Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Neosporosis in Three Consecutive Pregnancies of Naturally Infected Pregnant Cows and the Effect of Vaccination on Abortion Rates.","authors":"Sharon Tirosh-Levy, Elena Blinder, Daniel Yasur-Landau, Yaniv Lavon, Jacob Joost Doekes, Monica L Mazuz","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Neosporosis is a major cause of abortions in cattle worldwide. Primary results showed that the administration of a live attenuated vaccine during the mid-pregnancy stage of naturally infected cows may assist in preventing abortions. In this study, the effect of vaccination was evaluated in five dairy herds, with a follow-up of three consecutive pregnancies and re-vaccination during the subsequent pregnancies of some of the cows.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1059 heifers were serologically tested during their first pregnancy, and 260 and 21 of them were re-tested during their second and third pregnancies. Vaccination was administered to 193 of 420 cows with antibody titers of 1:800 or higher, and 23 of them were re-vaccinated. Data were collected regarding the outcome of each pregnancy, the number of inseminations required and removal from the herd. Vertical transmission was evaluated in 136 pre-colostral calves born from 29 vaccinated and 107 unvaccinated dams.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total seroprevalence using a cutoff titer of 1:800 was 33.1, 36.5 and 85.7% during the three consecutive pregnancies. The antibody titers of individual cows fluctuated over time. Abortion rates and the rate of removal from the herd were significantly higher in seropositive cows. The rate of vertical transmission increased in correlation with the dam's antibody titer. Immunization resulted in lower abortion rates at two of the farms. Vaccine efficacy ranged from a negative effect to 54% at different farms, with an overall efficacy of 10.4%. The effect of vaccination on abortions, reproductive performance, antibody titers, vertical transmission and removal from the herd was not significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate varying vaccine efficacies among farms and suggest that neosporosis is a multifactorial disease that cannot be solely controlled by vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Immunotherapies for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.","authors":"Emily Wolf, Guilherme Sacchi de Camargo Correia, Shenduo Li, Yujie Zhao, Rami Manochakian, Yanyan Lou","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020128","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, with nearly half of all patients diagnosed at an advanced stage. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) harness the host immune system to combat malignant cells. ICIs, which target programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte-4 (CTLA-4), have transformed the treatment landscape for advanced NSCLC. While a subset of patients experiences a long-term durable response, most patients will develop disease progression. New drugs targeting novel pathways are being tested in clinical trials to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy and overcome resistance patterns. This review aims to summarize the currently available ICIs for advanced NSCLC and describe emerging immunotherapies with recently published data from phase I/II clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccines in Dermatology-Present and Future: A Review.","authors":"Eyan Goh, Jean-Marc Chavatte, Raymond T P Lin, Lisa F P Ng, Laurent Rénia, Hazel H Oon","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020125","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermatological vaccines have emerged as critical tools in preventing and managing a wide spectrum of skin conditions ranging from infectious diseases to malignancies. By synthesizing evidence from existing literature, this review aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of vaccines used in dermatology, including both approved vaccines and those currently being researched. Vaccines discussed in this paper include those targeting dermatoses and malignancies (e.g., acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, and melanoma); infectious diseases (e.g., human papillomavirus (HPV); varicella zoster virus (VZV); herpes zoster (HZ); warts; smallpox; mpox (monkeypox); hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD); candidiasis and Group B Streptococcus (GBS); and neglected tropical diseases (e.g., Buruli ulcer, leprosy, and leishmaniasis). Through this review, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of the role of vaccines in dermatology, identify knowledge gaps, and propose areas for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>Salmonella</i> Paratyphi A O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccine Is Able to Induce Antibodies with Bactericidal Activity Against a Panel of Clinical Isolates.","authors":"Marika Pinto, Salvatore Durante, Martina Carducci, Luisa Massai, Renzo Alfini, Elli Mylona, Abhilasha Karkey, Stephen Baker, Francesca Micoli, Carlo Giannelli, Omar Rossi, Simona Rondini","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020122","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent a global health burden, especially in Southern Asia, exacerbated by the increase in antimicrobial resistance. While vaccines against <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi have been successfully introduced, a vaccine against <i>S.</i> Paratyphi A is not available, yet. Efforts to develop an effective vaccine targeting both <i>Salmonella</i> serovars are currently ongoing. GVGH is developing a bivalent vaccine constituted by the Vi-CRM₁₉₇ typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), and the <i>Salmonella</i> Paratyphi A O-antigen (O:2), also conjugated to the CRM₁₉₇ carrier protein (O:2-CRM₁₉₇). In this work we have characterized a panel of <i>S.</i> Paratyphi A clinical isolates from endemic regions, differing in terms of their O:2 structural features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rabbits were immunized with the <i>S.</i> Paratyphi A component of the vaccine candidate and the resulting sera were tested for their ability to bind and kill the isolates using flow cytometry and luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The O:2-CRM₁₉₇ glycoconjugate induced a functional immune response in rabbits, effectively binding and killing a diverse panel of clinical isolates. The sera demonstrated bactericidal activity independent of the O:2 structural variations, including differences in O-acetylation and glucosylation levels. Additionally, the study found that the O:2-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate's adsorption to Alhydrogel did not significantly impact its immunogenicity or bactericidal efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The O:2-CRM₁₉₇ component of the bivalent vaccine candidate shows promise in providing broad protection against <i>S</i>. Paratyphi A isolates, regardless of their O-antigen structural variations. The ongoing clinical studies on human sera are expected to confirm these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Vaccine for Bovine Diarrhea Complex Utilizing Recombinant Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> Expressing Surface-Displayed Chimeric Antigens from Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7.","authors":"Hernán Ramírez, Daniel A Vilte, Daniela Hozbor, Eugenia Zurita, Daniela Bottero, María C Casabonne, Ángel A Cataldi, Andrés Wigdorovitz, Mariano Larzábal","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020124","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong><i>Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli</i> (EHEC) O157:H7, a zoonotic pathogen primarily found in cattle, causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in humans, often through contaminated food. Its Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) facilitates gut colonization. In contrast, neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is mainly caused by pathogens like enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC), <i>Salmonella</i> spp., Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), and Bovine Rotavirus type A (BRoVA). This study engineered a chimeric protein combining EspB and Int280γ, two T3SS components, expressed in the membranes of <i>Salmonella</i> Dublin and ETEC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immune responses in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs were assessed through ELISA assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Successful membrane anchorage and stability of the chimera were confirmed. Immune evaluations showed no enhancement from combining recombinant bacteria, indicating either bacterium suffices in a single formulation. Chimeric expression yielded immunogenicity equivalent to 10 µg of recombinant protein, with similar antibody titers. IgG1/IgG2a levels and Th1, Th2, and Th17 markers indicated a mixed immune response, providing broad humoral and cellular protection. Responses to BCoV, BRoVA, ETEC, and <i>Salmonella</i> antigens remained strong and did not interfere with chimera-specific responses, potentially boosting NCD vaccine efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The chimera demonstrated robust immunogenicity, supporting its potential as a viable vaccine candidate against EHEC O157:H7. This approach could enhance NCD vaccine valency by offering broader protection against calf diarrhea while reducing HUS transmission risks to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Methodological Approach to Measuring the Impact of TAK-003 for the Prevention of Dengue in Dourados, Brazil: Optimizing Strategies for Public Health.","authors":"Benedetta Ghezzi, Cristina Valencia, Roberto Dias de Oliveira, Daniel Tsuha, Waldno Lucena Júnior, Alberta Di Pasquale, Morgan Mc Namara, Juliana Senra, Denise Abud, Julio Croda","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020121","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Takeda's tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 has been approved by the Brazilian regulatory agency ANVISA for dengue disease prevention in individuals aged 4 to 60 years. Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, became the world's first city to implement a mass vaccination campaign targeting approximately 120,000 individuals. An ongoing collaborative, observational, population-based study using national surveillance and vaccination data was planned to measure the impact of the vaccine on the reduction in dengue incidence. <b>Methods</b>: In this manuscript, the study's methodology, including its programmatic steps and public health relevance, is described. A collaborative assessment with multidisciplinary researchers in Brazil was conducted to identify key programmatic areas for the successful implementation of the study. These areas included feasibility and site selection assessment, methodology selection, vaccination program implementation, and public health importance. <b>Results/Conclusions</b>: Identification of the public health problem and understanding the disease burden, local healthcare infrastructure, and strategic partnerships were critical for a robust feasibility assessment. One of the feasibility criteria identified was the ability of the Dourados Municipal Health Secretary and the principal investigator to conduct an active vaccination campaign, utilizing extramural activities and diverse communication channels to increase vaccine acceptance and coverage. The selection of analytical methods, such as time series analysis, was dependent on the national and local structures of the databases and data availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunosuppressive Therapy Modifies Anti-Spike IgG Subclasses Distribution After Four Doses of mRNA Vaccination in a Cohort of Kidney Transplant Recipients.","authors":"Ignacio Juarez, Isabel Pérez-Flores, Arianne S Aiffil Meneses, Ana Lopez-Gomez, Natividad Calvo Romero, Beatriz Rodríguez-Cubillo, María Angeles Moreno de la Higuera, Belén Peix-Jiménez, Raquel Gonzalez-Garcia, Beatriz Amorós-Pérez, Benigno Rivas-Pardo, Elvira Baos-Muñoz, Ana Arribi Vilela, Manuel Gómez Del Moral, Ana Isabel Sánchez-Fructuoso, Eduardo Martínez-Naves","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020123","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: IgG4 is the least immunogenic subclass of IgG. Immunization with mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, unlike other vaccines, induces an increase in IgG4 against the spike protein in healthy populations. This study investigated whether immunosuppressive therapy affects the immune response, focusing on IgG subclass changes, to four doses of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). <b>Methods</b>: This study includes 146 KTRs and 23 dialysis patients (DPs) who received three mRNA-1273 vaccine doses and a BNT162b2 booster. We evaluated anti-spike IgG titers and subclasses, T-CD4+ and T-CD8+ cellular responses, and serum neutralizing activity (SNA). <b>Results</b>: At the fourth dose, 75.8% of COVID-19 naïve KTRs developed humoral and cellular responses (vs. 95.7% in DPs). There was a correlation between anti-spike IgG titers/subclasses and SNA (<i>p</i> < 0.001). IgG subclass kinetics after the third/fourth dose differed between COVID-19 naïve KTRs and DPs. Immunosuppressive therapy influenced IgG subclasses: mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) positively influenced IgG1 and IgG3 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while mycophenolic acid negatively affected IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). SNA is correlated with breakthrough infections after four doses of vaccine in KTRs. mTORi was the only factor associated with SNA > 65% in naïve KTRs [4.29 (1.21-15.17), <i>p</i> = 0.024]. <b>Conclusions</b>: KTRs show weaker cellular and humoral immune responses to mRNA vaccines and a class shift towards non-inflammatory anti-S IgG4 upon booster doses. IgG subclasses show a positive correlation with SNA and are influenced by immunosuppression. Increased SNA after four doses of vaccine is protective against infection. mTORi may benefit non-responding KTRs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Safety and Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines on COVID-19 Infection and Its Long-Term Consequences.","authors":"Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020120","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 continues to affect people around the world, according to the genomic reports [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold Nanoparticles as a Platform for Delivery of Immunogenic Peptides to THP-1 Derived Macrophages: Insights into Nanotoxicity.","authors":"Eduardo Zúñiga, Braulio Contreras-Trigo, Jorge Buchert, Fabián Sáez-Ahumada, Leonardo Hernández, Víctor Fica-León, Estefania Nova-Lamperti, Bostjan Kobe, Fanny Guzmán, Víctor Diaz-García, Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez, Patricio Oyarzún","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020119","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peptide-based nanovaccines have emerged as a promising strategy for combating infectious diseases, as they overcome the low immunogenicity that is inherent to short epitope-containing synthetic peptides. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) present several advantages as peptide nanocarriers, but a deeper understanding of the design criteria is paramount to accelerate the development of peptide-AuNPs nanoconjugates (p-AuNPs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Herein, we synthesized and characterized p-AuNPs of 23 nm (p-Au23) and 68 nm (p-Au68) with varying levels of peptide surface coverage and different peptide designs, investigating their effect on the cell viability (cell death and mitochondrial activity), cellular uptake, and cathepsin B activity in THP-1 macrophages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>p-Au23 proved no negative effect in the cell viability and high levels of nanoconjugate uptake, but p-Au68 induced strong toxicity to the cell line. The peptide sequences were successfully designed with spacer regions and a cell-penetrating peptide (pTAT) that enhanced cellular uptake and cathepsin B activity for p-Au23, while pTAT induced severe effects in the THP-1 viability (~40-60% cell death).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide valuable insight into the design criteria of AuNPs and immunogenic peptides, along with nanotoxicity effects associated with AuNP size and surface charge in human monocyte-derived macrophages.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Implementation of a Single Radial Diffusion Technique for Quality Control of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines.","authors":"Chongyang Wu, Xi Wang, Yu Zhou, Xinshuo Zhu, Yu Ma, Wenming Wei, Yuntao Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020116","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>An assay for protein content is essential but insufficient for quality control of acellular pertussis vaccines, which might consist of up to five components, each needing individual quantification. Generally, purified pertussis antigens such as pertussis toxin (PTx), filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN) should be detoxified or stabilized chemically before being formulated into vaccine bulk. The use of chemical agents like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde can alter the immunological reactivity of these antigens, rendering direct assays by methods such as ELISA ineffective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, a simple method based on single radial diffusion (SRD) using low concentrations of polyclonal antisera against PT toxoid (PTd), FHA, and PRN was developed. By adding a detergent, diffusible subunits are produced regardless of the original physical state of the antigens, making it suitable for quantifying these antigens after chemical treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The assay has shown good specificity, accuracy, and precision. Furthermore, it can differentiate between preparations with the same protein concentration but different antigenic contents. A significant positive correlation between the antigen content and the in vivo immunogenicity has also been demonstrated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An assay for quality control and consistency monitoring of combined vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigen components has been established.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}