Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Carbohydrate Fatty-Acid Monosulphate Ester, Squalane-in-Water Adjuvant Is Safe and Enhances Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Older Adults.","authors":"Valentino D'Onofrio, Bart Jacobs, Azhar Alhatemi, Simon De Gussem, Marjolein Verstraete, Sharon Porrez, Anthony Willems, Fien De Boever, Gwenn Waerlop, Geert Leroux-Roels, Els Michels, Francesca Vanni, Alessandro Manenti, Peter Paul Platenburg, Luuk Hilgers, Isabel Leroux-Roels","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090922","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza vaccines are the primary strategy to prevent severe influenza disease; however, their efficacy is often suboptimal, particularly in older adults (OAs). LiteVax Adjuvant (LVA), a novel adjuvant containing carbohydrate fatty-acid monosulphate ester (CMS) as the active ingredient, has demonstrated a favourable safety profile and enhanced immunogenicity when combined with a low-dose seasonal influenza vaccine in adults aged 18 to 50 years in a first-in-human phase 1 study. The present study investigates the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of CMS-based adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in OAs, with a comparison to responses in younger adults (YAs). In this phase 1b, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial, 36 YAs (18-50 years) and 48 OAs (≥60 years) were randomized (1:1:1) to receive either 0.5 mg or 1 mg LVA combined with VaxigripTetra, or VaxigripTetra alone. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were recorded using an electronic diary for 7 days following vaccination. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against four influenza strains were measured at baseline (pre-vaccination) and at 7-, 28-, and 180-days post-vaccination. All 24 YAs and 31 out of 32 OAs receiving CMS-based adjuvanted vaccines reported pain post-vaccination, compared to 8/12 YAs and 4/16 OAs receiving VaxigripTetra. Systemic AEs were more frequently reported among YAs receiving CMS-based adjuvanted vaccines (22/24) compared to those receiving VaxigripTetra (8/12). In OAs, the number of systemic AEs was similar regardless of CMS-based adjuvant administration. Most AEs were mild to moderate and resolved within 3 days. Both CMS-based adjuvanted formulations elicited increased HI titers at Day 7, peaking at Day 28, with a decline thereafter that remained above baseline at Day 180. In YAs, HI titers were comparable between the CMS-based adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines across all strains and timepoints. In contrast, CMS-based adjuvanted vaccination in OAs induced higher HI titers at Days 28 and 180 for all influenza strains tested. LVA shows an acceptable safety profile in both age cohorts and enhances humoral immune responses in older adults. The 1 mg dose of LVA was more immunogenic, highlighting its potential utility in this target population. Future research will focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the immunostimulatory effect of the CMS-based adjuvant.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Landscape of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Following Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Zeinab El Zein, Mayse Nasser, Celina F Boutros, Nadim Tfaily, Lina Reslan, Kawthar Faour, Sarah Merhi, Stephanie Damaj, Mohammad Bahij Moumneh, Tarek Bou Dargham, Nour Youssef, Magda Haj, Samer Bou Karroum, Sarah Khafaja, Aia Assaf Casals, Sarah Chamseddine, Layal Hneiny, Ghassan S Dbaibo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090923","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally. We conducted a systematic review to assess whether serotype and antimicrobial resistance trends in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) reflect global patterns post-PCV introduction. <b>Methods:</b> We searched the CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, Global Health, Global Index Medicus, EBSCO, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for articles published from inception to 24 January 2024. Eligible studies were original articles in English or French, reporting IPD serotype distribution or antimicrobial susceptibility in the MENA region. Risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE checklist. <b>Results:</b> Eighty-nine studies from 18 countries were included. A decline in PCV7 serotypes was observed following the introduction of PCV10 or PCV13, which was more pronounced in PCV10-era studies. Serotype 3 increased post-PCV13 era, while 19A declined only after PCV10. An expansion in PCV20 serotypes and non-vaccine types (NVTs) was noted in PCV13-implementing countries. Antimicrobial resistance data were insufficient to provide a reliable trend. <b>Limitations:</b> There was limited AMR data and variable surveillance quality across countries. <b>Conclusions:</b> PCV introduction resulted in a modest decrease in PCV7 serotypes and a variable impact on PCV13 serotypes. This, along with the increase in PCV20 serotypes, indicates that higher-valency PCVs might provide better serotype coverage in the region. The study highlights the need for more robust surveillance across the region. <b>Registration:</b> CRD42018104529.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B Virus Seroprevalence in Ayacucho, Peru: A Comprehensive Review Across the Pre-Vaccination and Post-Vaccination Periods.","authors":"Homero Ango-Aguilar, Jimmy Ango-Bedriñana, Obert Marín-Sánchez, Ruy D Chacón","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090916","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health concern, with perinatal transmission as the primary route in endemic populations. Ayacucho is a priority region due to its high incidence (second nationally between 2019 and 2024) and the significant decline in vaccination coverage (~15%). This study aims to synthesize existing epidemiological evidence on HBV seroprevalence in Ayacucho, Peru, emphasizing temporal changes observed before and after the implementation of vaccination programs to inform control strategies. This review was conducted, integrating data from diverse population groups, including children, pregnant women, blood donors, high-risk individuals (military personnel, female sex workers, prisoners), and household contacts, to identify transmission patterns and evaluate the impact of immunization efforts. Historically, Ayacucho was hyperendemic, with an HBsAg prevalence of 20% in Huanta (1985-1986) and a high mortality from liver diseases. The introduction of a vaccination in the 1990s led to a drastic reduction in infection rates among children, from 24.4-30.4% (1994) to 2.3-5.1% (1997), and improved overall Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) coverage. However, recent data (2000-2024) reveal a concerning increase in HBV cases since 2012, with peaks in 2016 and 2023, correlating with a decline in vaccination rates post-2021. HBV prevalence remains elevated among high-risk populations-including military personnel, female sex workers, and prisoners-as well as among blood donors (HBsAg: 3.73-5.0%; anti-HBc: 21-33%). In addition, significant knowledge gaps and low adherence to EPI strategies were observed. Despite initial vaccination success, Ayacucho faces a resurgence of HBV infection, exacerbated by declining vaccine coverage and vulnerabilities in high-risk populations. Reinforcing immunization programs and screening strategies is urgent to control and eventually eliminate HBV cases in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Cholera Antigen-Specific Gut-Homing β7-Positive Antibody-Secreting Cells in the Systemic Circulation of Oral Cholera Vaccinees Receiving Doses at Different Intervals.","authors":"Polash Chandra Karmakar, Rasheduzzaman Rashu, Mohammad Rubel Hoq, Umme Salma, Kamrul Islam, Nusrat Jahan, Naoshin Sharmin Nishat, Aklima Akter, Sultana Rownok Jahan, Pinki Dash, Amit Saha, Edward T Ryan, Firdausi Qadri, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090919","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Cholera remains a significant global health challenge. Shanchol (ShantaBiotech, India), one of the WHO prequalified Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs) available until recently, has been used to immunize people as a two-dose regimen (14 days apart, on day 0 and 14). However, growing evidence suggests that a single-dose strategy may mediate short-term protection, especially in those over 5 years of age. Hence, it is crucial to design a suitable and effective administration scheme for Shanchol, particularly in cholera-endemic regions. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, adult volunteers were vaccinated with either a single dose, a two-dose regimen with a 14-day interval, or a two-dose regiment with a 30-day interval. We studied the antigen-specific helper memory (CD4+CD45RO+) and cytotoxic memory (CD8+CD45RO+) T cells responses of vaccinees along with the specific mucosal immune responses to gut-homing ß7 lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). <b>Results</b>: By day 7 post-vaccination, Shanchol induced robust helper and cytotoxic memory T cell responses to <i>V. cholerae</i> membrane protein (AKI-MP) following a single dose of vaccination. In the two-dose groups, we observed a significant elevation of AKI-MP-specific responses after the 2nd dose. We found that circulatory gut homing (β7+) LPS-specific IgA responses of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) peaked at D7 among all vaccine groups. Moreover, we observed that β7+ LPS-specific ASCs at D7 significantly correlated with the LPS-specific antibody titer in plasma. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings suggest that a single dose of OCV in adults induces immune responses comparable to a two-dose regimen, suggesting a single-dose vaccination may be adequate to mediate protection against cholera in cholera endemic zones-especially in reactive campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Choi et al. Prioritization of Vaccines for Introduction in the National Immunization Program in the Republic of Korea. <i>Vaccines</i> 2024, <i>12,</i> 886.","authors":"Won Suk Choi, Yeonhee Sung, Jimin Kim, Hyeri Seok, Young J Choe, Chelim Cheong, Jahyun Cho, Dong Woo Lee, Jee Yeon Shin, Su-Yeon Yu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090912","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trusted Voices: Assessing Trusted Sources of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Information Among a Sample of Hispanic Parents.","authors":"Alyssa A Martinez, Surendranath S Shastri, Gabriel A Frietze","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090917","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Hispanics living in the United States have higher rates of diagnosis and mortality from certain kinds of cancers, including human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers. HPV vaccines can prevent 90% of HPV-associated cancers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The purpose of this study was to recruit a sample of Hispanic parents to investigate trusted sources of HPV vaccine information. An online survey was used to collect data from Hispanic parents who reported having children between the ages of 11 and 17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parents of children 11-17 years of age (<i>n</i> = 203, <i>M</i>_age = (38, <i>SD</i> = 6.97; female 85.1%) were included. The top five trusted sources of HPV vaccine information were medical doctors (95.1%), registered nurses (54.2%), the CDC (47.8%), the WHO (45.3%), and pharmacists (25.6%). The two least trusted sources were the president of the U.S. (7.9%) and religious leaders (3%). Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that HPV vaccine acceptance was associated with trusting registered nurses (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and the CDC (<i>p</i> = 0.026) in recommending the HPV vaccine. Importantly, the family-held belief that vaccines cause autism was strongly correlated with personal beliefs that vaccines cause autism (<i>r</i> = 0.58; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings from this study have clinical implications for the development of interventions and health communication strategies that leverage trusted sources of information including medical doctors and registered nurses to encourage preventive health behaviors. Additionally, our findings support that pharmacists should be included in these interventions as they are often an underused resource and are trusted by their patients for vaccine information.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Cellular Immune Biomarkers with Machine Learning to Identify Potential Correlates of Protection for a <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Vaccine.","authors":"Juan Cruz Gamba, Eliana Borgna, Estefanía Prochetto, Ana Rosa Pérez, Alexander Batista-Duharte, Iván Marcipar, Matías Gerard, Gabriel Cabrera","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090915","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (<i>T. cruzi</i>), remains a major public health concern in Latin America. No licensed vaccine exists to prevent or treat <i>T. cruzi</i> infection. Identifying correlates of protection (CoPs) could provide substitute endpoints to guide and accelerate vaccine development. Although most CoPs established to date are antibody-based, their utility has not been demonstrated in <i>T. cruzi</i> vaccine reports. Thus, this study aimed to explore alternative strategies considering the use of immune cells as potential CoPs. <b>Methods:</b> Mice were immunized with a vaccine candidate based on the <i>T. cruzi</i> trans-sialidase protein (TSf) and potentiated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) to deplete myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Percentages of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ cellular biomarkers were assessed by flow cytometry from the peripheral blood of immunized mice, which were subsequently challenged with a high dose of <i>T. cruzi.</i> A machine-learning (ML) model based on decision trees was applied to identify potential CoPs to predict survival by day 25 post-infection. <b>Results:</b> Individual biomarkers obtained from flow cytometry did not show strong predictive performance. In contrast, biomarker engineering led to a combination that integrated biomarkers rationally: summing the percentages of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ cells and subtracting the percentage of CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ MDSC-like cells (REB), enhanced the predictive capacity. Subsequent computational analysis and ML application led to the identification of a better and even improved potential Integrative CoP: 2 ∗ %CD8++ %CD4+ - %CD11b+ Gr1+(pICoP), which significantly improved the performance of a simple one-level decision-tree model, achieving an average accuracy of 0.86 and an average AUC-ROC of 0.87 for predicting survival in immunized and infected mice. <b>Conclusions</b>: Results presented herein provide evidence that integrating cellular immune biomarkers through rational biomarker engineering, together with ML analysis, could lead to the identification of potential CoPs for a <i>T. cruzi</i> vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Hernández-Pedro et al. Impact of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Thoracic Malignancies. <i>Vaccines</i> 2023, <i>11</i>, 1612.","authors":"Norma Hernández-Pedro, Marisol Arroyo-Hernández, Pedro Barrios-Bernal, Eunice Romero-Nuñez, Victor A Sosa-Hernandez, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, José Luis Maravillas-Montero, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Diego de Miguel-Perez, Christian Rolfo, Oscar Arrieta","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090913","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Gewaily et al. Cytokines, Serological, and Histopathological Assessment of Recombinant Vaccination Strategies for Combatting Infectious Bursal Disease in Broiler Chickens. <i>Vaccines</i> 2024, <i>12</i>, 27.","authors":"Mahmoud S Gewaily, Fares El-Khyat, Abd Elnaby Tahoon, Mohammed Al-Rasheed, Safaa E Abdo, Ahmed Gado, Mohamed Elmasry, Mahmoud M Ismail","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090914","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African Swine Fever Virus MGF 360-2L Disrupts Host Antiviral Immunity Based on Transcriptomic Analysis.","authors":"Taoqing Zhang, Xiaodong Qin, Sujie Dong, Yuanshu Wu, Xiaolan Qi, Jingjing Ren, Yuan Wen, Zhengwang Shi, Tao Feng, Bingjie Sun, Changying Wang, Haixue Zheng","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090918","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The African swine fever virus (ASFV) multi-gene family (MGF) 360 proteins play critical roles in immune evasion, replication regulation, and virulence determination. Despite substantial advances in this field, the functional roles of many members within this gene family remain to be fully characterized. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, Transcriptional kinetics analysis indicated that the expression profile of <i>MGF 360-2L</i> was consistent with that of the late marker gene <i>B646L</i> (p72). Transcriptomic profiling identified 13 and 171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12 and 24 h post-infection (hpi) with Δ<i>MGF 360-2L</i>, respectively. <b>Results:</b> Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were predominantly enriched in Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathways. It is noteworthy that transcriptome analysis further demonstrates that the absence of <i>MGF 360-2L</i> specifically results in the dysregulation of expression of the replication-essential genes <i>E199L</i> and <i>E301R</i>. These findings indicate that <i>MG F360-2L</i> is essential for maintaining the stable expression of these proteins. <b>Conclusions:</b><i>MGF 360-2L</i> is a late gene that contributes to the precise regulation of viral protein expression and modulates the host immune response during infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}