Veterinary Research Communications最新文献

{"title":"A presumptive diagnosis of feline hyperesthesia syndrome due to stressful human-related condition: case report.","authors":"Reiner Silveira de Moraes, Milena da Silva Vieira Ribeiro, Lavínia Laís Corrêa, Hortência Purcena da Guimarães Silveira, Raquel Loren Dos Reis Paludo, Cecília Nunes Moreira, Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos, Ísis Assis Braga","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11255-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11255-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) is a complex and poorly understood condition characterized by episodic behavioral disturbances, often associated with environmental, neurological, and psychogenic factors. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of a 43-month-old spayed mixed-breed female cat with a one-year history of behavioral alterations, including lumbar tremors, tail chasing, and sudden aggressive episodes. The onset of clinical signs was temporally associated with a significant environmental change, namely the birth of the owner's child, which may have acted as a potential stressor; however, a causal relationship cannot be established. Physical examination and hematological evaluation revealed no abnormalities, allowing the exclusion of systemic and dermatological diseases. Due to financial limitations, advanced neurological assessment and imaging investigations were not performed, and a presumptive diagnosis of FHS was established based on clinical history and exclusion criteria. Management was primarily based on multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) strategies aimed at reducing stress and improving behavioral welfare, with adjunctive use of a homeopathic formulation (Anizen^®). Follow-up evaluations demonstrated a reduction in the frequency and severity of episodes, decreasing from daily occurrences to one or two mild episodes per month, along with improvement in social behavior. This case highlights the importance of environmental and behavioral factors in the clinical expression of FHS and supports the role of structured environmental management as a central component of therapy. Despite the inherent diagnostic limitations, improvement in quality of life remains the primary therapeutic goal, emphasizing the relevance of individualized, multimodal approaches in affected cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of synthetic peptides derived from glycoproteins gp45 and gp90 as candidates for the immunodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia.","authors":"Aníbal Domínguez-Odio, Laura Iliana Coroás González, Dayamí Martín Alfonso, Ernesto Rodríguez Martínez, Miguel Ángel Bedoya Ríos, Daniel Leonardo Cala-Delgado","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11222-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11222-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The international scientific community continues to promote the development of diagnostic techniques with improved performance and novel capture antigens. On this basis, two synthetic peptides derived from gp45 and gp90 were evaluated to identify the best candidate for the indirect immunodetection of infection. In both assays, 68 serum samples from naturally infected horses in Granma Province (59 seropositive and 9 seronegative), previously classified using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, were analyzed. The diagnostic performance of each candidate peptide was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the Kappa coefficient. Compared with ELISA_P15/gp90 and the AGID test, the ELISA_P05/gp45 variant showed better performance, accurately identifying the highest number of infected animals (91.2%, 56/59). Consequently, it achieved high values for positive predictive value (98.2%), overall accuracy (94.1%), and Kappa coefficient (0.96; very good). The ability of synthetic peptide P05 to discriminate between infected and uninfected animals exceeded that of P15. Based on these results, synthetic peptide P05 may serve as an alternative capture antigen for evaluating the immune response in equine infectious anemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in cattle: Distribution, antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic implications in Tamil Nadu, India.","authors":"Sundar Annadurai, Sureshkannan Sundaram, Porteen Kannan, Samuel Masilamoni Ronald, Rajagunalan S, Kannan Palaniyandi, Sivachandiran R, Elango Ayyasamy","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11250-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11250-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), once regarded as environmental pathogen, are now recognized as opportunistic pathogens capable of infecting humans and animals, interfering with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis and posing significant therapeutic challenges in humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NTM in bovines and to characterize circulating species using genetic and protein mass profiling methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 409 bovine samples, including nasal swabs (154), faecal samples (157), milk (50) and lung tissues (48) collected from farms and slaughterhouses across Tamil Nadu. Samples were processed using standard bacteriological protocols and acid-fast isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the hsp65 gene, followed by partial gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS for species identification. The overall prevalence of NTM was 2.2% (9/409). Identified species included Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium kyorinense, Mycolicibacterium fortuitum and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. All species identified in this study, except M. kansasii, are reported for the first time from animals in India, and M. kyorinense is reported for the first time from animals globally. Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS showed good concordance for species identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method against selected first and second line antimycobacterial drugs, revealing diverse resistance patterns, with several isolates exhibiting resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. This study provides novel data on NTM prevalence and species diversity in bovines, highlighting their zoonotic potential and emphasizing the need for improved surveillance, accurate diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship in livestock-public health interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of the immunostimulatory effects of PAM2CS lipopeptide-based TLR2 agonists in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells.","authors":"Maramreddy Darshini, Saravanan Ramakrishnan, Firdous Ahmed, Deshkanwar S Brar, Arshpreet Kaur, Deepak B Salunke, Vishal Chander, Mithilesh Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11221-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11221-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although toll like receptor (TLR) ligands are effective vaccine adjuvants, current synthetic TLR2 agonists suffer from low solubility, high cost, and detrimental effect towards protein antigen. Present study aimed to evaluate the immunostimulatory potential of five in-house PAM2CS lipopeptide-based TLR2 agonists (P1, P2, P6, P7 and P8) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from chicken (n = 4). Each agonist (10 µg/mL) significantly upregulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-1 β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at 3 h post-treatment with highest expression of IL-1β mRNA was observed with P1. There was a significant up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-γ by treatment with P1 at 3 and 12 h intervals (p < 0.05). Further, IL-4 mRNA was significantly upregulated with P1 and P7 treatment at 12 and 24 h post-treatment respectively. Our results demonstrate that among all five agonists, P1 was the most effective in enhancing immune response genes expression including both type I and type II interferons, and in eliciting a balanced Th1 and Th2 responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of cervids in the transmission of Blastocystis spp. to livestock and humans: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Chenrong Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11247-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11247-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blastocystis spp. is a common intestinal parasite with debated pathogenicity in animals but frequently linked to human disease in clinical studies, particularly ST1. Cervids, uniquely coexisting in wild and captive populations, may bridge transmission to both livestock and humans. This review synthesizes 44 studies (n = 6,137 cervids) to assess their potential transmission role by biological basis, host characteristics, and ecological factors. For biological basis, cervids carry livestock-associated subtypes (ST10/14 for cattle, ST5 for pigs) and human-pathogenic ST1 (124 cases, 91% in captive Chinese sika deer). For host characteristics, overall infection rate was 24.65% with marked variation; highly susceptible species including Odocoileus virginianus, Rusa unicolor, Hydropotes inermis, and Elaphurus davidianus represent priority sources with higher pathogen shedding, yet absence of reported clinical cases suggests cervids may serve as undetected carriers. For ecological factors, wild cervids harbor 19 subtypes including regionally restricted ST31 (North America) and ST43/44/49 (Europe) as evolutionary reservoirs, captive cervids show marked ST1 enrichment while maintaining livestock-associated subtypes, positioning them as zoonotic amplifiers and livestock sources. China represents a priority region for surveillance due to converging ST1 rich captive deer, intensive livestock operations, and dense human populations. Cervids have the biological basis and ecological conditions to transmit Blastocystis spp. to livestock and humans, but direct molecular evidence is lacking. Priority research includes whole-genome sequencing tracing at cervid-livestock-human interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary yeast-derived nucleotides enhance reproductive efficiency, blood metabolic profile, antioxidant status, and immune function in rabbit does.","authors":"Noura H Gouda, Sameh A Abdelnour, Elsayed S I Mohammed, Mohamed Shawky El Sayed, Mohamed Ashour, Roshmon Thomas Mathew, Mohammed Tariq Saud Albaloushi, Hailah M Almohaimeed, Ehab El-Haroun, Mahmoud S Abd-Allah","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11239-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11239-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yeast-derived nucleotides (YN) are gaining traction as high-value feed additives due to their proven multi-beneficial effects on the health and overall well-being of animals. Despite their proven efficacy, their specific impact on the reproductive performance of rabbit does remains poorly understood. This study investigates how dietary YN supplementation influences reproductive efficiency, hematological profiles, antioxidant status, blood health markers, and adipokine levels in rabbit does. A total of 120 nulliparous female rabbits were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (30 rabbit/group). The rabbits received either a basal diet (YN0, control) or supplemented with 0.25 (YN0.25), 0.5 (YN0.5), or 1 (YN1) g/kg of YN. Results showed that the YN-supplemented groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher red blood cell (RBC) counts, platelet counts, total protein, and albumin levels compared to the control group. Dietary supplementation with YN led to a significant dose-dependent reduction in serum AST and ALT levels (P < 0.001). Similarly, concentrations of total lipids, creatine phosphokinase, haptoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly lower in all YN-treated groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). For cellular redox homeostasis, a significantly increased levels of TAC, CAT, GPx, and SOD, alongside a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rabbit fed diets with 0.25-1 g of YN (P < 0.05). A significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in serum inflammatory markers (toll-like receptor 4, and interleukin-4), the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-OHdG, and various circulating adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and irisin). In contrast, levels of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG), interleukin-10 and reproductive hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone (PG) showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in rabbits from the YN groups. The conception rate increased significantly across all YN-supplemented diets (P < 0.05), reaching its peak in the YN1 and YN0.5 groups at 83.11%, compared to 70.66% in the control group. Both litter size at birth and litter size at weaning were greater in rabbit fed 0.5-1 g of YN (P < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that dietary inclusion of YN (0.5-1 g/kg) enhances hematological markers, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and reproductive hormone profiles. These improvements in productive traits were accompanied by a notable reduction in inflammation and a modulation of adipokine levels, contributing substantially to the rabbit industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of melatonin injection in improving ovarian function in aged female pigeon.","authors":"Ying Wang, Haodong Zhang, Jing Chen, Dongzhi Miao, Xinyan Mao, Wanqing Li, Haiming Yang, Zhiyue Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11260-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11260-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin (MT) has been shown to extend laying period in aged hens, but its effects on aging pigeons remain unclear. 36 pairs of 5-year-old White King pigeons were assigned to either a treatment group receiving 1 mg of MT for five days or a control group given saline. The effect of MT injection on egg production in pigeon, assess histological characteristics of follicles, antioxidant parameters level and the related gene mRNA levels, steroid hormone levels and the expressions of synthesis genes on the fifth day of the laying interval. MT treatment significantly improved various aspects of egg quality. Moreover, MT increased follicle diameter and granulosa cell layer (GCL) thickness (P < 0.05). MT levels were elevated in plasma and hierarchy follicles yolks (P < 0.05). Progesterone concentrations rose in plasma (P < 0.05), however, estradiol levels decreased in plasma, F1 and F2 yolks (P < 0.05). MT also reduced ROS and MDA levels in plasma and F1 yolk (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, activities of SOD, TAC, and GSH-PX were significantly increased (P < 0.05). MT upregulated SOD1, CAT, and BCL2 mRNA levels in ovary and F1 GCL (P < 0.05). MT significantly increased ovarian expressions of HSD3B1 and CYP11A1, reducing HSD17B1 mRNA levels (P < 0.05); In F1 and F2 GCL, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1 expressions were all elevated (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that MT promotes hierarchy follicle maturation, reduces apoptosis, thus extending egg-laying period in aging pigeons.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological description of the tongue of the Boa constrictor.","authors":"Thamara Cozzi Gonçalves, Isabella Bittencourt Pires Chaves, Rogério Antonio Ribeiro Rodrigues, Elane Guerreiro Giese, Érika Branco, Ana Rita de Lima","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11248-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11248-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Amazon biome hosts a rich diversity of reptile species, including Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758), widely distributed throughout Brazil and belonging to the order Squamata. Despite its ecological importance, detailed descriptions of lingual morphology in this species remain limited. This study aimed to describe the tongue of B. constrictor using macroscopic, histological, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Four specimens obtained post mortem after road accidents were analyzed. It is important to consider that freezing and thawing procedures may have influenced tissue preservation. Macroscopically, the tongue is elongated, bifurcated, and smooth, with no visible papillae or median groove. However, SEM revealed a median groove in the body of the tongue. Histologically, the tongue is lined by stratified squamous epithelium with slight keratinization, supported by connective tissue and skeletal muscle bundles. No papillae, taste buds, or salivary glands were observed under the conditions of this study. These findings support the sensory role of the tongue in snakes and contribute to comparative anatomical knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oculodermal melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota) in a Great Dane with concurrent ocular abnormalities: a case report.","authors":"Natalia Ziółkowska, Anna Cisło-Sankowska, Marta Pietruszyńska","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11243-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-026-11243-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oculodermal melanocytosis (ODM) is an uncommon congenital melanocytic disorder infrequently reported in dogs. It is characterized by dermal and ocular hyperpigmentation involving neural crest-derived tissues and may predispose affected dogs to secondary ocular complications such as glaucoma or, in exceptional cases, malignant transformation.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 4-year-old neutered male Great Dane was presented with unilateral facial and ocular hyperpigmentation. Ophthalmic examination revealed marked pigmentation and thickening of the right iris, perilimbal and peripheral corneal pigmentation, and diffuse uveal involvement. Bilateral uveal cysts were identified. Intraocular pressure was within reference intervals but asymmetric between eyes. Fundus examination demonstrated focal tapetal hyperreflectivity and vascular attenuation in the right eye, and electroretinography confirmed reduced retinal function. Six months later, secondary glaucoma developed, necessitating enucleation. Histopathology revealed diffuse infiltration of heavily pigmented cells without cytologic atypia or mitotic activity within the sclera, uveal tract, perioptic connective tissue, and cornea. Marked goniodysgenesis was also identified, providing a structural basis for impaired aqueous outflow.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case expands the clinicopathologic characterization of canine oculodermal melanocytosis by documenting concurrent breed-associated uveal cysts and histologically confirmed goniodysgenesis in addition to retinal dysfunction and secondary glaucoma. The findings highlight the multifactorial nature of ocular disease in affected dog and emphasize that pigmentary disorders may coexist with independent structural abnormalities influencing intraocular pressure and retinal function. Comprehensive and repeated evaluation of both anterior and posterior segment structures is therefore essential when managing complex unilateral ocular pigmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytogenic and natural immunostimulants in the prevention of Lactococcus garvieae infection: an eco-friendly approach.","authors":"Ehsan Ahmadifar, Sevdan Yilmaz, Mohammed A E Naiel, Deepak Chandran, Morteza Yousefi, Najmeh Sheikhzadeh, Sureshkumar Rajalingam, Narges Dargahi","doi":"10.1007/s11259-026-11229-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11259-026-11229-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture is developing in many countries to meet the rising protein demand associated with a rapidly growing human population. However, intensification of production brings with it challenges such as deteriorating water quality and increasing disease outbreaks. These conditions lead to an increased risk of infectious diseases and led to higher mortality rates, which causes economic losses. Lactococcosis, particularly that caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus garvieae, is one of the most common of these problems and can cause significant losses in various fish species. The intensive use of antibiotics for control purposes creates additional risks in terms of antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and food safety. Therefore, natural feed additives have gained importance in recent years. Certain additives that support immune responses and increase disease resistance in fish have become prominent. Among these, phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are the most well-known and effective. Their widespread availability, lower cost, and environmental safety make these additives considered an alternative approach to aquaculture. Studies show that these additives strengthen both innate and adaptive immune responses, reduce infection severity, and reduce mortality associated with L. garvieae infections. However, there are still gaps in knowledge regarding how these substances regulate mechanisms such as the immune system, inflammatory processes, antioxidant defenses, and interactions with pathogens. This review aims to clarify these mechanisms by bringing together scientific data obtained in recent years. It also discusses how the information obtained can contribute to the development of safer feed additive strategies and the development of new vaccine approaches. This aims to support the establishment of a more sustainable production structure in the aquaculture sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":23690,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research Communications","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}