Vision Research最新文献_第5页

Extension of a computational model of a class of orientation illusions 扩展一类方位错觉的计算模型。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108459

Dejan Todorović

引用次数: 0

Beyond hypertrophy: Changing views of astrocytes in glaucoma 超越肥大：改变对青光眼中星形胶质细胞的看法。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108461

Melissa L. Cooper , David J. Calkins

{"title":"Beyond hypertrophy: Changing views of astrocytes in glaucoma","authors":"Melissa L. Cooper , David J. Calkins","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Astrocytes serve multiple roles in helping to maintain homeostatic physiology of central nervous system tissue, ranging from metabolic support to coupling between vascular and neural elements. Astrocytes are especially critical in axonal tracts such as the optic nerve, where axons propagate energy-demanding action potentials great distances. In disease, astrocyte remodeling is a dynamic, multifaceted process that is often over-simplified between states of quiescence and reactivity. In glaucoma, axon degeneration in the optic nerve is characterized by progressive stages. So too is astrocyte remodeling. Here, using quantitative analysis of light and electron micrographs of myelinated optic nerve sections from the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma, we offer further insight into how astrocyte organization reflects stages of degeneration. This analysis indicates that even as axons degenerate, astrocyte gliosis in the nerve increases without abject proliferation, similar to results in the DBA/2J retina. Gliosis is accompanied by reorganization. As axons expand prior to frank degeneration, astrocyte processes retract from the extra-axonal space and reorient towards the nerve edge. After a critical threshold of expansion, axons drop out, and astrocyte processes distribute more evenly across the nerve reflecting gliosis. This multi-stage process likely reflects local rather than global cues from axons and the surrounding tissue that induce rapid reorganization to promote axon survival and extend functionality of the nerve.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 108461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698924001056/pdfft?md5=1d4b62effc3cecc602bba5a90ead61dc&pid=1-s2.0-S0042698924001056-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141767597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perception of wide-expanse symmetric patterns 感知广角对称图案

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108455

Fengping Hu , Darius Sinha , Sidney Diamond

{"title":"Perception of wide-expanse symmetric patterns","authors":"Fengping Hu , Darius Sinha , Sidney Diamond","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humans are remarkably proficient at the task of distinguishing between symmetric and non-symmetric visual patterns. The neural mechanisms underlying this ability are still unclear. Here we examine symmetry perception along a dimension that can help place some constraints on the nature of these mechanisms. Specifically, we study whether and how human performance on the task of classifying patterns as bilaterally symmetric versus non-symmetric changes as a function of the spatial separation between the flanks. Working with briefly flashed stimuli that embody flank separations of 6 degrees to 54 degrees, we find that classification performance declines significantly with increasing inter-flank distance, but remains well above chance even at the largest separations. Response time registers a progressive increase as the space between the flanks expands. Baseline studies show that these performance changes cannot be attributed solely to reduced acuity in the visual periphery, or increased conduction times for relaying information from those locations. The findings argue for the need to adapt current feedforward models of symmetry perception to be more consistent with the empirical data, and also point to the possible involvement of recurrent processing, as suggested by recent computational results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 108455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact and visualization of scotomatic glare in central visual field perception 眩光对中心视野感知的影响和可视化。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108457

Diana Hering , Frank M. Jakobs , Gunnar Ritt , Michael Henrichsen , Bettina Hohberger

{"title":"Impact and visualization of scotomatic glare in central visual field perception","authors":"Diana Hering , Frank M. Jakobs , Gunnar Ritt , Michael Henrichsen , Bettina Hohberger","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strong monochromatic point light sources such as Light Emitting Diodes (LED) or Lasers have been increasingly used in recent decades. This also raises the risk of misuse resulting in glare phenomena and associated visual impairment. The objective of this prospective and partially blinded study was the visualization and characterization of glare-induced scotomas in visual field by dazzling with monochromatic point light sources in terms of disability and discomfort glare. Automated threshold perimetry under dazzling by LED exposure at three different wavelengths (470, 530 and 625 nm) and four different intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100%) was performed in 31 healthy subjects resulting in 434 visual field examinations. Visual disability was measured by sensitivity loss in the central 30°as compared to unexposed controls and visualized by reconstruction of mean visual fields for each group via backward-calculation. Psychological glare was assessed by subsequent questionnaire and evaluated based on the de Boer rating scale of discomfort. Increasing glare intensities resulted in a significant decrease in mean sensitivity for all wavelengths tested, paralleled by an increase of discomfort glare. The loss of sensitivity was scattered over all quadrants with accentuation of the corresponding mean exposure area. Reconstructed visual fields confirmed visual impairment in all quadrants at an extent of at least 30°. We conclude that even off-axis light exposure may affect central visual field perception. Our results extend previous research on directed light interaction and contribute in explaining its incapacitating impact on human performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698924001019/pdfft?md5=014ca008f80cfcf7bc848f322ac78799&pid=1-s2.0-S0042698924001019-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141727901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biomechanic, proteomic and miRNA transcriptional changes in the trabecular meshwork of primates injected with intravitreal triamcinolone 静脉注射曲安奈德的灵长类动物小梁网的生物力学、蛋白质组和 miRNA 转录变化。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108456

Sangwan Park , Vijay Krishna Raghunathan , Raneesh Ramarapu , Ala Moshiri , Glenn Yiu , M. Isabel Casanova , Krista Cosert , Michelle McCorkell , Brian C. Leonard , Sara M. Thomasy

{"title":"Biomechanic, proteomic and miRNA transcriptional changes in the trabecular meshwork of primates injected with intravitreal triamcinolone","authors":"Sangwan Park , Vijay Krishna Raghunathan , Raneesh Ramarapu , Ala Moshiri , Glenn Yiu , M. Isabel Casanova , Krista Cosert , Michelle McCorkell , Brian C. Leonard , Sara M. Thomasy","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although biomechanical changes of the trabecular meshwork (TM) are important to the pathogenesis of glucocorticoids-induced ocular hypertension (GC-OHT), there is a knowledge gap in the underlying molecular mechanisms of the development of it. In this study, we performed intravitreal triamcinolone injection (IVTA) in one eye of 3 rhesus macaques. Following IVTA, we assessed TM stiffness using atomic force microscopy and investigated changes in proteomic and miRNA expression profiles. One of 3 macaques developed GC-OHT with a difference in intraocular pressure of 4.2 mmHg and a stiffer TM with a mean increase in elastic moduli of 0.60 kPa versus the non-injected control eye. In the IVTA-treated eyes, proteins associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and mitochondrial oxidoreductation were significantly upregulated. The significantly upregulated miR-29b and downregulated miR-335-5p post-IVTA supported the role of oxidative stress and mitophagy in the GC-mediated biomechanical changes in TM, respectively. The significant upregulation of miR-15/16 cluster post-IVTA may indicate a resultant TM cell apoptosis contributing to the increase in outflow resistance. Despite the small sample size, these results expand our knowledge of GC-mediated responses in the TM and furthermore, may help explain steroid responsiveness in clinical settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698924001007/pdfft?md5=07b604028aea8cfc741284e0298cc7ed&pid=1-s2.0-S0042698924001007-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A bias in transsaccadic perception of spatial frequency changes 对空间频率变化的反累积感知存在偏差。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108453

Nino Sharvashidze , Carolin Hübner , Alexander C. Schütz

{"title":"A bias in transsaccadic perception of spatial frequency changes","authors":"Nino Sharvashidze , Carolin Hübner , Alexander C. Schütz","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Visual processing differs between the foveal and peripheral visual field. These differences can lead to different appearances of objects in the periphery and the fovea, posing a challenge to perception across saccades. Differences in the appearance of visual features between the peripheral and foveal visual field may bias change discrimination across saccades. Previously it has been reported that spatial frequency (SF) appears higher in the periphery compared to the fovea (<span>Davis et al., 1987</span>). In this study, we investigated the visual appearance of SF before and after a saccade and the discrimination of SF changes during saccades. In addition, we tested the contributions of pre- and postsaccadic information to change discrimination performance. In the first experiment, we found no differences in the appearance of SF before and after a saccade. However, participants showed a clear bias to report SF increases. Interestingly, a 200-ms postsaccadic blank improved the precision of the responses but did not affect the bias. In the second experiment, participants showed lower thresholds for SF increases than for decreases, suggesting that the bias in the first experiment was not just a response bias. Finally, we asked participants to discriminate the SF of stimuli presented before a saccade. Thresholds in the presaccadic discrimination task were lower than in the change discrimination task, suggesting that transsaccadic change discrimination is not merely limited by presaccadic discrimination in the periphery. The change direction bias might stem from more effective masking or overwriting of the presaccadic stimulus by the postsaccadic low SF stimulus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004269892400097X/pdfft?md5=43a5d9b12a42534b7c8359c7e86c95ba&pid=1-s2.0-S004269892400097X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The adaptive global effect: Luminance contrast modulates the global effect zone 自适应全局效应亮度对比调节全局效应区

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108454

Jessica Heeman , Jan Theeuwes , Stefan Van der Stigchel

{"title":"The adaptive global effect: Luminance contrast modulates the global effect zone","authors":"Jessica Heeman , Jan Theeuwes , Stefan Van der Stigchel","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When two peripheral objects are presented in close proximity, saccades towards one of these objects land at a weighted average location between the two objects. This phenomenon, known as the ‘global effect’ or ‘saccade averaging’, disappears when the distance between the objects increases. When objects are further apart, outside the averaging zone, saccades land on one of the objects with little or no saccade averaging. Although it is known that the strength of the global effect is dependent on the specific features of the two objects, it is unclear if the size of the zone in which averaging can occur (i.e., the averaging zone) is adaptive. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the size of the averaging zone adapts to variations in object luminance contrast of the objects. In order to systematically assess changes in the averaging zone, in two experiments, observers made saccadic eye movements while the luminance of the target and the distractor varied. We report three major findings: 1) When a distractor was more luminant relative to the target, the averaging zone increased (Exp. 1). Notably, saccade averaging never entirely ceased to exist, even for remote distractors. 2) When target and distractor were equiluminant, the averaging zone did not change with absolute luminance (Exp. 2). 3) Higher (relative and absolute) luminance increased the averaging zone especially for shorter saccadic response times (SRT). We conclude that the averaging zone is adaptive and becomes larger with increasing relative luminance and especially when SRTs are short.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141580958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in perceptual filling-in of the blind-spot with variegated color and texture stimuli 外在和内在因素在不同颜色和纹理刺激盲点知觉填充中的作用。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108452

Amrita Mukherjee , Avijit Paul , Rajarshi Roy , Kuntal Ghosh

{"title":"The role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in perceptual filling-in of the blind-spot with variegated color and texture stimuli","authors":"Amrita Mukherjee , Avijit Paul , Rajarshi Roy , Kuntal Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vision scientists dedicated their efforts to unraveling the mechanism of filling-in at the blind-spot (BS) through numerous psychophysical experiments. The prevalent interpretation, emphasizing active filling-in, has spurred extensive research endeavors. In a parallel vein, a pertinent study highlighted the predominance of the nasal Visual Field (VF) over the temporal one and postulated the role of the Cortical Magnification Factor (CMF) in explaining the asymmetry of filling-in. In this study, we first replicated this experiment and then conducted BS-specific psychophysical experiments employing various bi-colored and bi-textured (patterned) stimuli. We observed that nasal dominance is not persistent in the context of the spread of perception for BS filling-in. We posit that the visual information processing priority index (VIPPI), comprising the CMF (an intrinsic factor unaffected by stimulus characteristics) and relative luminance (an extrinsic factor dependent on stimulus characteristics), governs the spread of perception for filling-in in case of diverse neighborhoods of the BS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Colour expectations across illumination changes 不同光照条件下的色彩预期

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108451

Hamed Karimipour, Christoph Witzel

{"title":"Colour expectations across illumination changes","authors":"Hamed Karimipour, Christoph Witzel","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates human expectations towards naturalistic colour changes under varying illuminations. Understanding colour expectations is key to both scientific research on colour constancy and applications of colour and lighting in art and industry. We reanalysed data from asymmetric colour matches of a previous study and found that colour adjustments tended to align with illuminant-induced colour shifts predicted by naturalistic, rather than artificial, illuminants and reflectances. We conducted three experiments using hyperspectral images of naturalistic scenes to test if participants judged colour changes based on naturalistic illuminant and reflectance spectra as more plausible than artificial ones, which contradicted their expectations. When we consistently manipulated the illuminant (Experiment 1) and reflectance (Experiment 2) spectra across the whole scene, observers chose the naturalistic renderings significantly above the chance level (>25 %) but barely more often than any of the three artificial ones, collectively (>50 %). However, when we manipulated only one object/area’s reflectance (Experiment 3), observers more reliably identified the version in which the object had a naturalistic reflectance like the rest of the scene. Results from Experiments 2–3 and additional analyses suggested that relational colour constancy strongly contributed to observer expectations, and stable cone-excitation ratios are not limited to naturalistic illuminants and reflectances but also occur for our artificial renderings. Our findings indicate that relational colour constancy and prior knowledge about surface colour shifts help to disambiguate surface colour identity under illumination changes, enabling human observers to recognise surface colours reliably in naturalistic conditions. Additionally, relational colour constancy may even be effective in many artificial conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698924000956/pdfft?md5=21788695361ade89f75d4aa626880faf&pid=1-s2.0-S0042698924000956-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Standard models of spatial vision mispredict edge sensitivity at low spatial frequencies 空间视觉的标准模型错误地预测了低空间频率下的边缘敏感性。

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108450

Lynn Schmittwilken , Felix A. Wichmann , Marianne Maertens

{"title":"Standard models of spatial vision mispredict edge sensitivity at low spatial frequencies","authors":"Lynn Schmittwilken , Felix A. Wichmann , Marianne Maertens","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2024.108450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One well-established characteristic of early visual processing is the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) which describes how sensitivity varies with the spatial frequency (SF) content of the visual input. The CSF prompted the development of a now standard model of spatial vision. It represents the visual input by activity in orientation- and SF selective channels which are nonlinearly recombined to predict a perceptual decision. The standard spatial vision model has been extensively tested with sinusoidal gratings at low contrast because their narrow SF spectra isolate the underlying SF selective mechanisms. It is less studied how well these mechanisms account for sensitivity to more behaviourally relevant stimuli such as sharp edges at high contrast (i.e. object boundaries) which abound in the natural environment and have broader SF spectra. Here, we probe sensitivity to edges (2-AFC, edge localization) in the presence of broadband and narrowband noises. We use Cornsweet luminance profiles with peak frequencies at 0.5, 3 and 9 cpd as edge stimuli. To test how well mechanisms underlying sinusoidal contrast sensitivity can account for edge sensitivity, we implement a single- and a multi-scale model building upon standard spatial vision model components. Both models account for most of the data but also systematically deviate in their predictions, particularly in the presence of pink noise and for the lowest SF edge. These deviations might indicate a transition from contrast- to luminance-based detection at low SFs. Alternatively, they might point to a missing component in current spatial vision models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698924000944/pdfft?md5=ba4fef6cf9a14b49ddddc4d93f3ade67&pid=1-s2.0-S0042698924000944-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0