Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Childhood Mandatory Vaccinations: Current Situation in European Countries and Changes Occurred from 2014 to 2024.","authors":"Sara Farina, Alessandra Maio, Maria Rosaria Gualano, Walter Ricciardi, Leonardo Villani","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions, preventing millions of deaths globally each year. However, vaccine hesitancy, driven by misinformation and reduced disease risk perception, has led to declining vaccination rates and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in Europe. In response to this, countries have implemented various strategies, including mandatory and recommended vaccination programs. The objective of this study is to map the current European landscape of pediatric vaccination policies, and the variations that have occurred in the last decade. <b>Methods</b>: This rapid review was conducted on PubMed, Google, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control website, to collect all vaccination schedules in EU/EEA countries in 2024 and all documents focusing on the introduction of mandatory vaccines during the last decade. <b>Results</b>: As of 2024, 13 countries had at least one mandatory pediatric vaccination, with France, Hungary, and Latvia requiring all but one vaccine. In contrast, 17 countries had no mandatory vaccinations, relying only on recommendations. Between 2014 and 2024, six countries (Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland) introduced or extended mandatory vaccinations. <b>Conclusions</b>: European vaccination policies show significant variation. Effective programs depend on robust healthcare systems, public trust, and adaptable strategies to address vaccine hesitancy and the resurgence of VPDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein.","authors":"Hongqiao Hu, Li Zhang, Lei Cao, Jie Jiang, Yuqing Shi, Hong Guo, Yang Wang, Hai Li, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111297","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) imposes a significant disease burden on infants and the elderly. Intranasal immunization using attenuated live vaccines and certain vector vaccines against HRSV has completed phase II clinical trials with good safety and efficacy.Recombinant protein vaccines for mucosal immunization require potent mucosal adjuvants. Type I interferon (IFN), as a natural mucosal adjuvant, significantly enhances antigen-presenting cell processing and antigen presentation, promoting the production of T and B cells. <b>Methods:</b> This study utilized human α2b interferon (IFN-human) and mouse α2 interferon (IFN-mouse) as nasal mucosal adjuvants in combination with fusion protein (F). Intranasal immunization was performed on BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity of the formulation in vivo. <b>Results:</b> Compared to the F protein immunization group, mice in the F + IFN-Human and F + IFN-Mouse experimental groups exhibited significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers and augmented secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4 by lymphocytes, and both of them could induce the production of high-titer specific IgA antibodies in mice (<i>p</i> < 0.001).The F + IFN-Human immunization induced the highest IgG and IgG1 antibody titers in mice; however, the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group elicited the highest neutralizing antibody titers (598), lowest viral loads in the lungs (Ct value of 31), and fastest weight recovery in mice. Moreover, mice in the F + IFN-Mouse immunization group displayed the mildest lung pathological damage (Total score of pathological injury was 2). <b>Conclusions:</b> In conclusion, IFN-Mouse, as a mucosal adjuvant for HRSV recombinant protein vaccines, demonstrated superior protective effects in mice compared to IFN-Human adjuvants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Influenza Vaccine and Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Zhicai Liu, Jing Wang, Zhaojun Lu, Yuyang Xu, Jian Du, Jiayin Han, Xuechao Zhang, Yan Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111298","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an uncommon but serious adverse reaction after vaccination. However, its association with vaccines other than the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine remains debatable. This study aimed to analyze ITP cases following influenza vaccination and assess any potential association.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic search of the Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed databases from their inception to 15 April 2024. Cases were characterized qualitatively, and relative risk was assessed using either fixed or random models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 24 studies were analyzed, including 16 patients from 14 case reports. Patients averaged 56.7 years old, half were female, and ten patients had a history of prior illness. The mean time between vaccination and diagnosis was 13.3 days. Treatment primarily involved corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin, with most recovering within a month. The pooled odds ratio for ITP post-influenza vaccination was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.85-1.03). Subgroup analyses conducted according to the study design and vaccine type did not reveal any significant results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No evidence of an association between influenza vaccination and ITP was found. Further observational studies are required to verify this relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancer Vaccine Strategies.","authors":"Xia Cai, Ling Xu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111291","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is a major pathogenic factor for HPV-related cancers, such as cervical cancer (CC), vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancer (HNC). Since the introduction of the world's first prophylactic HPV vaccine, there has been a decline in the incidence of HPV infections and associated cancers. This article reviews the latest literature on the research progress, efficacy, and safety of HPV vaccines for these cancers, providing a reference for HPV vaccination strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Wanfang, we conducted a literature search on research papers related to HPV vaccines from 2014 to 2024, employing keywords such as \"HPV\", \"HPV vaccine\", \"CC\", \"vaginal cancer\", \"vulvar cancer\", \"anal cancer\", \"penile cancer\" and \"HNC\". Additionally, we reviewed the latest information available on official websites, including the World Health Organization (WHO). Based on the quality and relevance of the papers, we selected over 100 of the most representative articles for further summarization and analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vaccination against HPV can effectively block the transmission of the virus and prevent HPV-related cancers. Current studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccination. However, numerous challenges remain. The global vaccination rate for preventive vaccines remains low, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Nonetheless, in the future, we can enhance the accessibility, affordability, and coverage of HPV vaccines by expanding the indications of already licensed vaccines, continuously developing new vaccines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The HPV vaccine is an extremely effective measure for the prevention and treatment of HPV-related cancers. Although there are many challenges in expanding the coverage of the HPV vaccine. It is believed that in the not-too-distant future, both prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines will achieve commendable results.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among European Healthcare Workers and Effectiveness of the First Booster COVID-19 Vaccine, VEBIS HCW Observational Cohort Study, May 2021-May 2023.","authors":"Camelia Savulescu, Albert Prats-Uribe, Kim Brolin, Zvjezdana Lovrić Makarić, Anneli Uusküla, Georgios Panagiotakopoulos, Colm Bergin, Catherine Fleming, Antonella Agodi, Paolo Bonfanti, Rita Murri, Viesturs Zvirbulis, Dace Zavadska, Konstanty Szuldrzynski, Ausenda Machado, Corneliu Petru Popescu, Mihai Craiu, Maria Cisneros, Miriam Latorre-Millán, Goranka Petrović, Liis Lohur, Kyriaki Tryfinopoulou, Jonathan McGrath, Lauren Ferguson, Martina Barchitta, Anna Spolti, Katleen de Gaetano Donati, Ilze Abolina, Dagne Gravele, Vânia Gaio, Simin Aysel Florescu, Mihaela Lazar, Pilar Subirats, Laura Clusa Cuesta, Gordan Sarajlić, Marina Amerali, Jacklyn Sui, Claire Kenny, Venerando Rapisarda, Marianna Rossi, Silvia Lamonica, Dainis Krievins, Elza Anna Barzdina, Ana Palmira Amaral, Alma Gabriela Kosa, Victor Daniel Miron, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, Ana María Milagro, Sabrina Bacci, Piotr Kramarz, Anthony Nardone, The Vebis Hcw Ve Study Group","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111295","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> European countries have included healthcare workers (HCWs) among priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. We established a multi-country hospital network to measure the SARS-CoV-2 incidence and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. <b>Methods:</b> HCWs from 19 hospitals in 10 countries participated in a dynamic prospective cohort study, providing samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing at enrolment and during weekly/fortnightly follow-up. We measured the incidence during pre-Delta (2 May-6 September 2021), Delta (7 September-14 December 2021), and Omicron (15 December 2021-2 May 2023) waves. Using Cox regression, we measured the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the first COVID-19 booster dose versus primary course alone during Delta and Omicron waves. <b>Results:</b> We included a total of 3015 HCWs. Participants were mostly female (2306; 79%), with a clinical role (2047; 68%), and had a median age of 44 years. The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 3.01/10,000 person-days during pre-Delta, 4.21/10,000 during Delta, and 23.20/10,000 during Omicron waves. rVE was 59% (95% CI: -25; 86) during Delta and 22% (1; 39) during Omicron waves. rVE was 51% (30; 65) 7-90 days after the first booster dose during the Omicron wave. <b>Conclusions:</b> The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs was higher during the Omicron circulation period. The first COVID-19 vaccine booster provided additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to primary course vaccination when recently vaccinated <90 days. This multi-country HCW cohort study addressing infection as the main outcome is crucial for informing public health interventions for HCWs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Antigenic Saccharides: From Conjugation Chemistry to Vaccine Design.","authors":"Marie-Jeanne Archambault, Laetitia Mwadi Tshibwabwa, Mélanie Côté-Cyr, Serge Moffet, Tze Chieh Shiao, Steve Bourgault","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111290","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glycoconjugate vaccines have been effective in preventing numerous bacterial infectious diseases and have shown recent potential to treat cancers through active immunotherapy. Soluble polysaccharides elicit short-lasting immune responses and are usually covalently linked to immunogenic carrier proteins to enhance the antigen-specific immune response by stimulating T-cell-dependent mechanisms. Nonetheless, the conjugation of purified polysaccharides to carrier proteins complexifies vaccine production, and immunization with protein glycoconjugates can lead to the undesirable immunogenic interference of the carrier. Recently, the use of nanoparticles and nanoassemblies for the delivery of antigenic saccharides has gathered attention from the scientific community. Nanoparticles can be easily functionalized with a diversity of functionalities, including T-cell epitope, immunomodulator and synthetic saccharides, allowing for the modulation and polarization of the glycoantigen-specific immune response. Notably, the conjugation of glycan to nanoparticles protects the antigens from degradation and enhances their uptake by immune cells. Different types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes assembled from lipids, inorganic nanoparticles, virus-like particles and dendrimers, have been explored for glycovaccine design. The versatility of nanoparticles and their ability to induce robust immune responses make them attractive delivery platforms for antigenic saccharides. The present review aims at summarizing recent advancements in the use of nano-scaled systems for the delivery of synthetic glycoantigens. After briefly presenting the immunological mechanisms required to promote a robust immune response against antigenic saccharides, this review will offer an overview of the current trends in the nanoparticle-based delivery of glycoantigens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions in Global Immunization Strategies.","authors":"Francesco Branda, Grazia Pavia, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Simona Gigliotti, Giovanni Matera, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Daria Sanna, Marco Casu, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Massimo Ciccozzi, Fabio Scarpa","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111293","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the efficacy of these vaccines, global immunization efforts still face several obstacles, including low vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries, vaccine hesitancy, and disparities in access to healthcare. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of HPV vaccines, including their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and real-world efficacy. We will explore the impact of HPV vaccines on cancer prevention, examine the challenges related to vaccine distribution and uptake, and assess the role of public health policies in improving global vaccination rates. Additionally, the review will highlight the latest advancements in therapeutic HPV vaccines, ongoing research into next-generation vaccines, and the potential of HPV vaccination strategies in the context of personalized medicine. By examining these factors, we aim to provide insights into the future directions of HPV vaccination and its role in global public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sindbis Virus Replicon-Based SARS-CoV-2 and Dengue Combined Vaccine Candidates Elicit Immune Responses and Provide Protective Immunity in Mice.","authors":"Yihan Zhu, Wenfeng He, Rui Hu, Xiahua Liu, Mengzhu Li, Yuan Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111292","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Since its emergence in 2019, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to the global pandemic. Recent large-scale dengue fever outbreaks overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased cases of co-infection and posing severe public health risks. Accordingly, the development of effective combined SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV) vaccines is necessary to control the spread and prevalence of both viruses. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we designed Sindbis virus (SINV) replicon-based SARS-CoV-2 and DENV chimeric vaccines using two delivery strategies: DNA-launched self-replicating RNA replicon (DREP) and viral replicon particle (VRP) systems. <b>Results</b>: Cellular and animal experiments confirmed that the vaccines effectively produced viral proteins and elicited strong immunogenicity. These vaccines induced robust immune responses and neutralizing activity against live SARS-CoV-2, DENV1, and DENV2 viruses. In addition, passively transferred sera from BALB/c mice immunized with these vaccines into AG129 mice provided significant protection against lethal DENV2 challenge. The transferred sera protected the mice from physical symptoms, reduced viral loads in the kidney, spleen, liver, and intestine, and prevented DENV2-induced vascular leakage in these tissues. <b>Conclusions</b>: Therefore, combined vaccines based on the SINV replicon system are promising candidates for pandemic control. These results lay a foundation for further development of a safe and effective combination vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and DENV.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Immunosenescence on Vaccine Immune Responses and Countermeasures.","authors":"Li Chen, Chengwei Shao, Jingxin Li, Fengcai Zhu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111289","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biological progression of aging encompasses complex physiological processes. As individuals grow older, their physiological functions gradually decline, including compromised immune responses, leading to immunosenescence. Immunosenescence significantly elevates disease susceptibility and severity in older populations while concurrently compromising vaccine-induced immune responses. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the implications of immunosenescence for vaccine-induced immunity and facilitate the development of optimized vaccination strategies for geriatric populations, with specific focus on COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines. This review further elucidates the relationship between immunosenescence and vaccine-induced immunity. This review presents a systematic evaluation of intervention strategies designed to enhance vaccine responses in older populations, encompassing adjuvant utilization, antigen doses, vaccination frequency modification, inflammatory response modulation, and lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and nutritional modifications. These strategies are explored for their potential to improve current vaccine efficacy and inform the development of next-generation vaccines for geriatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiparameter Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Conventional and Monocyte-Derived DC Compartment in the Murine Spleen.","authors":"Ronald A Backer, Hans Christian Probst, Björn E Clausen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111294","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are present in almost all tissues, where they act as sentinels involved in innate recognition and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. The DC family consists of several cell lineages that are heterogenous in their development, phenotype, and function. Within these DC lineages, further subdivisions exist, resulting in smaller, less characterized subpopulations, each with its unique immunomodulatory capabilities. Given the interest in utilizing DC for experimental studies and for vaccination purposes, it becomes increasingly crucial to thoroughly classify and characterize these diverse DC subpopulations. This understanding is vital for comprehending their relative contribution to the initiation, regulation, and propagation of immune responses. To facilitate such investigation, we here provide an easy and ready-to-use multicolor flow cytometry staining panel for the analysis of conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC, and monocyte-derived DC populations isolated from mouse spleens. This adaptable panel can be easily customized for the analysis of other tissue-specific DC populations, providing a valuable tool for DC research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}