Virology最新文献

{"title":"A novel bat-like human G3P[10] rotavirus strain from Thailand shares its VP7 lineage with equine Erv105 and human DS-1-like G3P[8] strains: a possible origin in bats","authors":"Ratana Tacharoenmuang ,&nbsp;Ratigorn Guntapong ,&nbsp;Sompong Upachai ,&nbsp;Phakapun Singchai ,&nbsp;Teewasit Phatsaman ,&nbsp;Karun Sutthiwarakom ,&nbsp;Santip Kongjorn ,&nbsp;Napa Onvimala ,&nbsp;Tipsuda Luechakham ,&nbsp;Busarawan Sriwanthana ,&nbsp;Saori Fukuda ,&nbsp;Koki Taniguchi ,&nbsp;Archawin Rojanawiwat ,&nbsp;Satoshi Komoto","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An unusual rotavirus strain with the G3P[10] genotype, designated RVA/Human-wt/THA/PK2016-1-0120/2016/G3P[10] (short name “PK2016-1-0120”), was detected in a stool specimen from a hospitalized 10-year-old boy with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand. In this study, we sequenced and characterized its whole genome. The strain possesses the genotype constellation G3-P[10]-I8-R3-C3-M3-A9-N3-T3-E3-H6, similar to several previously reported bat and bat-like rotavirus strains (MYAS33-like). In line with this, phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons indicate that 10 of the 11 genomic segments (VP4, VP6, VP1-VP3, and NSP1-NSP5) are most similar to those found in MYAS33-like strains. In contrast, the VP7 genomic segment of PK2016-1-0120—which defines the G genotype—is most closely related to those of the Indian equine rotavirus strain Erv105 and DS-1-like G3P[8] human strains. These findings imply a history of segment reassortment involving independent acquisition of the VP7 segment. Given that bats are likely donors in interspecies RVA transmission chains, we speculate that this VP7 lineage originated in bats. In summary, our characterization of the novel bat-like human strain PK2016-1-0120 suggests that the VP7 lineage as found in human DS-1-like G3P[8] strains may have originated from a bat-associated rotavirus, offering an alternative model to the previously proposed equine origin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 110795"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem and emergence of bat-borne zoonotic diseases","authors":"Vincent Tsai ,&nbsp;Yi-Chen Lai ,&nbsp;Gregory P. Contreras ,&nbsp;Ting-Yu Yeh","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>About 70 % of zoonotic infectious diseases originate from wildlife reservoirs, particularly bats, primates, and rodents. Bats comprise about 20 % of all known mammal species worldwide and have been identified as reservoir and carrier hosts of various viral disease outbreaks. They also play a crucial role in viral adaptation and evolution. Given this inherent risk, this review focuses on how anthropogenic activities (habitat destruction, agricultural intensification, bushmeat hunting, and occupational exposure) and climate change are increasing the frequency and intensity of bat–human contact. These factors accelerate the emergence and spillover of bat-borne viruses, posing a significant threat to global public health. We also summarize examples from the families <em>Rhabdoviridae</em>, <em>Flaviviridae</em>, <em>Paramyxoviridae</em>, <em>Filoviridae</em>, <em>Reoviridae</em>, <em>Coronaviridae</em>, and <em>Hepeviridae</em>, showing how anthropogenic factors have direct consequences on the spillover of bat-borne zoonotic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 110811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AlphaFold modeling of the white spot syndrome virus polymerase","authors":"Tim Skern ,&nbsp;Jane Oakey","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infects crustaceans, causing severe losses in the global shrimp industry. Several properties, including the DNA genome sequence and the virion morphology, place WSSV as the single member of the <em>Whispovirus</em> genus of the <em>Nimaviridae</em> family<em>.</em> The DNA polymerase is one of the few gene products of the predicted 184 open reading frames to have been examined. Conserved sequence motifs found in many viral DNA polymerases are found in the WSSV DNA polymerase; nevertheless, the WSSV enzyme remains enigmatic, possessing over 1000 amino acids more than, for example, the DNA polymerase of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). To examine more closely the WSSV polymerase, we used AlphaFold to generate a structural model and compared it to the DNA polymerases of HSV-1, African swine fever virus and mpox virus. The exonuclease and polymerase domains of the WSSV enzyme were exactly defined based on the equivalence with the other viral enzymes; structurally, the WSSV enzyme appears most closely related to the HSV-1 enzyme. In contrast, the WSSV polymerase N-terminal domain showed an appreciably different architecture. However, the most unusual aspect of the WSSV polymerase is the C-terminal thumb domain which is modelled as two helical domains connected by a flexible acidic loop. This arrangement is quite unrelated to the thumb domains found in the other polymerases and is thus restricted to the WSSV enzyme. Given the uniqueness of such a vital cog of the replication machinery, it will be of interest to examine the structures of further WSSV proteins. (248 words).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 110818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery and degradation of mammalian virus RNA during high-flow filter sampling","authors":"Jeffrey M. Marano ,&nbsp;Rachel Maison ,&nbsp;Marina Nieto-Caballero ,&nbsp;Mark Hernandez ,&nbsp;Angela M. Bosco-Lauth","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental surveillance of emerging viral pathogens is necessary for defining and mitigating future outbreaks. These programs can take multiple complementary forms, such as wastewater surveillance, xenosurveillance, and air sampling. For the latter, air samplers can be categorized into major types based on airflow and collection media. Higher-flow air sampling, such as that exceeding 150 L per minute, is typically required to characterize aerosols in large areas, including hatcheries, dairies, and ports of entry. Until recently, higher flow air samplers exclusively collected airborne particulate matter on dry filter media. The SASS 3100 Dry Air Sampler, with its high sampling rate and compact size, offers a potential solution for these settings. While the SASS 3100 sampler has successfully collected SARS-CoV-2 RNA from hospital air, concerns exist about viral sample degradation on the filter media during aerosol collection. In response, we present data from several controlled chamber studies using a variety of common mammalian viruses. We observed no significant sample degradation in trials collecting rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2, and influenza A virus using a SASS 3100 over an 8-h sampling period, operating at a 300 L per minute flow rate. These results support expanded use of the SASS 3100 for the quantitative recovery of airborne mammalian viruses and provide a framework for further stability studies with other airborne microorganisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiological investigation and genetic diversity of bovine enterovirus in China","authors":"Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Chen Yao ,&nbsp;Yueying Wang ,&nbsp;Shuang Guo ,&nbsp;Jiajia Pan ,&nbsp;Guoyu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine enterovirus (BEV) is an important pathogen causing calf diarrhea and has been detected in the diarrheic calf feces, although its pathogenicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological profile and genetic diversity of BEV. A total of 356 clinical samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, including feces and rectal swabs from diarrheic calves in 11 cities across four provinces of China during 2024, the results showed a BEV-positive rate of 5.9 % (21/356, CI: 3.89–8.85). The four-province survey revealed differential BEV prevalence, with the highest rate observed in Qinghai (14.29 %). Five subtypes (E2, F1, F2, F3, F8) were found to co-circulate, notably E2, F3 and F8 in Inner Mongolia. Genomic analyses indicated that purifying selection dominates BEV evolution. Following sequencing of ten P1 nucleotide fragments, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed based on P1 and VP1. The results showed that the obtained sequences clustered within a branch containing BEV subtypes E2, F3, F2, F1, and F8, and were genetically more closely related to strains from Australia, Japan, and China. Additionally, through the comparison and analysis of the majority of amino acid residues entropy of VP1, VP2 and VP3, it was determined that the BEV VP1 protein showed a high level of genetic diversity. This study provides powerful insight for us to further understand the epidemic status and evolution of BEV in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chikungunya virus non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) inhibits RIG-I and TLR-mediated immune response","authors":"Shivani Raj,&nbsp;Minnah Irfan,&nbsp;C.T. Ranjith-Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that employs various strategies to evade the host immune response. CHIKV non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) is one of the viral-encoded proteins essential for viral replication as well as modulation of the immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that CHIKV nsP2 suppresses both Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways. Domain mapping of nsP2 identified that the N-terminal region encompassing the N-terminal domain and the helicase domain (NH) is responsible for the inhibition. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that a functional helicase is necessary for inhibiting interferon production, but the C-terminal VLoop region, previously implicated in host transcriptional shutoff is not. Lastly, we demonstrated that nsP2 disrupts two key immune RLRs and TLRs mediated signaling pathways by interfering with the common proteins TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which are involved in both signaling pathways. These findings enhance our understanding of CHIKV immune evasion strategies and offer potential targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccinia virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prevents lung immunopathology without antibody-dependent enhancement in female rhesus macaques","authors":"Cong Thanh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Misako Nakayama ,&nbsp;Fumihiko Yasui ,&nbsp;Hirohito Ishigaki ,&nbsp;Kenichi Otaki ,&nbsp;Naoki Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Takahiro Sanada ,&nbsp;Kenzaburo Yamaji ,&nbsp;Tomoko Honda ,&nbsp;Yusuke Matsumoto ,&nbsp;Naoko Kitagawa ,&nbsp;Koji Ishii ,&nbsp;Tomoe Kusayanagi ,&nbsp;Yoshiki Yagi ,&nbsp;Michinori Kohara ,&nbsp;Yasushi Itoh","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have developed a recombinant vaccinia vaccine (rDIs-S) against SARS-CoV-2 from an attenuated vaccinia virus (Dairen-I minute-pock variant: DIs strain). The rDIs-S vaccine containing DNA of an S gene of SARS-CoV-2 early-pandemic Pango B strain protected cynomolgus macaques from severe pneumonia caused by a SARS-CoV-2 Pango A strain and induced a broad reactive neutralization antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1) in our previous study. In the present study, to further confirm the safety and efficacy of rDIs-S, the vaccine (1 × 10⁸ PFU) was inoculated intradermally into rhesus macaques, which showed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) after vaccination with another vaccinia virus vector, MVA carrying a SARS-CoV S gene, and challenge infection with SARS-CoV. The rDIs-S vaccination induced neutralization activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in plasma of rhesus macaques [100 % (6/6 macaques)] and reduced viral replication of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and infiltration of T cells and macrophages into the lungs of rhesus macaques [100 % (5/5 macaques)] after challenge infection with 1 × 10⁷ TCID₅₀ of the two SARS-CoV-2 variants. In the presence of plasma of vaccinated macaques, viral RNA levels in human FcγR-positive cells increased slightly by up to 1.8-folds, but they were much lower than those previously reported in sera of mRNA-vaccinated individuals, in which ADE was anticipated (ratios approximately 10–1000). Thus, rDIs-S induced protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 and vaccination with rDIs-S did not enhance pneumonia or replication of SARS-CoV-2, indicating the efficacy and safety of rDIs-S in the rhesus macaque model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective reactivation of latent HIV using CyclinT1-Tat-containing virus-like particles","authors":"Thomas K. Lavin ,&nbsp;Caroline O. Tabler ,&nbsp;Thomas J. Sweet ,&nbsp;Najwa Alhusaini ,&nbsp;John C. Tilton","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistence of HIV reservoirs and their ability to create an active infection after anti-retroviral therapy cessation has prevented development of an HIV cure. Various chemical latency reversal agents (LRAs) have been investigated to promote HIV transcription as part of a kick and kill strategy, but many of these agents lack either potency or specificity and can cause widespread T cell activation and systemic toxicity. We report the development of novel virus-like particles (VLPs), based on HIV itself, that carry a CyclinT1-Tat fusion protein (CycTat) and reactivate HIV from latency both alone and synergistically with the two tested chemical LRAs; a bromodomain inhibitor and a protein kinase C agonist. CycTat resulted in higher reactivation than Tat, although Tat and CycTat delivery were equivalent in some cell lines after co-stimulation with LRAs thought to increase cellular P-TEFb levels. Targeted mutations disrupting key residues in Tat and CycT1 interactions dampened reactivation, suggesting the particles work mechanistically as anticipated. Fusion of VLPs with target cells was required for HIV reactivation, demonstrating that CycTat proteins do not non-specifically cross cell membranes when packaged into VLPs. Additionally, we addressed safety concerns by testing high doses of VLPs on primary CD4⁺ T cells, which resulted in minimal T cell activation. This serves as proof-of-concept for specific reactivation of HIV by delivery of Tat protein by VLPs and shows that additional components, here a truncated CyclinT1, can be engineered into particles to enhance viral reactivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twist-ONT: Combining nanopore sequencing with the twist comprehensive viral research panel","authors":"Jonathan Haars ,&nbsp;Tomas Cumlin ,&nbsp;Claes Ladenvall ,&nbsp;Johan Lennerstrand ,&nbsp;René Kaden","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Twist Comprehensive Viral Research Panel (Twist CVRP) is a probe-based hybridization capture enrichment method for whole-genome sequencing, designed to target all known pathogenic viruses. Unlike shotgun metagenomics, where human DNA dominates, this method enriches for viral sequences within samples. This study presents a novel protocol called Twist-ONT, integrating Twist CVRP with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing. Using clinical nasopharyngeal/throat swab and plasma samples PCR-positive for a variety of different viruses, the protocol's capability for viral species classification was demonstrated. It is also shown how high-quality whole-genome assemblies and consensus sequences can be generated from the sequencing reads of this protocol. This protocol facilitates further studies into the viromes of clinical samples and viral genomics in general using ONT sequencing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meeting report: The 3rd international conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV 2025) - The Virosphere of Our Cellular World","authors":"Maria Söderlund-Venermo ,&nbsp;Nor Azfa Binti Johari ,&nbsp;Azira Muhamad ,&nbsp;Khatijah Yusoff ,&nbsp;Sayed F. Abdelwahab ,&nbsp;Matthew D. Moore ,&nbsp;William C. Wilson ,&nbsp;Marietjie Venter ,&nbsp;Yashpal S. Malik ,&nbsp;Shailendra K. Saxena ,&nbsp;Elsayed M. Abdelwhab ,&nbsp;Stephan Winter ,&nbsp;Burtram C. Fielding ,&nbsp;Vikram N. Vakharia ,&nbsp;Anupam Varma ,&nbsp;Richard J. Kuhn ,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2026.110792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 3^rd International Conference of the World Society for Virology (WSV 2025) was held in May 6–8, 2025, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. WSV2025 adopted the integrative theme \"The Virosphere of Our Cellular World.\" This theme denotes the universal and intricate relationships between viruses and their cellular hosts across all domains of life. The conference attracted 291 participants from 27 countries, featuring a scientific program of 83 talks and numerous poster presentations spanning human, animal, plant, insect, and bacterial viruses at basic, clinical and applied levels. This report summarizes the program highlights, key scientific discussions, and significant outcomes of the conference, confirming the WSV's role as a unifying platform for the global virology community since its founding in 2017.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"616 ","pages":"Article 110792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}