this, 18 dogs (9%, 18/192) harbored 31 Gram-negative bacteria with potential resistance to carbapenems, which were further identified based on MALDI-TOF/MS and partial 16S-rDNA gene sequencing. Most strains belonged to the genera Pseudomonas (39%, 12/31) followed by Stenotrophomonas (19%, 6/31), with the remaining 42% (13/31) being distributed across other genera. Confirmation of carbapenem resistance was performed using the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of meropenem. This test identified six strains (19%, 6/31) resistant to meropenem, with concentrations ranging from 8 μg/mL to > 128 μg/mL, including three Pseudomonas spp. (8 μg/mL) and three Stenotrophomonas spp. (128 μg/mL). As Stenotrophomonas spp. are potentially intrinsically resistant to meropenem, a phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S-rDNA gene was conducted only for the three meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas strains. The phylogenetic tree revealed two distinct clades, with two strains clustering with high similarity to P. aeruginosa and one strain with P. huaxiensis. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance, particularly during climate-related disasters, which may facilitate the dissemination of resistant strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth, blood biochemistry, intestinal histomorphometry, and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus fed diets containing Nectandra grandiflora essential oil.","authors":"Fabio Aremil Costa Dos Santos, André de Sena Souza, Felipe Soares Batista, Julio Gustavo Soares da Costa, Gisele Cristina Favero, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Sílvio Teixeira da Costa, Isabela Maraschin Vieira, Berta Maria Heinzmann, Nadia Helena Bianchini, Peter Charrie Janampa Sarmiento, Guilherme Campos Tavares, Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo, Ronald Kennedy Luz","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10795-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-10795-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal histomorphometry, and Streptococcus agalactiae infection resistance of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. This is the first study to report the use of EONG as a feed additive for this species in a recirculating aquaculture system. A total of 224 juveniles were distributed in a completely randomized design and fed diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ for 30 days. Final weight (p < 0.05) and daily weight gain (p < 0.05) were highest at 0.829 and 0.933 mL EONG kg⁻¹, respectively. Daily feed intake (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) were lowest at 0.875 and 0.926 mL EONG kg⁻¹, respectively. After 30 days, survival for 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that for the control. Plasma glucose levels decreased (p 0.05) with 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein were lower (p 0.05) in all EONG-supplemented groups. Central hepatic vein area (p < 0.05) and intestinal villus width (p < 0.05) were greater at 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Only dietary supplementation with 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was able to significantly reduce mortality caused by S. agalactiae, demonstrating its increased protective efficacy. Additionally, post-challenge bacterial recovery was lower for 0.5 and 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Supplementation with 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was the most effective dose as it resulted in improved growth, survival, and protection against S. agalactiae.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of the difference in hounsfield units of an electron density phantom between a conventional and standing computed tomography machine.","authors":"Catherine Beck, Ashleigh V Morrice-West, Peter Muir, Peta L Hitchens, R Christopher Whitton","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10789-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10789-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In human CT imaging, opportunistic calculation of bone mineral density (BMD) is used to screen for osteoporosis, where BMD is estimated by Hounsfield Units (HU). There is potential to use HU for estimation of BMD in veterinary imaging. However, HU values can vary between different machines and over time. We undertook a serial measurements study to determine (1) the extent of the difference of the mean HU and noise (HU standard deviation) of eight regions of interest (ROI) of an electron density phantom scanned on two CT machines, a Siemens CT (conventional) machine and the Equina by Asto CT (standing) machine; and (2) to determine if the HU values obtained on each machine differed over time. The mean HU from 30 scans of an electron density phantom were generated from each of the two CT machines (N = 60; conventional and standing). Differences between machines were assessed using a linear mixed effects model. The mean HU of each positive value ROI from the conventional machine was decreased compared with the standing machine (P < 0.001) and the difference was greatest for the denser phantom inserts. A calibration curve equation utilising the four bone-equivalent insert plugs of the phantom, with known calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) concentration, was generated using linear regression to represent CaHA, and therefore BMD, for the conventional machine (CaHA = -29.58 + 0.98xROI_mean) and the standing machine (CaHA = -54.53 + 0.95xROI_mean). For opportunistic calculation of BMD from HU in horses, the differences in HU observed between different CT machines warrants calibration of HU using a bone equivalent phantom.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12174245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular survey of Anaplasmataceae agents, piroplasmids and haemosporidians in seabirds (Procellariiformes and Sphenisciformes) rescued on the Brazilian coast.","authors":"Dália Monique Ribeiro Machado, Daniel Antônio Braga Lee, Lorena Freitas das Neves, Carolina Pacheco Bertozzi, Vanessa Lanes Ribeiro, Alice Pereira, Giovana Almeida Reis, Jovêncio Mateus Sada, João Vitor Dos Santos Alves da Silva, Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel, Amir Salvador Alabí Córdova, Rosangela Zacarias Machado, Luis Antonio Mathias, Marcos Rogério André","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10793-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-10793-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence and molecular identity of piroplasmids, haemosporidians and Anaplasmataceae agents in Procelariiformes birds and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued in different coastal regions of Brazil. Between 2015 and 2022, blood samples (n = 52) from twelve species of Procelariiformes and spleen (n = 170) and blood samples (n = 30) from Magellanic penguins were collected in the coasts of Santa Catarina and São Paulo states, southern and southeastern Brazil, respectively. After DNA extraction, samples positive in a PCR for the avian endogenous β-actin gene were subjected to further PCR assays aiming to detect and molecularly characterize piroplasmids (18S rRNA), haemosporidians (cytochrome B) and Anaplasmataceae agents (16S rRNA, dsb, groEL, gltA, sodB, omp-1, msp-4, msp-5 genes and 23S-5S rRNA intergenic region). As a result, 13/252 (5.1%) samples of S. magellanicus (blood = 10/170 (5.8%) and spleen = 3/30 (10%)) were positive for Anaplasma spp. in a nested-PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. Two sequences obtained from spleen samples were phylogenetically related to A. phagocytophilum and clustered with Anaplasma sp. sequences previously detected in birds and A. phagocytophilum previously detected in ticks. All samples were negative for haemospordians and piroplasmids. In conclusion, Anaplasma genotypes, closely related to A. phagocytophilum, circulate in penguins that arrive in the Brazilian coast, while haemosporidian and piroplasmids infections do not seem to be prevalent vector-borne protozoa in seabirds.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease in livestock and wildlife in Uganda: systematic review.","authors":"Benedicto Byamukama, Asfor Amin, Frank Nobert Mwiine, Abel Bulamu Ekiri","doi":"10.1007/s11259-025-10791-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-025-10791-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a persistent threat to the livestock sector in Uganda and globally. To understand the reasons for continued FMD outbreaks in Uganda, a systematic review was conducted to examine FMD epidemiology, control strategies, and related challenges. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for the period 1958-2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Additionally, FMD reports for the same period were retrieved from the World Reference Laboratories for FMD and the World Organization for Animal Health/Food and Agriculture Organization FMD Laboratories Network websites. A total of 62 documents (26 studies and 36 reports) were eligible for analysis. Results showed that Uganda experienced 17 to 37 FMD outbreaks annually. Most of the studies focused on cattle (n = 20), with few targeting African buffalo (n = 3) and small ruminants (n = 2). The reports revealed that serotype O was the most isolated, followed by A, SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. FMD clustering was observed near international borders with Kenya and Tanzania and around Queen Elizabeth National Park. Identified risk factors included dry season, animal movements, proximity to borders, and pastoralism. The key control challenges included limited diagnostic capacity, FMD virus diversity, vaccine mismatch, and low vaccination coverage. The findings highlight the need for enhanced FMD monitoring, surveillance, and control strategies that consider circulating serotypes and topotypes, and improvement in vaccination coverage and strengthening of diagnostic capacity. Further research is needed to address the epidemiology of FMD in understudied species, including small ruminants, swine, and wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"49 4","pages":"227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}