Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Immune Response Against Influenza in a Cohort of Repeatedly Vaccinated Adults During the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 Seasons.","authors":"Raquel Guiomar, Susana Pereira da Silva, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Inês Costa, Patrícia Conde, Paula Cristóvão, Pedro Pechirra, Paulo Estragadinho, Kamal Mansinho, Olav Hungnes, António Silva Graça, Baltazar Nunes","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111218","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is recommended each autumn and winter season by the relevant authorities in EU/EEA countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) uptake during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons on vaccine-derived immunity against influenza.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort study of HCWs vaccinated with an annual TIV was conducted from October 2017 to June 2019. The protective antibodies against the influenza vaccine strains were assessed at three time points: prior to vaccination and at one and six months following vaccination for each season. Sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Participants were grouped according to their history of TIV vaccination over four seasons (since 2015/16), with the groups designated as \"frequently vaccinated\" (≥3 vaccines) and \"occasionally vaccinated\" (≤2 vaccines). Seroprevalence, geometric mean titer (GMT) and seroconversion rate were compared between the frequently and occasionally vaccinated groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 97 healthcare workers (HCWs) were enrolled in the study; 49 HCWs participated in both seasons. Thirty-two (43.2%) and forty-three (59.7%) individuals had ≥3 vaccines since 2015/2016, at recruitment and during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 influenza seasons, respectively. One month following vaccination, HCWs who had received occasional vaccinations demonstrated a higher prevalence of protective antibodies and a greater GMT for both influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses. For influenza B Victoria, the frequently vaccinated HCWs demonstrated a higher seroprevalence rate, seroconversion, and GMT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Previous vaccination can influence the immune response, although without substantially compromising the immunogenicity of annual influenza vaccination. HCW annual influenza vaccination is required to re-establish and maintain the antibody titers against influenza.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Clinical and Economic Comparison of Cell-Based Versus Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Adults 18-64 Years in the United States.","authors":"Myron J Levin, Neda Al Rawashdh, Liliane Mofor, Pablo Anaya, Richard M Zur, Emily B Kahn, Daniel Yu, Joaquin F Mould-Quevedo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111217","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This analysis compares the cost-effectiveness of a cell-based influenza vaccine to a recombinant influenza vaccine, and each to no vaccination. The analysis is based on United States (US) commercial and societal perspectives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model of the total US population followed with a cost-effectiveness model for 18-64-year-olds was used to estimate the clinical and economic impact of vaccination over one influenza season (2018-2019). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both enhanced vaccines prevented a substantial number of influenza cases and influenza-related deaths compared to no vaccination. The cell-based vaccine was associated with higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained compared to the recombinant vaccine or no vaccination. The cell-based vaccine had a 36% lower vaccination cost, amounting to $2.8 billion in cost savings, compared to the recombinant vaccine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for the cell-based vaccine, compared to the recombinant vaccine or no vaccination, were dominant from all payer perspectives, regardless of risk groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the cell-based vaccine was cost-saving compared to the recombinant vaccine for subjects aged 18-64 years in the US, achieving comparable health outcomes with a significant reduction in associated costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Use of Sub-Immunodominant Antigens of <i>Babesia bovis</i> with Flagellin C Adjuvant in Subunit Vaccine Development.","authors":"Manuel J Rojas, Reginaldo G Bastos, Jinna A Navas, Heba F Alzan, Jacob M Laughery, Paul A Lacy, Massaro W Ueti, Carlos E Suarez","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111215","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine babesiosis caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite <i>Babesia bovis</i> remains a threat for cattle worldwide, and new vaccines are needed. We propose using immune-subdominant (ISD) antigens as alternative vaccine candidates. We first determined that RAP-1 NT and RRA are subdominant antigens using recombinant antigens in ELISAs against sera from <i>B. bovis</i>-protected cattle. Protected animals demonstrated high antibody responses against the known immunodominant rRAP-1 CT antigen, but significantly lower levels against the rRAP-1 NT and rRRA antigens. Next, a group of cattle (n = 6) was vaccinated with rRRA and rRAP-1 NT using a FliC-Emulsigen mix as the adjuvant, and there was a control group (n = 6) with the adjuvant mix alone. All but one immunized animal demonstrated elicitation of strong humoral immune responses against the two ISD antigens. Acute babesiosis occurred in both groups of cattle upon a challenge with the virulent <i>B. bovis</i>, but a significant delay in the average rate of decrease in hematocrit in the vaccinated group, and an early monocyte response, was found in half of the vaccinated animals. In conclusion, we confirmed the immune subdominance of rRRA and rRAP-1 NT and the ability of FliC to increase immunogenicity of ISD antigens and generate useful information toward developing future subunit vaccines against <i>B. bovis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutralizing Antibody-Mediated Protection from Prior Delta Variant Infection Against Omicron BA.5 Sub-Lineage Reinfection One Year Later: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Shihan Zhang, Yin Wang, Guo Xu, Chen Dong, Hua Tian, Chuchu Li, Xiaoxiao Kong, Jiefu Peng, Haodi Huang, Aidibai Simayi, Fengcai Zhu, Jianli Hu, Ke Xu, Changjun Bao, Hui Jin, Liguo Zhu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111211","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection provides some level of protection against reinfection. However, few studies have evaluated the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response after Delta variant infection and its ability to prevent reinfection with Omicron BA.5 one year later.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 431 patients who recovered from Delta variant infection. We measured their serum NAb titers against both Delta and Omicron BA.5 using microneutralization tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a 17-month follow-up, 17.9% of the participants were reinfected with Omicron BA.5. Younger adults (18-65 years) and individuals who did not receive booster immunization had significantly higher reinfection rates than older adults (>65 years) and those who received boosters (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, reinfection rates were higher in post-vaccination breakthrough cases than in individuals who were naturally infected. However, booster immunization reduced reinfection rates within the breakthrough group. We found no significant association between Delta NAb levels and protection against Omicron BA.5 reinfection (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Cross-neutralization assays showed a 7.1-fold reduction in NAb efficacy against Omicron BA.5.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Delta-variant infection-induced NAbs did not strongly predict protection against Omicron BA.5 reinfection. However, booster immunization effectively reduced the reinfection rate approximately one year after the initial Delta infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Health and Economic Benefits of United States Investments in Measles and Rubella Control and Elimination.","authors":"Kimberly M Thompson","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111210","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Prior to measles vaccine introduction in 1963, measles virus caused hundreds of thousands of annual reported cases, which led to substantial US morbidity, mortality, and costs. Similarly, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) led to highly visible and tragic lifelong disability for thousands of Americans, before rubella vaccine introduction in 1969. The US certified national virus transmission elimination of indigenous measles in 2000 and rubella in 2004. <b>Methods:</b> Applying an existing integrated transmission and economic model, this analysis characterizes the net benefits of US investments in measles (1963-2030) and rubella (1969-2030) immunization assuming continued high routine immunization coverage. Due to importation risks, the US maintains two doses of both vaccines in its routine immunization schedule. <b>Results:</b> This analysis estimates total US costs of 8.1 billion (economics reported in 2023 US dollars) for measles immunization for 1963-2023 and 14.1 billion for rubella immunization for 1969-2023. The analysis estimates an additional approximately 1.2 billion for measles immunization and 1.5 billion for rubella immunization expected for 2024-2030. Historical and future US investments prevented an estimated approximately 237 million measles infections, 228,000 measles deaths, 193 million rubella infections, and 166,000 CRS cases. These investments imply net benefits (from avoided treatment costs minus immunization costs) of approximately 310 billion for measles and 430 billion for rubella and CRS, even without incorporating avoided productivity losses and intangible costs. <b>Conclusions:</b> US investments in measles and rubella immunization continue to provide enormous savings of human and financial costs and to prevent substantial mortality and morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B and T Cell Bi-Cistronic Multiepitopic Vaccine Induces Broad Immunogenicity and Provides Protection Against SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Beatriz Perdiguero, Enrique Álvarez, Laura Marcos-Villar, Laura Sin, María López-Bravo, José Ramón Valverde, Carlos Óscar S Sorzano, Michela Falqui, Rocío Coloma, Mariano Esteban, Susana Guerra, Carmen Elena Gómez","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111213","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has highlighted the need for vaccines targeting both neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and long-lasting cross-reactive T cells covering multiple viral proteins to provide broad and durable protection against emerging variants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this, here we developed two vaccine candidates, namely (i) DNA-CoV2-TMEP, expressing the multiepitopic CoV2-TMEP protein containing immunodominant and conserved T cell regions from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, and (ii) MVA-CoV2-B2AT, encoding a bi-cistronic multiepitopic construct that combines conserved B and T cell overlapping regions from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both candidates were assessed in vitro and in vivo demonstrating their ability to induce robust immune responses. In C57BL/6 mice, DNA-CoV2-TMEP enhanced the recruitment of innate immune cells and stimulated SARS-CoV-2-specific polyfunctional T cells targeting multiple viral proteins. MVA-CoV2-B2AT elicited NAbs against various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) and reduced viral replication and viral yields against the Beta variant in susceptible K18-hACE2 mice. The combination of MVA-CoV2-B2AT with a mutated ISG15 form as an adjuvant further increased the magnitude, breadth and polyfunctional profile of the response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings underscore the potential of these multiepitopic proteins when expressed from DNA or MVA vectors to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, supporting their further development as next-generation COVID-19 vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoreactivity Analysis of MHC-I Epitopes Derived from the Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS-CoV-2 via Computation and Vaccination.","authors":"Dongbo Jiang, Zilu Ma, Junqi Zhang, Yubo Sun, Tianyuan Bai, Ruibo Liu, Yongkai Wang, Liang Guan, Shuaishuai Fu, Yuanjie Sun, Yuanzhe Li, Bingquan Zhou, Yulin Yang, Shuya Yang, Yuanhang Chang, Baozeng Sun, Kun Yang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Since 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been responsible for the global spread of respiratory illness. As of 1 September 2024, the cumulative number of infections worldwide exceeded 776 million. There are many structural proteins of the virus, among which the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a pivotal role in the viral life cycle, participating in a multitude of essential activities following viral invasion. An important antiviral immune response is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted differentiation cluster 8 (CD8+) T cell cytotoxicity. Therefore, understanding the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 NP-specific MHC-I-restricted epitopes is highly important. <b>Methods</b>: MHC-I molecules from 11 human leukocyte antigen I (HLA-I) superfamilies with 98% population coverage and 6 mouse H2 alleles were selected. The affinity were screened by IEDB, NetMHCpan, SYFPEITHI, SMMPMBEC and Rankpep. Further immunogenicity and conservative analyses were performed using VaxiJen and BLASTp, respectively. EpiDock was used to simulate molecular docking. Cluster analysis was performed. Selective epitopes were validated by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay and flow cytometry in the mice with pVAX-NP_SARS-CoV-2 immunization. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect whether the preferred epitope induced humoral immunity. <b>Results</b>: There were 64 dominant epitopes for the H-2 haplotype and 238 dominant epitopes for the HLA-I haplotype. Further analysis of immunogenicity and conservation yielded 8 preferred epitopes, and docking simulations were conducted with corresponding MHC-I alleles. The relationships between the NP peptides and MHC-I haplotypes were then determined via two-way hierarchical clustering. ELISA, ELISpot assay, and flow cytometry revealed that the preferred epitope stimulated both humoral and cellular immunity and enhanced cytokine secretion in mice. <b>Conclusions</b>: our study revealed the general patterns among multiple haplotypes within the humans and mice superfamily, providing a comprehensive assessment of the pan-MHC-I immunoreactivity of SARS-CoV-2 NP. Our findings would render prospects for the development and application of epitope-based immunotherapy in lasting viral epidemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of the Recombinant Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma.","authors":"Panagiotis T Diamantopoulos, Christina-Nefeli Kontandreopoulou, Christos Stafylidis, Dimitra Vlachopoulou, Stavroula Smilakou, Iraklis Patsialos, Stavroula Syriopoulou, Alexandros Gkikas, Eleftherios N Athanasopoulos, Anastasios Vogiatzakis, Eleni Panousi, Georgios Kyriakakis, Amalia Anastasopoulou, Marina Mantzourani, Vassiliki Labropoulou","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111216","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are susceptible to viral infections, including varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation due to both disease-related and treatment-induced immunosuppression. The recombinant adjuvanted herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) has shown high efficacy in immunocompetent adults, but immunogenicity data in CLL and MM patients are limited. This study evaluates the immunogenicity and safety of RZV in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with CLL and MM vaccinated with RZV (administered in two doses at least one month apart) were included in the study. Pre- and post-vaccination anti-VZV IgM and IgG antibody levels were measured to assess immunogenicity, and adverse events (AEs) were captured for safety evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-eight patients received both vaccine doses, and 71 had post-vaccination samples. Most of the patients were IgM seronegative and IgG seropositive before vaccination. Pre-vaccination IgG levels were higher in CLL patients compared to MM patients (<i>p</i> = 0.001), while post-vaccination IgG levels significantly increased in both CLL (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and MM (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) patients. In actively treated CLL patients, pre-vaccination IgG levels were significantly lower than in not actively treated patients (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Post-vaccination IgG levels were lower in MM patients receiving antiviral prophylaxis concurrently with the vaccination (<i>p</i> = 0.013). AEs were reported in 49.4% of patients after the first dose and 48.7% after the second dose, mostly mild (local or low-grade systemic). One case of immune thrombocytopenia was noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RZV demonstrated strong immunogenicity and acceptable safety in CLL and MM patients, significantly boosting IgG levels, even in actively treated or heavily pretreated patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Adjuvant Activity by Flagellins from <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serotype Typhimurium, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.","authors":"Shengmei Pang, Mei Liu, Longlong Wang, Mingqing Shao, Guoqiang Zhu, Qiangde Duan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111212","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) <b>Background</b>: The adjuvant properties of flagellin from various bacterial species have been extensively studied; however, a systematic comparison of the immunoadjuvant effects of flagellins from different bacterial species is lacking. This study aims to analyze the amino acid sequences and structural features of flagellins from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (FliC<i>_E.C</i>), <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotype Typhimurium (FliC<i>_S.T</i>), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (FliC<i>_P.A</i>), and to evaluate their adjuvant activities in terms of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) activation, antibody production, and cytokine responses in a murine model. (2) <b>Methods</b>: Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the amino acid sequences and structural domains (D0, D1, D2, and D3) of flagellins from the three bacterial species. PyMol atomic models were used to confirm structural differences. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) activation assays were performed to measure IL-8 and TNF-α production in vitro. The IgG antibody titers against the model antigen FaeG and cytokine responses, including IL-4 and TNF-α secretion were evaluated in a murine model. (3) <b>Results</b>: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the D0 and D1 domains are highly conserved, whereas the D2 and D3 domains exhibit significant variability across the three species. Structural analysis via PyMol confirmed these differences, particularly in the D2 and D3 domains. TLR5 activation assays showed that FliC<i>_S.T</i> and FliC<i>_P.A</i> induced higher levels of IL-8 and TNF-α production compared to FliC<i>_E.C</i>, indicating species-specific variations in TLR5 activation. In the murine model, FliC<i>_S.T</i> as an adjuvant produced higher antibody titers against FaeG and increased IL-4 secretion in splenocytes compared to FliC<i>_E.C</i> and FliC<i>_P.A</i>. FliC<i>_P.A</i> induced higher TNF-α expression than FliC<i>_S.T</i> and FliC<i>_E.C</i>, suggesting FliC<i>_S.T</i> and FliC<i>_P.A</i> are more effective at inducing T-cell responses. (4) <b>Conclusions</b>: This study highlights the potential of FliC<i>_S.T</i> and FliC<i>_P.A</i> as potent vaccine adjuvants. The results provide insights into the structure-function relationships of these flagellins and support their application in enhancing immune responses against diverse pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity Persistence of Different Immunization Regimens of Rabies Vaccine in the 10-60 Years Age Group: A Follow-Up Report Based on Phase III Clinical Trial.","authors":"Yunpeng Wang, Zhiang Wu, Jia Li, Shouchun Cao, Leitai Shi, Danhua Zhao, Zhaojun Mo, Haiyan Liang, Xiaohong Wu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111209","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This study evaluated the 12-month persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) following different immunization regimens of freeze-dried human rabies vaccine (Vero cells) in individuals aged 10-60 years within the Chinese population. <b>Methods:</b> Number of 600 participants from phase III clinical trials who completed the fullimmunization were randomly assigned into one of three groups, four-dose experimental group, five-dose experimental group, and five-dose control group. The experimental group received the vaccine from Shandong Yeedu Biotechnology Co., while the control group used the vaccine from Liaoning Chengda Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The antibody-positive rate and geometric mean concentration (GMC) were calculated, and analysis of variance was used to compare the results among the three groups. <b>Results:</b> The study included 200 participants in the four-dose experimental group, 186 in the five-dose experimental group, and 214 in the five-dose control group. Twelve months post-immunization, the overall RVNA-positive rates were 97.00%, 93.55%, and 94.86% in the four-dose experimental, five-dose control, and five-dose experimental groups, respectively. The GMCs of RVNA were 2.50, 2.05, and 2.04 IU/mL for the respective groups. The age-stratified analysis exhibited high positivity rates across age groups (≤21, 21-50, and ≥50), with rates ranging from 88.4% to 100%, and GMCs were between 1.75 and 2.61 IU/mL. <b>Conclusions:</b> Twelve months after full immunization, the overall RVNA-positive rate remained high across all dosing regimens, demonstrating satisfactory immunogenicity persistence. This indicates that both the four-dose and five-dose regimens are effective in maintaining long-term immunity against rabies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}