Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Antonella Zizza, Alessandra Fallucca, Marcello Guido, Vincenzo Restivo, Marco Roveta, Cecilia Trucchi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010029","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> is considered the major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen responsible for human infections. It includes the serovars causing typhoid fever (<i>S. typhi</i> and <i>S. paratyphi</i>) and the non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) serovars (<i>S. enteritidis</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>), causing enteric infections known as \"Salmonellosis\". NTS represents a major public health burden worldwide. The consumption of <i>S. enteritidis</i>-contaminated animal foods is the main source of this disease in humans, and eradicating bacteria from animals remains a challenge. NTS causes various clinical manifestations, depending on the quantity of bacteria present in the food and the immune status of the infected individual, ranging from localized, self-limiting gastroenteritis to more serious systemic infections. Salmonellosis prevention is based on hygienic and behavioral rules related to food handling that aim to reduce the risk of infection. However, no vaccine against NTS is available for human use. This aspect, in addition to the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and the high morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic costs of NTS-related diseases, makes the development of new prevention and control strategies urgently needed. The success of the vaccines used to protect against <i>S. typhi</i> encouraged the development of NTS vaccine candidates, including live attenuated, subunit-based, and recombinant-protein-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological burden of Salmonellosis and its primary prevention, focusing on the current status and future perspectives of the vaccines against NTS.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant.","authors":"Yujie Zhou, Wenzhu Yin, Zhidong Teng, Yanyan Zhao, Yu Lu, Yingjuan Qian, Bihua Deng","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010024","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a VLP-based vaccine with a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvant, named WT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The WT adjuvant was mixed with FMD VLPs to form the VLPs+WT vaccine. The size and stability of the vaccine were analyzed. BALB/c mice were immunized with the VLPs+WT vaccine, and immunological responses were assessed through antibody measurements, cytokine profiling, and gene expression analysis. In addition, splenic lymphocyte proliferation and signaling pathways were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The VLPs+WT vaccine exhibited a homogeneous size of 324.60 ± 2.30 nm and a viscosity of 8.76 mPa·s, indicating good stability. Immunized mice showed steady weight gain and no organ abnormalities. Compared to the VLPs group, the VLPs+WT group induced significantly higher levels of specific antibodies that persisted for 12 weeks, similar to the commercial VLPs+ISA201 vaccine. The VLPs+WT vaccine also enhanced the secretion of Th1-related (IgG2a, IFN-γ) and Th2-related (IgG1, IL-4) molecules. WT stimulated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, primarily activating B-cell receptor signaling and phagosome pathways. It also upregulated genes associated with MHC and interferon stimulation while promoting the expression of MyD88, PI3K, AKT, p65, and p-p65 proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that WT is an effective adjuvant for FMD VLP-based vaccines, with potential for improving vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Cationic Polymeric Micellar Structure with Endosomal Escape Capability Enables Enhanced Intramuscular Transfection of mRNA-LNPs.","authors":"Siyuan Deng, Han Shao, Hongtao Shang, Lingjin Pang, Xiaomeng Chen, Jingyi Cao, Yi Wang, Zhao Zhao","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010025","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The endosomal escape of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is crucial for efficient mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we present a cationic polymeric micelle (cPM) as a safe and potent co-delivery system with enhanced endosomal escape capabilities. <b>Methods:</b> We synthesized a cationic and ampholytic di-block copolymer, poly (poly (ethylene glycol)_4-5 methacrylate_a-<i>co</i>-hexyl methacrylate_b)_X-<i>b</i>-poly(butyl methacrylate_c-<i>co</i>-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate_d-<i>co</i>-propyl acrylate_e)_Y (p(PEG_4-5MA_a-<i>co</i>-HMA_b)_X-<i>b</i>-p(BMA_c-<i>co</i>-DMAEMA_d-<i>co</i>-PAA_e)_Y), via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The cPMs were then formulated using the synthesized polymer by the dispersion-diffusion method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (CryoTEM). The membrane-destabilization activity of the cPMs was evaluated by a hemolysis assay. We performed an in vivo functional assay of firefly luciferase (Fluc) mRNA using two of the most commonly studied LNPs, SM102 LNP and Dlin-MC3-DMA LNPs. <b>Results:</b> With a particle size of 61.31 ± 0.68 nm and a zeta potential of 37.76 ± 2.18 mV, the cPMs exhibited a 2-3 times higher firefly luciferase signal at the injection site compared to the control groups without cPMs following intramuscular injection in mice, indicating the high potential of cPMs to enhance the endosomal escape efficiency of mRNA-LNPs. <b>Conclusions:</b> The developed cPM, with enhanced endosomal escape capabilities, presents a promising strategy to improve the expression efficiency of delivered mRNAs. This approach offers a novel alternative strategy with no modifications to the inherent properties of mRNA-LNPs, preventing any unforeseeable changes in formulation characteristics. Consequently, this polymer-based nanomaterial holds immense potential for clinical applications in mRNA-based vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Varicella Vaccination Strategy: A Study on Age and Dose Impacts on Antibody Levels.","authors":"Qing He, Yang Xu, Yilan Li, Pinting Zhu, Lei Luo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010023","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seropositivity study of Varicella in Healthy Populations in Guangzhou, China. Infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) leads to skin and mucous membranes blisters and the complications can be life threatening. A seroepidemiological study conducted from 2020 to 2022 in Guangzhou, China, aimed to evaluate varicella antibody levels. We measured varicella antibody concentrations using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 3300 people were enrolled in the study. The mean varicella antibody level was 171.2 mIU/mL (95% CI: 158.9, 184.4), with an overall positivity rate of 67.00% (95% CI: 65.37, 68.60). The mean level of those positive subjective was 581.2 mIU/mL (95% CI: 552.3, 611.5). Varicella antibody levels were found to be influenced by age, vaccination dosage, and history of varicella infection. Antibody level increased with age and the number of vaccinations. The antibody induced by the varicella vaccine remained at protective levels for at least 6 years post-vaccination. We recommend two doses of the varicella vaccine for both children and adults and the integration of the varicella vaccine into the national routine immunization program.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Wall Protein 2 as a Vaccine Candidate Protects Mice Against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection.","authors":"Shaohui Wang, Joshua Heuler, Jessica Bullock, Junling Qin, Soumyadeep Chakraborty, Agbendeh Lubem Nathaniel, Shifeng Wang, Xingmin Sun","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010021","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> is a Gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that causes intestinal disorders, including inflammation and diarrhea, primarily through toxin production. Standard treatment options for <i>C. difficile</i> infection (CDI) involve a limited selection of antibiotics that are not fully effective, leading to high recurrence rates. Vaccination presents a promising strategy for preventing both CDI and its recurrence. Cell wall protein 2 (Cwp2), a highly immunogenic and abundant surface-exposed <i>C. difficile</i> cell wall protein, plays an important role in the bacterium's adherence in vitro. In this study, we aimed to analyze the homology and immunogenicity of Cwp2 and its protection efficacy as a vaccine candidate against CDI in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>we conducted in silico analyses to assess the homology and immunogenicity of Cwp2, and we evaluated its potential as a vaccine candidate against CDI using a mouse model of immunization and infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our in silico analyses predicted the immunogenic region (functional domain) of Cwp2 and revealed its high homology among various toxinotypes and ribotypes (R.T.s) or sequence types (S.T.s). Immunizations of mice with the Cwp2 functional domain (Cwp2_A) induced potent IgG/A antibody responses against Cwp2_A, protected mice from CDI, and reduced <i>C. difficile</i> spore and toxin levels in feces post-infection. Additionally, anti-Cwp2_A sera inhibited the binding of <i>C. difficile</i> vegetative cells to HCT8 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our report demonstrates for the first time the potential of Cwp2_A as an effective vaccine candidate against CDI in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Model H5N2 Vaccine Strain for Dual Protection Against H5N1 and H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses.","authors":"Jin-Ha Song, Seung-Eun Son, Ho-Won Kim, Se-Hee An, Chung-Young Lee, Hyuk-Joon Kwon, Kang-Seuk Choi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010022","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objective:</b> Highly pathogenic (HP) H5Nx and low-pathogenicity (LP) H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose global threats to the poultry industry and public health, highlighting the critical need for a dual-protective vaccine. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we generated a model PR8-derived recombinant H5N2 vaccine strain with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 and Y439-like H9N2 viruses, respectively. To enhance the immunogenicity of the recombinant H5N2 vaccine strain, N-glycans of the HA2 subunit, NA, and M2e were modified. Additionally, we replaced M2e with avian M2e to enhance the antigenic homogeneity of AIVs for better protection. We also replaced PR8 PB2 with 01310 PB2, which is the PB2 gene derived from an LP H9N2 avian influenza virus, to eliminate pathogenicity in mammals. The productivity of the model vaccine strain (rvH5N2-aM2e-vPB2) in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), its potential risk of mammalian infection, and the immunogenicity associated with different inactivation methods (formaldehyde (F/A) vs. binary ethyleneimine (BEI)) were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> The rvH5N2-aM2e-vPB2 strain demonstrated high productivity in ECEs and exhibited complete inhibition of replication in mammalian cells. Furthermore, compared with using F/A inactivation, inactivation using BEI significantly enhanced the immune response, particularly against NA. This enhancement resulted in increased virus neutralization titers, supporting its efficacy for dual protection against H5Nx and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated that M2e-specific immune responses, difficult to induce with inactivated vaccines, can be effectively elicited with live vaccines, suggesting a strategy to enhance M2e immunogenicity in whole influenza virus vaccines. <b>Conclusions:</b> Finally, the successful development of the model rH5N2 vaccine strain is described; this strain provides dual protection, has potential applicability in regions where avian influenza is endemic, and can be used to promote the development of versatile H5N2 recombinant vaccines for effective avian influenza control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population-Cohort-Based Study.","authors":"Katarzyna Zięba, Kacper Jagiełło, Joanna Musialik, Łukasz Wierucki, Adam Hajduk, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Jerzy Chudek","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Poland, a national hepatitis B (HBV) immunization program was introduced for neonates in 1996, and between 2000 and 2011, those born from 1986 to 1995 were vaccinated. Little is known about vaccination rates among adults born before 1986. This study aimed to determine the frequency of anti-HBs seropositivity rates related to vaccination and past HBV infection in older Poles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The HBV serological status was analyzed in 5781 (96.6%) of the PolSenior2 population-based cohort (60+) by assessing serum seropositivity for HBs antigen, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc antibodies. The survey was performed in 2018-2019 and included medical and socio-economic questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and comprehensive geriatric assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serological status implying past hepatitis B and serological profile consistent with anti-HBV vaccination corresponded to 15.2% (95% CI: 13.4-17.0) and 25.2% (95% CI: 23.4-27.0) prevalences, respectively. Female gender, living in a town or city, having better education, and suffering from coronary artery disease, or depression independently increased the rate of past hepatitis B. On the other hand, being 'white collar' and self-reliant, having the ability to use the Internet, and past surgical procedures in the last 5-year period were factors associated with a higher vaccination rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More than 15% of older adults in Poland present serological profiles suggesting past hepatitis B, and one-fourth anti-HBV vaccination. Being functionally independent, 'white collar', using the Internet, and having past surgical procedures are factors associated with a higher chance of being vaccinated. Nevertheless, a large group of older adults should be prophylactically vaccinated due to increased exposure to medical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunobridging Trials: An Important Tool to Protect Vulnerable and Immunocompromised Patients Against Evolving Pathogens.","authors":"Pedro Cruz, Jie Min Lam, Jehad Abdalla, Samira Bell, Jola Bytyci, Tal Brosh-Nissimov, John Gill, Ghady Haidar, Michael Hoerger, Yasmin Maor, Antonio Pagliuca, Francois Raffi, Ffion Samuels, Dorry Segev, Yuxin Ying, Lennard Y W Lee","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010019","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Safeguarding patients from emerging infectious diseases demands strategies that prioritise patient well-being and protection. Immunobridging is an established trial methodology which has been increasingly employed to ensure patient protection and provide clinicians with swift access to vaccines. It uses immunological markers to infer the effectiveness of a new drug through a surrogate measure of efficacy. Recently, this method has also been employed to authorise novel drugs, such as COVID-19 vaccines, and this article explores the concepts behind immunobridging trials, their advantages, issues, and significance in the context of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. Our goal is to improve awareness among clinicians, patient groups, regulators, and health leaders of the opportunities and issues of immunobridging, so that fewer patients are left without protection from infectious diseases, particularly from major pathogens that may emerge.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes Toward General Vaccination Mediate the Association Between Influenza Vaccination History and Pneumococcal Vaccination Intention Among Older Adults in China.","authors":"Siwen Huang, Chi Ruan, Yan Jiang, Yudan Song, Yuhang Zhang, Zeying Qin, Xinyu Shi, Mengyue Zhang, Jingtao Zhou, Dingwan Chen, Yongkang Xiao, Liang Wang, Lili Tian, Rui Peng, Zongchao Peng, Sitong Luo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010020","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations play a crucial role in disease prevention among older adults and are recommended to older adults aged 60 years and over in China, but the vaccination rates are suboptimal. Behavioral spillover indicates that a change in one behavior may lead to changes in other related behaviors. <b>Objective:</b> Based on the Behavioral Spillover Theory, this study aimed to investigate the association between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention, as well as the mediating role of negative attitudes toward general vaccination among older adults in China. <b>Method:</b> A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1031 older adults, and 658 participants (median age: 65.0 ± 9.0 years) who had not received pneumococcal vaccination were included in the analysis. Correlation analysis and path analysis were performed. <b>Results:</b> A significant positive association was observed between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention (r = 0.167, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In contrast, negative attitudes toward general vaccination, including mistrust of vaccine benefits (r = -0.253, <i>p</i> < 0.001), worries about unforeseen future effects (r = -0.180, <i>p</i> < 0.001), concerns about commercial profiteering (r = -0.360, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and a preference for natural immunity (r = -0.212, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were negatively associated with pneumococcal vaccination intention. Negative attitudes toward general vaccination mediated the association between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention (total indirect effect = 0.119, <i>p</i> < 0.001, effect size = 50.0%). <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings demonstrated that influenza vaccination history may reduce negative attitudes toward general vaccination, which may further increase pneumococcal vaccination intention, indicating spillover effects of influenza vaccination history. To promote vaccination behavior among older adults, addressing negative attitudes toward general vaccination is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development.","authors":"Fabrizio Angius, Silvia Puxeddu, Silvio Zaimi, Serena Canton, Sepehr Nematollahzadeh, Andrea Pibiri, Ilenia Delogu, Gualtiero Alvisi, Meng Ling Moi, Aldo Manzin","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13010017","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13010017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) the spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajectory. These mutations have significantly affected transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy, leading to multiple pandemic waves with over half a billion cases and seven million deaths globally. Despite several strategies, from rapid vaccine development and administration to the design and availability of antivirals, including monoclonal antibodies, already having been employed, the persistent circulation of the virus and the emergence of new variants continue to result in high case numbers and fatalities. In the past four years, immense research efforts have contributed much to our understanding of the viral pathogenesis mechanism, the COVID-19 syndrome, and the host-microbe interactions, leading to the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and treatments. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the functional impact of mutations on diagnosis, treatments, and vaccine effectiveness. We further discuss vaccine safety in pregnancy and the implications of hybrid immunity on long-term protection against infection, as well as the latest developments on a pan-coronavirus vaccine and nasal formulations, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance, research, and adaptive public health strategies in response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution race.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}