Growth, blood biochemistry, intestinal histomorphometry, and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus fed diets containing Nectandra grandiflora essential oil.

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal histomorphometry, and Streptococcus agalactiae infection resistance of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. This is the first study to report the use of EONG as a feed additive for this species in a recirculating aquaculture system. A total of 224 juveniles were distributed in a completely randomized design and fed diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ for 30 days. Final weight (p < 0.05) and daily weight gain (p < 0.05) were highest at 0.829 and 0.933 mL EONG kg⁻¹, respectively. Daily feed intake (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) were lowest at 0.875 and 0.926 mL EONG kg⁻¹, respectively. After 30 days, survival for 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that for the control. Plasma glucose levels decreased (p 0.05) with 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein were lower (p 0.05) in all EONG-supplemented groups. Central hepatic vein area (p < 0.05) and intestinal villus width (p < 0.05) were greater at 1.5 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Only dietary supplementation with 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was able to significantly reduce mortality caused by S. agalactiae, demonstrating its increased protective efficacy. Additionally, post-challenge bacterial recovery was lower for 0.5 and 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹. Supplementation with 0.75 mL EONG kg feed⁻¹ was the most effective dose as it resulted in improved growth, survival, and protection against S. agalactiae.