Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Ability of Various Immunosuppressants as Adjuvants on the Activity of T1D Vaccine.","authors":"Xinyi Wang, Mengxin Xie, Tengjiao Li, Jiandong Shi, Meini Wu, Shihan Zhang, Jing Sun, Yunzhang Hu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets, resulting from a breakdown in immunological tolerance. Currently, T1D treatment primarily relies on insulin replacement or immunosuppressive therapies. However, these approaches often have significant drawbacks, including adverse effects, high costs, and limited long-term efficacy. Consequently, there is a pressing need for innovative immunotherapeutic strategies capable of inducing antigen-specific tolerance and protecting beta cells from autoimmune destruction. Among the various antigens, β-cell antigens like 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) have been explored as vaccine candidates for T1D. Despite their potential, their effectiveness in humans remains modest, necessitating the use of appropriate adjuvants to enhance the vaccine's protective effects. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of kynurenine (KYN), dexamethasone (DXMS), tacrolimus (FK506), and aluminium hydroxide (Alum) in combination with the GAD65 phage vaccine as adjuvants. <b>Results:</b> Our findings demonstrate that KYN, when used in conjunction with the GAD65 vaccine, significantly enhances the vaccine's immunosuppressive effects. Compared to dexamethasone, FK506, and Alum adjuvants, KYN more effectively reduced the incidence and delayed the onset of T1D, preserved β-cell function, and promoted the induction of regulatory T cells and antigen-specific tolerance. These results suggest that KYN combined with vaccines could offer superior preventive and therapeutic benefits for T1D compared to existing treatments. Additionally, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of the GAD65 vaccine by including a low-dose group in our study. The results indicated that reducing the vaccine dose below 10¹⁰ plaque-forming units (pfu) did not confer any protective advantage or therapeutic benefit in combination with KYN. This finding underscores that 10¹⁰ pfu is the minimum effective dose for the GAD65 vaccine in achieving a protective response. In conclusion, KYN shows considerable promise as an adjuvant for the GAD65 vaccine in T1D therapy, potentially offering a more effective and durable treatment option than current immunosuppressive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of PCV2d in Vaccinated Pigs in Colombia and Prediction of Vaccine T Cell Epitope Coverage against Circulating Strains Using EpiCC Analysis.","authors":"Diana S Vargas-Bermudez, Alixs Constanza Gil-Silva, María F Naranjo-Ortíz, José Darío Mogollón, Jair F Gómez-Betancur, José F Estrada, Álvaro Aldaz, Harold Garzón-González, José Angulo, Dennis Foss, Andres H Gutierrez, Jairo Jaime","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is strongly linked to a group of syndromes referred to as porcine-circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), which are controlled through vaccination; however, this does not induce sterilizing immunity but is instead involved in the evolution of the virus and is considered a factor in vaccine failure. This study sampled 84 herds (167 pigs) vaccinated against PCV2 and with clinical signs of PCVADs in five provinces across Colombia. PCV2 was identified and further characterized at the molecular level via genotyping and phylogenetic reconstructions. In addition, PCV2-associated lesions were examined via histopathology. Furthermore, the PCV2-Cap sequences retrieved were compared with three vaccines via the EpiCC tool and T cell epitope coverage. The prevalence of PCV2 was 82% in pigs and 92.9% in herds. The highest viral loads were identified in lymphoid tissue, and PCV2d emerged as the most predominant in pigs and herds (93.4% and 92.3%). Sequences for PCV2-ORF2 (<i>n</i> = 57; 55 PCV2d and 2 PCV2a) were determined, and PCV2d sequences were highly similar. The most common pneumonia pattern was suppurative bronchopneumonia, while the most common lung lesion was exudation in the airways; in lymphoid tissue, there was lymphoid depletion. The bivalent vaccine (PCV2a and PCVb) exhibited a higher EpiCC score (8.36) and T cell epitope coverage (80.6%) than monovalent PCV2a vaccines. In conclusion, PCV2d currently circulates widely in Colombia. Despite vaccination, there are clinical cases of PCV2, and immunoinformatic analyses demonstrate that bivalent vaccines improved the average coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Polysaccharide-Based Oral-Vaccine Delivery System and Adjuvant for the Influenza Virus Vaccine.","authors":"Chaitanya K Valiveti, Mrigendra Rajput, Neelu Thakur, Tooba Momin, Malabika Bhowmik, Hemachand Tummala","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza virus enters the host body through the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. An efficient immune response at the mucosal site can interfere with virus entry and prevent infection. However, formulating oral vaccines and eliciting an effective mucosal immune response including at respiratory mucosa presents numerous challenges including the potential degradation of antigens by acidic gastric fluids and the risk of antigen dilution and dispersion over a large surface area of the gut, resulting in minimal antigen uptake by the immune cells. Additionally, oral mucosal vaccines have to overcome immune tolerance in the gut. To address the above challenges, in the current study, we evaluated inulin acetate (InAc) nanoparticles (NPs) as a vaccine adjuvant and antigen delivery system for oral influenza vaccines. InAc was developed as the first polysaccharide polymer-based TLR4 agonist; when tailored as a nanoparticulate vaccine delivery system, it enhanced antigen delivery to dendritic cells and induced a strong cellular and humoral immune response. This study compared the efficacy of InAc-NPs as a delivery system for oral vaccines with Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs, utilizing influenza A nucleoprotein (Inf-A) as an antigen. InAc-NPs effectively protected the encapsulated antigen in both simulated gastric (pH 1.1) and intestinal fluids (pH 6.8). Moreover, InAc-NPs facilitated enhanced antigen delivery to macrophages, compared to PLGA-NPs. Oral vaccination studies in Balb/c mice revealed that InAc-Inf-A NPs significantly boosted the levels of Influenza virus-specific IgG and IgA in serum, as well as total and virus-specific IgA in the intestines and lungs. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with InAc-Inf-A-NPs exhibited notably higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers at mucosal sites compared to those receiving the antigen alone. Overall, our study underscores the efficacy of InAc-NPs in safeguarding vaccine antigens post-oral administration, enhancing antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells, and eliciting higher virus-neutralizing antibodies at mucosal sites following vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity and Efficacy Evaluation of Soluble Recombinant Ricin Vaccine.","authors":"Hyeongseok Yun, Hae Eun Joe, Dong Hyun Song, Young-Jo Song, Sunghyun Hong, Chang-Hwan Kim, Na Young Kim, Gyeung Haeng Hur, Chi Ho Yu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ricin, a toxin extracted from the seeds of <i>Ricinus communis</i>, is classified as a ribosome-inactivating protein. The A-subunit of ricin shows RNA <i>N</i>-glycosidase activity that cleaves ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and exhibits toxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing vascular leak syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we created a truncated version of the previously developed R51 ricin vaccine (RTA 1-194 D75C Y80C) through in silico analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The resulting R51-3 vaccine showed a more-than-six-fold increase in soluble protein expression when compared to R51, with over 85% solubility. In a pilot toxicity test, no toxicity was observed in hematological and biochemical parameters in BALB/c mice and New Zealand white rabbits following five repeated administrations of R51-3. Furthermore, R51-3 successfully protected mice and rabbits from a 20 × LD₅₀ ricin challenge after three intramuscular injections spaced 2 weeks apart. Similarly, monkeys that received three injections of R51-3 survived a 60 µg/kg ricin challenge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support R51-3 as a promising candidate antigen for ricin vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Expression of the <i>L1R</i> Gene of Vaccinia Virus by the tPA Signal Sequence Inserted in a Fowlpox-Based Recombinant Vaccine.","authors":"Antonia Radaelli, Carlo Zanotto, Chiara Brambilla, Tommaso Adami, Carlo De Giuli Morghen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of Vaccinia virus (VACV) as a preventive vaccine against variola, the etiological agent of smallpox, led to the eradication of smallpox as a human disease. The L1 protein, a myristylated transmembrane protein present on the surface of mature virions, plays a significant role in infection and morphogenesis, is well-conserved in all orthopoxviruses, and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. DNA recombinant vaccines expressing this protein were successfully used, but they showed lower efficacy in non-human and human primates when used alone, and viral-vectored fowlpox vaccines were already proved to increase immunogenicity when used as a boost. Here, we constructed a novel fowlpox-based recombinant (FP<i>_tPA-L1R</i>), in which the tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence was linked to the 5' end of the <i>L1R</i> gene to drive the L1 protein into the cellular secretion pathway. FP<i>_tPA-L1R</i> expresses a functional heterologous protein that can be immunoprecipitated by hyperimmune rabbit serum. The protein shows cytoplasmic and membrane subcellular localizations and long-lasting expression in CEF, non-human primate Vero and human MRC-5 cells. The tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence can thus contribute significantly to the expression of the L1 protein and may enhance the immunogenicity of a putative DNA/FP <i>prime-boost</i> vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Immune Acquisition of Monoclonal Antibodies Enhances Phagocytosis of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> by Recognizing ATP Synthase.","authors":"Dong Huang, Zhujun Zeng, Zhuolin Li, Mengjun Li, Linlin Zhai, Yuhao Lin, Rui Xu, Jiuxin Qu, Bao Zhang, Wei Zhao, Chenguang Shen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: The aim of this study was to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that broadly target <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and protect against infection by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) <i>A. baumannii</i> from different sources. <b>Methods</b>: mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 were prepared by sequentially immunizing mice with a sublethal inoculation of three heterogeneous serotypes of pan-drug-resistant (PDR) <i>A. baumannii</i>, ST-208, ST-195, and ST-229. <b>Results</b>: The cross-recognition of heterogeneous bacteria (n = 13) by two mAbs and potential targets was verified, and the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of mAbs was assessed. The median killing rate of mAb 8E6 against <i>A. baumannii</i> in the presence of complement and dHL-60 cells was found to be 61.51%, while that of mAb 1B5 was 41.96%. When only dHL-60 cells were present, the killing rate of mAb 8E6 was 65.73%, while that of mAb 1B5 was 69.93%. We found that mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 broadly targeted MDR <i>A. baumannii</i> on the ATP synthase complex and were equipped with an antibacterial killing ability by enhancing the innate immune bacteriolytic effect of ST-208 and ST-195 strains. Both monoclonal antibodies were validated to protect against respiratory infection at 4 and 24 h via enhancing the release of innate immune substances and inflammatory cytokines, effectively shortening the disease period in mice. <b>Conclusions</b>: mAb 8E6 and mAb 1B5 significantly enhanced the opsonization process of phagocytosis against <i>A. baumannii</i> strains prevalent in southern China by targeting ATP synthase antigens thereof, resulting in protective effects in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype II Live-Attenuated ASFV Vaccine Strains Unable to Completely Protect Pigs against the Emerging Recombinant ASFV Genotype I/II Strain in Vietnam.","authors":"Nguyen Van Diep, Nguyen Van Duc, Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Vu Xuan Dang, Tran Ngoc Tiep, Viet Dung Nguyen, Thi Tam Than, Dustin Maydaniuk, Kalhari Goonewardene, Aruna Ambagala, Van Phan Le","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to spread globally, causing severe economic losses to pig farmers. Vietnam licensed two live attenuated vaccines based on the ASFV strains ASFV-G-ΔI177L and ASFV-G-ΔMGF to control the ongoing ASF outbreaks. In 2023, newly emerging highly virulent recombinant ASF viruses (rASFV I/II) containing genetic elements from both p72 genotype I and II ASF viruses were reported from Northern Vietnam. <b>Objective</b>: This study evaluated whether the two vaccine strains were able to protect the pigs against the emerging rASFV I/II strain VNUA/rASFV/TN1/23. <b>Results</b>: Pigs vaccinated with ASFV-G-ΔMGF or ASFV-G-ΔI177L, when challenged with rASFV I/II, succumbed to the infection, or developed signs of chronic ASF. <b>Conclusions</b>: The findings from this study show that both vaccine strains that are licensed and used in Vietnam are unlikely to protect pigs from the emerging highly virulent rASFV I/II. This complicates the ongoing efforts to control ASF in Asia and globally and emphasizes the urgent need for a novel vaccine that can effectively protect pigs from the rASFV I/II.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Children: A 10-Year Population-Based Study.","authors":"Elisa Barbieri, Yuxi Wang, Anna Cantarutti, Antonio Scamarcia, Luigi Cantarutti, Giovanni Corrao, Aleksandra Torbica, Carlo Giaquinto","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Seasonal influenza annually puts a significant burden on the pediatric population, especially the youngest, causing severe illness and death. Additionally, associated healthcare costs cause a significant financial strain on healthcare systems. While vaccination is the most effective prevention method, its cost-effectiveness for healthy children remains unassessed. <b>Methods</b>: Using the Pedianet database spanning from 2009 to 2019, we analyzed influenza cases among 6-month-olds to 14-year-olds in Italy. Data included influenza-related medical visits, prescriptions, exams, emergency visits, hospitalizations, and costs. Adverse events and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were considered from the existing literature. A static decision-tree model compared annual vaccination strategies, assessing probabilities for influenza or influenza-like illnesses by vaccination status. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated, along with sensitivity analyses and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve generation. <b>Results</b>: Mean total influenza costs for vaccinated children averaged EUR 18.6 (range 0-3175.9, including EUR 15.79 for the influenza vaccination), whereas costs for unvaccinated children were consistently lower at around EUR 4.6 (range 0-3250.1). The average ICER for years where vaccine and virus strains are matched was EUR 29,831 per QALY, which is below the EUR 40,000 threshold set by the Italian National Health Services. The ICER values range from EUR 13,736 (2017/2018) to EUR 72,153 (2013/2014). Averted influenza costs averaged EUR 23 per case, with fluctuations over the years. In most observed years, influenza vaccination was cost-effective from the healthcare providers' standpoint. The exception was 2009-2010, due to a mismatch between vaccine and virus strains. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study highlights the economic viability of influenza vaccination, especially when virus and vaccine strains align. It demonstrates the potential of vaccination programs in preserving children's health and well-being while managing healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effectiveness of the Bivalent (Original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines mRNA-1273.222 and BNT162b2 Bivalent in Adults with Underlying Medical Conditions in the United States.","authors":"Hagit Kopel, Van Hung Nguyen, Alina Bogdanov, Isabelle Winer, Catherine Boileau, Thierry Ducruet, Ni Zeng, Jessamine P Winer-Jones, Daina B Esposito, Mary Bausch-Jurken, Ekkehard Beck, Machaon Bonafede, James A Mansi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>This retrospective cohort study evaluated the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of two bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) vaccines mRNA-1273.222 versus the BNT162b2 Bivalent in preventing COVID-19-related outcomes in adults with underlying medical conditions associated with increased risk for severe COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a linked electronic health record/claims dataset, US adults (≥18 years) with ≥1 underlying medical condition of interest who received either the bivalent vaccine between 31 August 2022 and 28 February 2023 were identified. The inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for cohort differences. Cohorts were followed up for COVID-19-related hospitalizations and outpatient encounters until 31 May 2023. Hazard ratios and rVEs were estimated using Cox regression. Subgroup analyses were performed on individuals with pre-specified comorbid conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>757,572 mRNA-1273.222 and 1,204,975 BNT162b2 Bivalent recipients were identified. The adjusted rVE over a median follow-up of 198 days was 10.9% (6.2%-15.2%) against COVID-19-related hospitalization and 3.2% (1.7%-4.7%) against COVID-19-related outpatient encounters. rVE estimates for COVID-19 hospitalizations among subgroups with comorbid conditions were as follows: diabetes 15.1% (8.7%-21.0%), cerebro- and cardiovascular disease 14.7% (9.0%-20.1%), chronic lung disease 11.9% (5.1%-18.2%), immunocompromised 15.0% (7.2%-22.2%), chronic kidney disease 8.4% (0.5%-15.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, among adults with underlying medical conditions, mRNA-1273.222 was more effective than BNT162b2 Bivalent, especially in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferritin Vaccine Platform for Animal and Zoonotic Viruses.","authors":"Sohrab Ahmadivand, Robert Fux, Dušan Palić","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12101112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral infections in animals continue to pose a significant challenge, affecting livestock health, welfare, and food safety, and, in the case of zoonotic viruses, threatening global public health. The control of viral diseases currently relies on conventional approaches such as inactivated or attenuated vaccines produced via platforms with inherent limitations. Self-assembling ferritin nanocages represent a novel vaccine platform that has been utilized for several viruses, some of which are currently undergoing human clinical trials. Experimental evidence also supports the potential of this platform for developing commercial vaccines for veterinary viruses. In addition to improved stability and immunogenicity, ferritin-based vaccines are safe and DIVA-compatible, and can be rapidly deployed in response to emerging epidemics or pandemics. This review discusses the structural and functional properties of ferritin proteins, followed by an overview of the design and production of ferritin-based vaccines, the mechanisms of immune responses, and their applications in developing vaccines against animal and zoonotic viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}