Vector borne and zoonotic diseases最新文献

{"title":"A Survey of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia and Anaplasmataceae Bacteria in Questing Ticks in Hokkaido, Japan.","authors":"Masakatsu Taira, Thillaiampalam Sivakumar, Yihong Ma, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Naoaki Yokoyama, Ken Maeda","doi":"10.1177/15303667261424704","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261424704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tick-borne diseases caused by spotted fever group (SFG) <i>Rickettsia</i> and members of the family Anaplasmataceae are important public health concerns. Given that previous studies on SFG in Hokkaido, the northernmost prefecture of Japan, have been limited by small sample sizes or limited to specific pathogens or tick species, the epidemiology of tick-borne bacteria remains unclear. This study investigated the prevalence of SFG <i>Rickettsia</i> and Anaplasmataceae bacteria in multiple tick species in Hokkaido.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>DNA was extracted from 1,115 questing ticks representing six species (548 <i>Ixodes ovatus</i>, 368 <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i>, 95 <i>Haemaphysalis concinna</i>, 74 <i>Haemaphysalis japonica</i>, 28 <i>Haemaphysalis megaspinosa</i>, and 2 <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i>) collected from six districts in Hokkaido. Samples were screened using PCR assays targeting the <i>gltA</i> gene of SFG <i>Rickettsia</i> species and the <i>groEL</i> gene of Anaplasmataceae. Amplicons were sequenced for species identification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SFG <i>Rickettsia</i> DNA was found only in <i>I. persulcatus</i> (48.9%, 180/368), including <i>R. helvetica</i> (32.1%) and <i>Candidatus</i> R. tarasevichiae (16.8%). Anaplasmataceae DNA was detected in 3.9% (44/1,115) of ticks, including <i>I. persulcatus</i>, <i>I. ovatus</i>, <i>H. japonica</i>, and <i>H. megaspinosa</i>. In <i>I. persulcatus</i>, <i>Ehrlichia muris</i>, <i>Candidatus</i> Neoehrlichia mikurensis, and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> were detected in 4.6%, 3.3%, and 0.3%, respectively. <i>Ehrlichia japonica</i> was found in <i>I. ovatus</i> (0.9%), while unclassified <i>Ehrlichia</i> spp. were detected in <i>H. japonica</i> (1.4%) and <i>H. megaspinosa</i> (3.6%). Seventeen <i>I. persulcatus</i> (4.6%) carried both SFG <i>Rickettsia</i> and Anaplasmataceae.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings showed that questing ticks in Hokkaido harbor zoonotic bacteria. While <i>I. persulcatus</i> appears to be the principal vector, the detection of pathogens in <i>I. ovatus</i>, <i>H. japonica</i>, and <i>H. megaspinosa</i> suggests the potential for additional vectors in the region. These findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and heightened clinical awareness of tick-borne diseases in northern Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"323-330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Serological Evidence of Human Exposure to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (New Jersey and Indiana Serotypes) in Dairy Regions of Costa Rica (1999).","authors":"Ingrid Ayub, Marco V Herrero, Gaby Dolz","doi":"10.1177/15303667261421864","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261421864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. The causative agent, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV; Rhabdoviridae: <i>Vesiculovirus</i>), includes two serotypes-New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV)-both present in Costa Rica. Transmission occurs via direct contact, fomites, and insect vectors. Occupational exposure, particularly in livestock workers, is a known risk, and high human seroprevalence has been reported elsewhere in Central America. Some cases present with a self-limited febrile illness, occasionally with vesicular lesions. No studies have assessed human VSV seropositivity in Costa Rica.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two dairy cantons of Costa Rica: Poás (<i>n</i> = 174) and Tilarán (<i>n</i> = 84). Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against VSNJV and VSIV using microseroneutralization in Vero-E6 cells. The seroprevalence with 95% confidence intervals was estimated. Associations with occupation and cattle contact were evaluated using chi-square tests and relative risk (RR). No clinical data were collected, as the study was focused solely on serological evidence of exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Poás, VSNJV seroprevalence was 40.8% and VSIV 16.7%. Agricultural work was associated with higher VSNJV (RR = 2.28, <i>p</i> = 0.0001) and VSIV seropositivity (RR = 4.78, <i>p</i> = 0.0004). Direct cattle contact correlated with VSIV seropositivity (RR = 4.22, <i>p</i> = 0.0050). In Tilarán, VSNJV seroprevalence was 26.2% and VSIV 3.6%; only direct cattle contact was significantly associated with VSNJV (RR = 6.14, <i>p</i> = 0.0191). Prevalence was higher in Poás for both VSNJV (RR = 1.56, <i>p</i> = 0.022) and VSIV (RR = 4.67, <i>p</i> = 0.0028).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This first report of human VSV seropositivity in Costa Rica shows a predominance of VSNJV. Higher prevalence among agricultural workers and those with cattle contact highlights occupational risk. Findings align with bovine seroprevalence and historical Central American human data, underscoring the need to consider VSV in febrile illnesses and to strengthen integrated \"One Health\" surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"365-369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of a Highly Pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> Serogroup 56601 Revealed by 15-Year Surveillance and Experimental Validation in a Rural Area of Zhejiang Province, China.","authors":"Baifu Zheng, Mengtian Zhang","doi":"10.1177/15303667261422299","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261422299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonosis maintained by chronically infected animal reservoirs, yet its long-term eco-epidemiological dynamics remain poorly understood. Southeast China has historically been an endemic region, but changing climate and land use may be reshaping <i>Leptospira</i> transmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted 15-year longitudinal surveillance (2009-2024) in Pan'an County, Zhejiang Province, integrating field sampling of rodents and other hosts, serogroup identification, multilocus sequence typing, and experimental mouse infection. Annual rainfall, host data, and molecular analyses were combined to assess temporal trends, serogroup turnover, and virulence differences between classical and emerging lineages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rodent <i>Leptospira</i> positivity persisted annually (1.2-18%) with peaks during heavy-rainfall years, while human cases declined after 2015. The host range narrowed from multispecies detection to rodent dominance after 2020. Serological and phylogenetic analyses revealed a post-2020 emergence of serogroup 56601, which replaced historical O1/O6 lineages and formed a genetically compact cluster, suggesting recent clonal expansion. In mice, the 56601 strain caused higher renal bacterial loads, more severe tubular injury, and stronger cytokine responses than O1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Long-term surveillance demonstrates rapid ecological and genetic turnover of <i>Leptospira</i> and identifies 56601 as an emerging lineage with increased pathogenic potential in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"331-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147310246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Long-Read Sequencing for Genotyping, Epigenetic Profiling and Surveillance of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> Isolates from Natural Foci and Disease Outbreaks in Central Asia.","authors":"Aigul A Abdirassilova, Duman T Yessimseit, Altyn K Rysbekova, Altynai K Kassenova, Beсk Z Abdeliyev, Zauresh B Zhumadilova, Gulnara Zh Tokmurziyeva, Arnat S Dikhanbayev, Sanzhar D Agzam, Vladimir L Motin, Oleg N Reva","doi":"10.1177/15303667261427352","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261427352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study explores the application of long-read sequencing technologies for genotyping, epigenetic profiling, and epidemiological monitoring of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> isolates obtained from natural foci in Central Asia and previous zoonotic outbreaks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Computational tools for genome assembly and genotyping were developed, enabling high-precision identification of both chromosomal and plasmid sequences, including the small plasmid pCKF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping based on genetic polymorphisms distinguished the major <i>Y. pestis</i> biovars and lineages, and revealed cluster-specific diversity among Medievalis (2.MED) isolates, including groups of strains associated with different plague foci and disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans. These specific genomic polymorphisms identified in subclades of 2.MED isolates allow their high-precision identification. The distribution of pCKF-positive strains in the region and the potential involvement of these pathogens in disease outbreaks are discussed. Additionally, comparative epigenomic analysis uncovered strain-specific cytosine methylation patterns at <i>cg</i>GATCG motifs. Further studies involving more sequenced strains are needed to determine whether this cytosine methylation specificity is linked to genome function regulation and adaptation to different hosts and environments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of long-read sequencing technologies in revealing both genetic and epigenetic features of bacterial pathogens, contributing to our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the emergence and spread of this especially dangerous infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"339-354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147373165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Acquisition to Transmission: Revisiting <i>Bartonella henselae</i> Infection in the Cat Flea (<i>Ctenocephalides felis</i>).","authors":"Lisa D Brown","doi":"10.1177/15303667261434140","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261434140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The cat flea (<i>Ctenocephalides felis</i>) is the primary arthropod vector responsible for the transmission of <i>Bartonella henselae</i>, the etiologic agent of cat scratch disease. Although domestic cats serve as the principal reservoir host, maintaining long-term intraerythrocytic bacteremia, the spread of <i>B. henselae</i> within feline populations relies entirely on flea-mediated acquisition and transmission. Early work demonstrated that fleas readily acquire the bacterium while feeding on bacteremic cats and can subsequently infect naïve hosts; however, the underlying biological mechanisms remain only partially understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review synthesizes current knowledge of how <i>B. henselae</i> interacts with its flea vector, tracing the process from acquisition through midgut colonization, persistence, and transmission via contaminated feces.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By integrating findings from artificial feeding systems, natural infection models, and recent advances in bacterial and vector biology, this review provides an updated assessment of the field and identifies key knowledge gaps that must be addressed to fully elucidate this vector-pathogen relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Microorganism Surveillance and Genetic Sequence Analysis of Small Mammals in Xinjiang Border Port Areas, China, 2024.","authors":"Duojiao Li, Feng Tian, Chaoyi Chen, Xiaoping Yin, Weimin Xiahou, Xuezheng Ma","doi":"10.1177/15303667261424792","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261424792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Small mammals can carry and transmit various virulent pathogens. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), with its rich diversity of small mammal species, represents a high-risk region for pathogen transmission. Epidemiological analysis and genetic sequencing of these pathogens are crucial for strengthening public health interventions.<b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study examined the analysis of effects of region, habitat, host genus, and climatic factors on pathogen infection rates in small mammals using spleen and lung tissue samples collected between May and September 2024. Categorical variables were assessed using Pearson <math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>χ</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math> test/Monte Carlo <math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>χ</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math> test, while continuous variables were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Principal component analysis was applied to extract key influence factors, followed by binary logistic regression modeling. Pathogens were detected in 43 host animals, including <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> (<i>n</i> = 27) and <i>Spotted fever group rickettsiae</i> (<i>SFGR</i>; <i>n</i> = 15), with infection rate comparisons conducted under different conditions (<i>α</i> = 0.05). Positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall pathogen infection rate in small mammals from Xinjiang border ports was 40.19%, comprising <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> (25.23%) and <i>SFGR</i> (14.02%). High temperature, low relative humidity, the Huoerguosi Port, and grassland habitats were associated with a reduced infection rate of pathogenic microorganisms (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.51-0.93, <i>p</i> = 0.021). Spatially, <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> showed the highest infection rate in the Dulata Port, desert habitats, and <i>Meriones spp.</i>, whereas <i>SFGR</i> predominated in the Takeshiken Port, alpine meadow steppes, and <i>Marmota spp.</i> Genetic homology analysis revealed maximum sequence similarities of 99.15% for <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> and 98.35% for <i>SFGR</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Xinjiang border ports have a high diversity of small mammal species with elevated pathogen infection rates. These findings underscore the necessity for sustained and enhanced surveillance of small mammal-borne diseases in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"313-322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146203030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Lone Star Virus and Synaptogyrin-2 Using Novel Viral and Host Models of Infections.","authors":"Christian W Eaton, Lianna R Walker, Hiep L X Vu, J Dustin Loy, Daniel C Ciobanu","doi":"10.1177/15303667261420983","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261420983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is limited understanding of the replication and transmission of bandaviruses and the influence of host genotype in successful infection. An <i>in vitro Bandavirus</i> model, such as Lone Star virus (LSV, <i>Bandavirus amblyommae</i>), capable of propagating in standard cell lines, could provide some of this critical information. In this study, we sequenced the genome of LSV and profiled its relationship with a key host viral-interacting protein, Synaptogyrin-2 (SYNGR2), known to influence the replication of another <i>Bandavirus</i>, <i>Bandavirus dabieense.</i>Materials and Methods: The genome of the LSV TMA 1381 strain was sequenced and assembled using Oxford Nanopore Technology. The expression of <i>SYNGR2</i> was profiled and annotated in Vero cells. <i>SYNGR2</i> knockout (KO) Vero clones were obtained <i>via</i> CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of the first exon, present in all <i>SYNGR2</i> isoforms. Following LSV infection, expression of <i>SYNGR2</i> and LSV titer was measured in <i>SYNGR2</i>-KO and wild-type cell lines.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Sequence variation and evidence of viral heterogeneity were detected across all segments of the LSV TMA 1381 strain (4 missense substitutions out of 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified, <i>q</i> > 16). Important amino acid sequence differences for the nonstructural protein, known to directly interact with host SYNGR2, were observed between LSV and other bandaviruses (15.5-47.4%). The change in <i>SYNGR2</i> expression in wild-type Vero cells was limited following LSV infection (1.77-fold). No difference in estimated LSV titer was detected between wild-type and <i>SYNGR2</i>-KO Vero cells (<i>p</i> > 0.16). Our data illustrate key distinctions from previous <i>Bandavirus</i> reports and underline the need for future studies to explore the mechanisms of LSV replication and pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"355-364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lyme Disease Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Surveyed Clinicians in Western North Carolina, 2022-2023.","authors":"Peyton K Pretsch, Poulomi Rudrappa, Katherine Tyrlik-Olk, Dana A Giandomenico, Ross M Boyce","doi":"10.1177/15303667261453194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15303667261453194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lyme disease has expanded into western North Carolina. We sought to document knowledge, attitudes, and practices among clinicians in this region.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A survey was administered to clinicians in western North Carolina. Frequencies summarized Lyme-related care. Fisher's exact test compared low-knowledge items (<75% correct) by provider type, clinical experience, and regional tenure. Likert-type items measured attitudes; open-ended responses identified education barriers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 28 participants, 59% (16/27) saw a suspected Lyme case in the past year. The median knowledge score was 59% (interquartile range: 47-73%), with low confidence interpreting test results (median Likert score = 2, interquartile range: 1-3). Correct identification of erythema migrans timing differed by regional tenure (≤5 years: 16/18 [89%]; >5 years: 3/8 [38%]; <i>p</i> = 0.014). Recognition of when testing is not recommended differed by provider type (physician: 11/20 [55%], nurse practitioner: 0/6 [0%]; <i>p</i> = 0.024). Perceived education barriers included cost, time, and small patient population.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Overall, knowledge was limited, particularly for diagnostic testing. Clinicians in emerging communities should be prioritized for educational interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"15303667261453194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148006970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Genotype of <i>Pentatrichomonas hominis</i> in Farmed Arctic Foxes (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>) in Northern China.","authors":"Qing-Yu Hou, Hai-Tao Wang, Xiao-Lei Lu, Jing Jiang, Yun-Fei Wang, Guang-Rong Bao, Ya Qin, Shuo Liu, Lin Li, Yi-Yang Wang, Lin Jin, Miao-Miao Zhang, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Hong-Bo Ni, He Ma","doi":"10.1177/15303667261421277","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261421277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a zoonotic protozoan, <i>Pentatrichomonas hominis</i> has been implicated in gastrointestinal diseases, typically residing in the cecum or colon of diverse vertebrate hosts. Nevertheless, information regarding its prevalence and genotypic distribution in farmed foxes (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>) remains limited. Fresh fecal samples (<i>n</i> = 352) from farmed foxes in northern China were analyzed for <i>P. hominis</i> via nested PCR. The overall prevalence was 15.62% (55/352). Infection rates were 12.09% (22/182) in adults and 19.41% (33/170) in juveniles. The prevalence exhibited seasonal fluctuations, ranging from 10.90% to 25.24%, with the highest prevalence observed in autumn. Foxes with diarrhea exhibited a significantly higher infection rate (33.78%, 25/74) than those without (10.79%, 30/278). Prevalence varied across regions, with the highest rates in Jilin (30.00%, 12/40), followed by Shandong (26.88%, 25/93), Hebei (12.90%, 12/93), Liaoning (6.33%, 5/79), and Heilongjiang (2.13%, 1/47). All positive samples were grouped into the zoonotic CC1 genotype based on phylogenetic analysis. This study offers novel epidemiological insights into <i>P. hominis</i> occurrence among farmed foxes in northern China and underpins the advancement of specific approaches for its detection and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"272-276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to the Conjunctival <i>Brucella abortus</i> S19 Vaccine in Türkiye.","authors":"Ediz Kağan Özgen, Yasemin Erdoğan, Lütfullah Celep, Sebahattin Akça, Alpay Karaçuhalılar, Ömer Alkanoğlu, Ramazan Kutlu, Ercan Atalay, Mehmet Özkan Timurkan, Şerafettin Çakal, Murat Yıldırım, Berna Yanmaz, Hüseyin Çalık, Mehtap Demirler, Mehmet Cemal Adıgüzel, Cihan Öz, Seyda Cengiz","doi":"10.1177/15303667261419583","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15303667261419583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by <i>Brucella</i> species, which have been identified in various hosts and are associated with significant economic losses. The control of bovine brucellosis in Türkiye has primarily relied on the administration of the <i>Brucella abortus</i> S19 vaccine via the conjunctival route. The present study investigates the humoral immune response induced by the administration to cattle of the vaccine produced in Türkiye, with the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a complement fixation test (CFT), and evaluates cellular immunity through flow cytometry methods.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>For the purpose of the study, blood samples were collected from 20 nonvaccinated calves aged 3-6 months housed at the Eastern Anatolian Agricultural Research Institute, and from 20 vaccinated calves on days 0, 14, and 28, and months 3, 6, 9, and 12 following vaccination. RBPT, iELISA, and CFT were used to evaluate humoral immunity, and the flow cytometric analysis for the evaluation of cellular immunity included the measurement of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD14⁺ cell populations, as well as CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺, CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺, and CD14⁺IL-12⁺ levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed an increase in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell populations, along with elevated IFN-γ⁺ and IL-12⁺ cytokine levels in vaccinated animals, which are critically important for the development of cellular immunity. Also observed was a very low rate of vaccine-associated antibody positivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study showed that conjunctival vaccination of calves with locally produced <i>B. abortus</i> S19 enhanced cellular immunity (CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD14⁺, IL-12, IFN-γ) but induced minimal detectable antibody responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23683,"journal":{"name":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases","volume":" ","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}