Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Adverse Events Following Yellow Fever Vaccination in Older Adults in Colombia, 2024-2025: A National Pharmacovigilance Analysis.","authors":"Heriberto Vásquez-Serna, Carlos Eduardo Jiménez-Canizales, Carlos Alexander Huertas-Caro, Diana Urrego-Ricaurte, Johan Estiven Vargas-Vargas, Luis Gabriel Forero Gutiérrez, Laura Rodríguez, Olga Corredor, Gina Hurtado, Lysien I Zambrano, Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090757","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Yellow fever re-emerged as a major public health threat in the Americas during 2024-2025, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths, predominantly among unvaccinated individuals. Although the live-attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine is highly effective, adults aged ≥60 years have an increased risk of serious adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). We assessed the safety profile of yellow fever vaccination in Colombia, with particular emphasis on older adults, and contextualized the observed risks within an epidemic setting characterized by active transmission and high mortality. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted an observational, descriptive study using secondary data from Colombia's Expanded Program on Immunization and the national VigiFlow pharmacovigilance system. Individuals vaccinated against yellow fever between 1 October 2024 and 31 July 2025 were included. We analyzed reported AEFIs by seriousness, sex, and age group. We calculated rates per 100,000 vaccinated individuals with 95% confidence intervals and compared them between adults aged ≥60 years and younger individuals. We further stratified older adults into five-year age groups. <b>Results:</b> Among 3,915,966 vaccinated individuals, 425 AEFIs were reported in 233 unique cases. The overall AEFI reporting rate was 10.85 per 100,000 vaccinated individuals, and the serious AEFI reporting rate was 2.94 per 100,000. Adults aged ≥60 years had substantially higher overall AEFI reporting rates than those aged <60 years (54.05 versus 6.12 per 100,000, respectively), corresponding to a rate ratio of 8.8. Serious AEFI reporting rates were 11.90 and 1.96 per 100,000, respectively, corresponding to a rate ratio of 6.1. The highest serious AEFI reporting rate was observed among adults aged 80-84 years, at 49.82 per 100,000. Nine fatal outcomes were reported; following causality assessment, none was considered attributable to the vaccine. <b>Conclusions:</b> Reported AEFIs following yellow fever vaccination were more frequent among adults aged ≥60 years, with a particularly marked increase in the oldest age groups. Nevertheless, the absolute serious AEFI reporting rate remained low, at approximately 1.2 per 10,000 vaccinated older adults, and no reviewed fatal outcomes were attributed to vaccination. In settings of active yellow fever transmission, vaccination decisions for older adults should therefore be guided by individualized benefit-risk assessment rather than age alone, accompanied by careful screening, active pharmacovigilance, and clear risk communication. Vaccination remains the principal intervention for preventing yellow fever-related deaths.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Mapping of DTP1-3 and MCV1 Immunization Coverage and Estimates of Zero-Dose and Under-Vaccinated Children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.","authors":"Krishnaveni K Sasi, Chigozie E Utazi, Heather R Chamberlain, A Cunningham, Pierre Z Akilimali, Attila N Lazar, Andrew J Tatem","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090754","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Immunization coverage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently falls short of global standards, placing the country among those with the highest prevalence of unvaccinated or \"zero-dose\" children. This study aimed to generate high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) geospatial estimates of coverage for the first to third doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP1-3) and the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1), along with estimates of zero-dose and under-vaccinated children to support vaccination programming in DRC. <b>Methods:</b> We used Bayesian geostatistical modelling to integrate data from the 2023 Enquête de Couverture Vaccinale (ECV) survey with geospatial covariates and harmonized population datasets. The model generated vaccine coverage and dropout rates at 1 × 1 km resolution while accounting for spatial dependence and prediction uncertainty. Grid-level estimates were aggregated to health areas, health zones, and provinces using population-weighted averages, and combined with under-one population estimates to quantify zero-dose and DTP-under-vaccinated children. <b>Results:</b> The grid-level unconstrained coverage estimates (estimation over all land grid squares) showed substantial variability across the country (DTP1: 13.3 to 99.7%; DTP2: 12.3 to 96.8%; DTP3: 3.1 to 93.6%; and MCV1: 7.5 to 93.6%). In total, 56.4% of mapped health areas achieved DTP1 coverage above 80%, but this declined to 32% for DTP2, 15% for DTP3, and 8.3% for MCV1. Around 60.5% of the health zones achieved DTP1 coverage ≥ 80%, while only 2.7% fell below 40%, indicating that substantial disparities persist across these zones. Nationally, based on constrained coverage estimates (only areas with identified built settlements) applied to an estimated 4.2 million children under 1 year in 2024, 18.4% had not received DTP1, 20.7% were DTP-under-vaccinated (received DTP1 but not DTP3), and 46.8% remained unvaccinated for MCV1. <b>Conclusions:</b> The prevalence of large numbers of zero-dose children, together with increased dropout rates, underscores systemic issues in access and follow-up initiatives. These findings are critical for microplanning and targeted outreach to achieve equitable immunization coverage in line with the Immunization Agenda 2030's goal of leaving no child behind.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Perceptions of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaccination Among Adolescents in French Rural Family Homes: A Mixed-Methods Study.","authors":"Nolwenn Le Stang, Nicolas Palierne, Stéphanie Mignot, Gautier Defossez, Pierre Ingrand, Isabelle Ingrand","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090752","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes several cancers in both females and males. In France, HPV vaccination coverage among adolescents remains suboptimal, particularly among boys, and knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination is limited. This study assessed HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and vaccination uptake among adolescents attending Rural Family Homes (RFHs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sequential mixed-methods study was conducted between September 2023 and June 2024 among 895 adolescents aged 15-19 years attending 19 RFHs in France. Participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, general vaccination knowledge, HPV-related knowledge, vaccination status, and determinants of vaccine uptake. Focus groups involving 59 adolescents explored perceptions of, barriers to, and information needs regarding HPV vaccination. Quantitative data were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression; qualitative data were analyzed thematically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 44% of participants had received at least one HPV vaccine dose and 31% received at least two doses. Coverage was significantly higher among girls than boys (55% vs. 28%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Only 35% demonstrated adequate HPV-related knowledge. Parents and general practitioners were the main information sources. Vaccination uptake was associated with favorable subjective norms, female sex, and the belief that vaccination reduces cancer risk. Qualitative findings revealed persistent misconceptions about HPV-related risks, particularly among boys, and a substantial need for reliable information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adolescents attending RFHs showed limited HPV-related knowledge and suboptimal vaccination coverage, particularly boys. Parental support and healthcare professional recommendations were associated with vaccine uptake. Targeted educational interventions and catch-up vaccination strategies among this population are needed to improve coverage and reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Universal Aspiration to Precision Immunization: A Hypothesis Framework for Antigen-Defined, HLA-Restricted Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Sarfaraz K Niazi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090753","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer vaccination addresses four distinct problems: preventing oncogenic infection, intercepting premalignant clones, clearing molecular residual disease, and treating established cancer. This hypothesis framework proposes seven sequential gates for antigen-defined, HLA-restricted T-cell vaccines: tumor specificity, natural peptide-HLA presentation, population coverage, persistence under immune selection, selective T-cell recognition, manufacturability, and randomized clinical benefit. The proposed architecture combines a pre-manufactured core of validated shared antigens with a personalized shell when shared targets do not cover the tumor or the patient's HLA type. Current evidence supports restraint. Individualized mRNA neoantigen therapy with pembrolizumab produced a recurrence-free-survival signal in a randomized phase 2b melanoma trial, whereas a 20-antigen shared cassette produced immunodominant responses toward encoded TP53 epitopes rather than the KRAS neoantigens carried by the tumors. No quantitative coverage or persistence score is presented because the required population frequencies and persistence measurements cannot be supplied reliably from the published record. Four falsifiable predictions define the experiments needed to test presentation-first selection, antigen persistence, escape-route independence, and biomarker-directed treatment. The framework is therefore a research agenda, not a validated decision tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Harshbarger et al. Structures of the Varicella Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E and Epitope Mapping of Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies. <i>Vaccines</i> 2024, <i>12</i>, 1111.","authors":"Wayne D Harshbarger, Genevieve Holzapfel, Nishat Seraj, Sai Tian, Chelsy Chesterman, Zongming Fu, Yan Pan, Claire Harelson, Dongjun Peng, Ying Huang, Sumana Chandramouli, Enrico Malito, Matthew James Bottomley, James Williams","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090746","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors would like to make the following corrections to this published paper [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13597208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Relative Vaccine Efficacy of mRNA-1010 to High-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Adults ≥65 Years Using a Correlate of Protection Framework.","authors":"Van Hung Nguyen, Ethan Settembre, John Youhanna, Ekkehard Beck, Nicolas Van de Velde, Keya Joshi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090750","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Older adults experience a disproportionate burden of severe influenza. In the P303 trial (NCT058279789), mRNA-1010 showed greater immunogenicity versus high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV4) in adults ≥65 years of age. Here, we used a correlate-of-protection framework to estimate the relative VE (rVE) of mRNA-1010 compared with HD-IIV4.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sigmoidal function was used to model the relationship between geometric mean haemagglutinin assay inhibition (HAI) titers (GMTs) and vaccine efficacy (VE) using data from the P304 trial (NCT06602024), which compared mRNA-1010 and the standard-dose IIV4 in adults ≥50 years of age. The model was then applied to GMTs from the P303 trial to estimate rVE of mRNA-1010 vs. HD-IIV4 in adults ≥65 years. Temporal waning and weighting of case distributions were incorporated to provide a season-integrated estimate. Simulations were performed for three influenza seasons (A/H1N1-dominant, A/H3N2-dominant, and balanced), with a sensitivity analysis varying vaccination and epidemic peak timing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At Day 29, rVE for mRNA-1010 vs. HD-IIV4 was 24.1% (95% CI: 18.2-29.5%) against A/H1N1, 14.5% (8.3-20.3%) against A/H3N2, and 21.0% (16.0-25.8%) against B/Victoria. The season-integrated rVE was 12.4% (3.4-21.3%) across all three strains, with point estimates ranging from 11.6% to 12.6%. Similar findings were seen across simulated seasons, with rVE estimates ranging from 8.8% to 14.3% when varying vaccination timing, peak timing, and strain dominance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on this CoP framework, mRNA-1010 was projected to have higher VE than HD-IIV4 in adults ≥65 years of age across a range of simulated epidemiological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination Uptake and Pandemic-Related Healthcare Experiences Among People Living with HIV in Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Adrian Gabriel Marinescu, Aida-Isabela Adamescu, Cătălin Tilișcan, Daniela Pițigoi, Sebastian Ciobanu, Laurențiu Mihăița Stratan, Carmen Cristina Vasile, Victor Daniel Miron, Mariana Mardarescu, Dalila Toma, Andreea Iuliana Ciobanu, Victoria Aramă, Ștefan Sorin Aramă","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090751","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic exposed major vulnerabilities in healthcare accessibility and may have influenced preventive attitudes among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the relationship between pandemic-related healthcare experiences and vaccination uptake remains insufficiently understood. <b>Materials:</b> A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 203 adults living with HIV receiving follow-up care in Romania between October 2025 and March 2026. The questionnaire evaluated vaccination uptake, vaccine-related perceptions, healthcare information sources, and pandemic-related experiences. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with vaccination uptake. <b>Results:</b> Only 38.9% of participants reported receiving at least one vaccine within the previous three years. The main barriers to vaccination were perceived lack of necessity, lack of physician recommendation, fear of adverse effects, and lack of trust. Multivariable logistic regression identified positive vaccine-related beliefs (OR = 0.454, 95% CI: 0.235-0.876, <i>p</i> = 0.019) and CD4+ T-cell count above 500 cells/mm³ (OR = 0.448, 95% CI: 0.232-0.867, <i>p</i> = 0.017) as independently associated with lower odds of being non-vaccinated. More than half of participants (52.7%) reported at least one pandemic-related disruption or negative health impact. The pandemic-related negative impact composite was not significantly associated with vaccination status (<i>p</i> = 0.209), whereas confirmed COVID-19 infection was more frequent among vaccinated participants than among non-vaccinated participants (43.0% vs. 28.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.030). Pandemic-related negative impact was associated with a greater demand for physician-provided information (<i>p</i> = 0.011). <b>Conclusions:</b> Pandemic-related healthcare experiences were associated with greater demand for physician-provided preventive information, while confirmed COVID-19 infection was more frequent among vaccinated participants. Positive vaccine-related beliefs and higher CD4+ T-cell counts were independently associated with vaccination uptake, while lack of physician recommendation remained a major barrier to vaccination. These findings emphasize the critical role of physicians in improving vaccination coverage among people living with HIV in the post-pandemic era.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of 9-Valent HPV Vaccination with Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Sex-Stratified Real-World Study.","authors":"Yi-Sin Liou, Lin-Shien Fu, Hsin-Hua Chen, Wen-Yu Wu, Yung-Chieh Huang, Chiann-Yi Hsu, Ming-Chin Tsai","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090749","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the association between 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV9) vaccination and the risk of new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), with particular attention to sex-specific differences, including the relative lack of evidence in males and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Using the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network (2016-2023), children aged 9-13 years who received HPV9 vaccination were compared with unvaccinated controls in prepandemic and pandemic periods. Incident JIA was assessed using matched cohort analyses and time-to-event methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Similar sex-specific patterns were observed across both periods. HPV9 vaccination was associated with a lower risk of JIA among girls (HR = 0.45 95% CI = 0.22-0.95 in prepandemic and HR = 0.36 95% CI = 0.17-0.74 during pandemic period), while no increased risk was observed among boys (HR = 1.57 95% CI = 0.67-4.05 in prepandemic and HR = 1.14 95% CI = 0.56-2.34 during pandemic period). Among unvaccinated individuals, girls consistently exhibited a higher incidence of JIA than boys. The COVID-19 pandemic did not alter these associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HPV9 vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of JIA in either sex. A consistent sex-specific pattern was observed across both study periods, with a lower risk of JIA among vaccinated girls but not boys. This finding suggests a potential sex difference in the association between HPV9 vaccination and JIA and warrants further investigation. However, residual confounding, including healthy-vaccinee bias and differences in healthcare utilization, cannot be fully excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Disease Occurrence and Immune Prevention and Control.","authors":"Yonghua Hu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090747","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture has rapidly emerged as one of the fastest-growing industries, supplying nearly half of all aquatic food products intended for human consumption [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Immunity to Influenza Neuraminidase: From Immune Imprinting to Pandemic Preparedness.","authors":"Kong Yen Liew, Tri Komala Sari, Yee-Joo Tan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090748","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuraminidase (NA) is a major surface glycoprotein of influenza viruses that mediates the release of progeny virions from infected cells. Although both hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are targets of protective immune responses, current seasonal influenza vaccines are primarily standardized based on HA content, resulting in variable and often suboptimal induction of NA-specific immunity. Therefore, NA is subject to different immune pressures and exhibits distinct patterns of antigenic evolution. Increasing evidence suggests that neuraminidase-inhibiting (NAI) antibodies contribute to protection against influenza by limiting viral replication and reducing disease severity, particularly when HA antibodies are poorly matched to circulating strains. The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses with widespread transmission in dairy cattle and increasing zoonotic infections has renewed interest in understanding the extent of pre-existing human immunity to NA and its potential role in mitigating disease caused by emerging influenza viruses. However, the breadth of cross-reactive NA immunity against zoonotic influenza viruses remains incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of population immunity to influenza NA, with a focus on the roles of immune imprinting, natural infection, and seasonal vaccination in shaping NA-specific antibody responses. We further discuss the cross-reactivity of these antibodies against zoonotic influenza viruses and highlight the implications of NA immunity for pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}