Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Catch-Up Vaccination Intervention and Study of Infant Vaccine Hesitancy in Health District in Palermo (Italy).","authors":"Alessandra Fallucca, Roberto Levita, Giuseppe Vella, Angela Sutera, Domenico Mirabile, Antonino Levita, Walter Mazzucco, Francesco Vitale, Alessandra Casuccio","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the introduction in 2017 of mandatory vaccination for the hexavalent and the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccines, childhood vaccination coverage in Sicily (Italy) remains below the recommended and safety threshold of 95%. A catch-up vaccination intervention was implemented for the pediatric population of the 2022-2023 birth cohorts residing in a health district of Palermo (Bagheria) where in 2024, 24-month coverage for polio and measles was 77.29% and 77.62%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study with a before-after component was conducted between June 2025 and December 2025, with the aim of evaluating the increase in vaccination coverage. A questionnaire was administered to the parents of non-compliant children to investigate the determinants of infant vaccine hesitancy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Collaboration with primary care pediatricians and the organization of active call sessions and extra vaccination sessions resulted in an increase in vaccination coverage of approximately 10-12 percentage points in both birth cohorts. The investigation of the determinants of vaccination adherence showed some significant associations: \"perception of infectious disease risk\" (OR: 7.91; <i>p</i> = 0.009) and \"expectations of a positive outcome from vaccination\" (OR: 8.62; <i>p</i> = 0.003). Vaccine information sources such as the internet and media were associated with refusal of catch-up vaccination (OR: 0.47, <i>p</i> < 0.001; and OR: 0.13, <i>p</i> = 0.026, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite methodological limitations, such as the self-reported nature of the survey data, the study demonstrated the usefulness of local strategies aimed at vaccination catch-up, representing a valuable example of local public health practice and effectively contributing to improved vaccination coverage in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Donor Unrestricted T Cells (DURTs) in TB Host Defense: Implications for Novel TB Vaccine Development.","authors":"Dylan Kain, David Michael Lewinsohn, Deborah Anne Lewinsohn","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease-related death globally. Most TB vaccine strategies have focused on conventional CD4 T cell responses, but to date, these have failed to deliver durable sterilizing protection. Donor unrestricted T cells (DURTs), including CD1-restricted T cells, HLA-E-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted T cells and γδ T cells represent an attractive complementary target for future TB vaccine development. They recognize antigens through conserved, non-polymorphic restricting elements and are therefore broadly targetable across genetically diverse populations. They are also enriched at mucosal sites, have rapid effector and cytotoxic capacities and recognize conserved mycobacterial ligands. Emerging human and animal data support their participation in antimycobacterial immunity and suggest they can be shaped by BCG vaccination and other immunization strategies. Here, we review the evidence for DURT involvement in TB host defense, assess their strengths and current limitations as vaccine targets, and discuss how DURT-directed approaches may help to enable faster, broader, and more durable protection against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Public Health and Economic Impact of the Next-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA-1283 in The Netherlands.","authors":"Simon van der Pol, Ekkehard Beck, Tjalke Westra, Maarten Postma, Cornelis Boersma","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 remains a substantial public health challenge in the Netherlands. Next-generation COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1283, is approved in the European Union, with potential for higher relative vaccine efficacy compared with originally licensed COVID-19 vaccines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The potential public health and economic impact of mRNA-1283 in adults ≥ 60 years and high-risk adults aged 18-59 years was modeled versus no vaccination and originally licensed mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, adapting a published static Markov model with a 1-year time horizon. COVID-19 burden reflected two full post-pandemic seasons. Vaccine efficacy versus mRNA-1273 was based on pivotal phase 3 NextCOVE trial data; efficacy versus BNT162b2 was derived from an indirect treatment comparison. The economically justifiable price (EJP) of mRNA-1283 versus no vaccination and price premiums over existing vaccines were determined at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €50,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Without COVID-19 vaccination, an estimated 460,000 infections, 23,800 hospitalizations, and 5300 deaths would occur. With current coverage, mRNA-1283 was estimated to prevent 68,000 infections, 5400 hospitalizations, and 1200 deaths, saving 9667 QALYs and over €66.5 million in treatment costs. The EJP was €238 versus no vaccination. Compared with mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, mRNA-1283 was estimated to prevent additional burden (e.g., 1309 and 1679 hospitalizations, respectively) and was cost-effective at an incremental EJP of €62 versus mRNA-1273 and €80 versus BNT162b2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results support continued COVID-19 vaccination to mitigate the ongoing health and societal burden of SARS-CoV-2 in the Netherlands. The comparative analyses indicate that mRNA-1283 may be associated with substantial health benefits over originally licensed mRNA vaccines; consequently, its use may further improve health outcomes and economic efficiency within COVID-19 vaccination programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Vaccination in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Gabija Matuzaitė, Diana Ramašauskaitė","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective:</i> Influenza and pertussis vaccines are recommended during pregnancy; however, uptake remains insufficient in many European countries, increasing the risk of preventable infections. Recent recommendations for maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccination have been endorsed by scientific societies. This study evaluated maternal vaccination coverage, knowledge, attitudes, and factors influencing vaccine uptake among Lithuanian women. <i>Methods:</i> A retrospective cross-sectional online survey was conducted between 4 and 14 November 2025 in Lithuania among women aged 18-55 years with at least one previous pregnancy. The questionnaire contained 29 questions on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, vaccination history, attitudes, and informational sources influencing decisions. Internal reliability was confirmed (Cronbach's α = 0.83). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using the Chi-square test or exact tests (Fisher's exact or Fisher-Freeman-Halton). Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with self-reported vaccination uptake and the relationship between influenza and pertussis vaccination. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. <i>Results</i>: A total of 241 women participated. Self-reported vaccination coverage during pregnancy was 28.7% for influenza, 43.8% for tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis, and 4.2% for respiratory syncytial virus. Physician's recommendation was the strongest predictor: women advised to vaccinate were 17.0 times more likely to receive influenza, 16.5 times more likely to receive pertussis, while RSV vaccination occurred almost exclusively among women who reported receiving a physician's recommendation. Higher uptake was associated with younger maternal age and university education. Reasons for declining vaccination were avoidance of medical interventions and concerns about safety or side effects. <i>Conclusions</i>: Maternal vaccination coverage in Lithuania remains low despite public funding and national recommendations. Strengthening provider communication, improving information strategies, and integrating vaccination counseling into routine antenatal care may increase uptake and enhance maternal and neonatal protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV Prevention Strategies in 2024: An Approach by the University of Milan.","authors":"Pier Mario Perrone, Ilaria Casolaro, Serena Pescuma, Ilaria Bruno, Martina Cappellina, Enrico Lupo Maria Caprara, Giovanni Cicconi, Andrea Cinnirella, Alessandro De Monte, Francesca Maria Grosso, Elvira Pantó, Andrea Pedot, Enrico Pigozzi, Simona Scarioni, Sudwaric Sharma, Catia Rosanna Borriello, Fabrizio Pregliasco, Silvana Castaldi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major concern in public health, given its role as a persistent sexually transmitted infection and a causative agent of non-cancerous and cancerous lesions (neoplasms). The increasing infection rates observed in recent years underscore the need for effective public health measures to address this issue. The objective of this study is to describe the challenges and the results of conducting vaccination campaigns within a university setting and its impact on the HPV vaccination rate. <b>Methods</b>: A multifaceted approach was adopted, entailing the implementation of two distinct interventions. Following the promotional and educational online campaign (described elsewhere), vaccination delivery took place from November 2024 to July 2025 in the university campus and in three university hospitals in Milan. Overall and covariate-specific drop-out rate is calculated; significance is tested through a chi-square test of homogeneity between the population that completed less than three doses vs. those who completed the full cycle. Overall and vaccine-specific vaccination proportion is reported. Results: The vaccination rate for first doses reached 92% of available appointments, with a slight female majority (50.9%) and the 23-26 age as the most represented group (47%). The most represented nationality was Italian (58.4%), followed by Iranian (26.5%). Regarding the vaccination sites, the university venue recorded the highest rates in terms of both vaccines booked (56.4%) and vaccines administered (64.7%). With a net loss in follow up, consistent with WHO data, the three-dose HPV vaccination campaign was completed by 82.5% of participants. A chi-squared test of homogeneity revealed significant differences in age distribution between vaccination groups, χ² (3) = 347.78, <i>p</i> < 0.001, Cramér's V = 0.457. Participants who received only one dose were predominantly younger (17-22 years: 71.1% vs. 19.0%, difference = 52.1 percentage points, 95% CI [46.6, 57.7]). Meanwhile, a catch-up strategy raised interest on other crucial vaccinations. <b>Conclusions</b>: The findings pertaining to the vaccination rate underscore the heightened awareness among young adults concerning the HPV vaccine. They further substantiate the efficacy of the integrated strategy encompassing advisory and educational site-based campaigns as an initial measure to attain the WHO-endorsed vaccination rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Antigen Protein Vaccine Confers Protection in a Murine Model Against Intranasal <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Challenge.","authors":"Nouria Belkacem, Ala-Eddine Deghmane, Muhamed-Kheir Taha","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Non-typeable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (NTHi) is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections and chronic airway disease, despite its clinical importance, no licensed vaccine is available, largely due to the extensive genetic and antigenic diversity among circulating isolates. We previously identified conserved outer membrane proteins capable of inducing systemic protection against NTHi. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we evaluated whether a multi-antigen protein vaccine composed of conserved NTHi antigens (P5 and P26) could protect against pulmonary infection. Transgenic mice expressing human transferrin and factor H were immunized via the intraperitoneal or intranasal route and challenged intranasally with a clinical NTHi isolate. Bacterial clearance, antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses, and recruitment of innate immune cells to the airways were assessed. <b>Results:</b> Both immunization routes significantly reduced bacterial loads compared with controls. Vaccination induced robust mucosal and systemic IgG and IgA responses and enhanced early recruitment of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils to the airways. Intranasal immunization elicited strong mucosal antibody responses and was associated with improved local bacterial clearance. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings demonstrate that multi-antigen vaccines targeting conserved NTHi proteins can elicit effective mucosal and systemic immunity and represent promising candidates for the prevention against NTHi respiratory infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taiwan's Strategy Toward Measles Elimination.","authors":"Fu-Tien Lin, Chin-Hui Yang, Wen-Yueh Cheng, Jean-Yun Chang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sustaining measles elimination in the post-elimination era presents increasing challenges due to global resurgence and waning vaccine-induced immunity. We aimed to evaluate epidemiological trends, vaccination strategies, and population immunity associated with achieving and maintaining measles elimination in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a comprehensive analysis of national surveillance data from 1991 to 2024, including case notifications, viral genotypes, vaccination coverage rates, and surveillance performance indicators. Three population-based seroprevalence surveys conducted between 2002 and 2020 were reviewed to assess age-specific immunity. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize long-term epidemiological and immunological trends.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1993 to 2024, the annual number of measles cases remained consistently below 50, except in 2019. Vaccination coverage for both MMR1 and MMR2 has exceeded 95% since 1998, with MMR1 coverage remaining above 97% between 2009 and 2024. Genotyping evidence confirms the interruption of endemic transmission since 2006; furthermore, as of 2024, no continuous chains of transmission lasting longer than 12 months have been recorded. National seroprevalence surveys monitoring measles-specific IgG antibodies revealed declining antibody levels among adolescents and young adults, with seropositivity as low as 36.7% in specific cohorts. Despite this, transmission following importations has remained limited, with minimal secondary spread.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taiwan has successfully sustained measles elimination through high vaccination coverage, robust surveillance, and targeted interventions. Although serological evidence indicates waning immunity, epidemiological data suggest preserved population-level protection, likely mediated by immunological memory. Targeted booster strategies for high-risk groups may be more appropriate than universal additional dosing in post-elimination settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The University of Salerno's Model for Seasonal Influenza Vaccinations in the Workplace.","authors":"Francesco De Caro, Nadia Pecoraro, Francesca Malatesta, Simona Caruccio, Federico Della Rocca, Alessandra Mea, Matteo Tomeo, Raffaele De Caro, Giuseppina Cersosimo, Arcangelo Saggese Tozzi, Anna Luisa Caiazzo, Giovanni Boccia, Emanuela Santoro, Mario Capunzo, Giuseppina Moccia","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: During the flu season, there is an increase in absenteeism due to illness, a drop in productivity, and a greater risk of the virus spreading among workers. Thus, the Italian Ministry of Health recommends vaccination for essential service workers. The University of Salerno, in collaboration with the local health authority of Salerno, offers free vaccination to its employees. <b>Methods</b>: A public health methodology for seasonal influenza vaccination in the workplace is presented-specifically in the university setting-with the aim of identifying individual, contextual, and organizational elements of the model that have promoted vaccination uptake. An ad hoc questionnaire was used (October-December 2025) to survey 399 academic employees, investigating seasonal influenza vaccination in the following aspects: recent personal experiences, motivations, vaccination experiences at university, sources of information, considerations regarding national and local vaccination campaigns, and level of vaccine confidence (VCI). <b>Results</b>: Seasonal influenza vaccination at the University is appreciated for its compatibility with working hours (66.1%), the availability of a platform that allows flexible booking (56.9%), the perception of safety in the environment (31.6%), the fact that the vaccine is free (17.4%), and the involvement of office/laboratory colleagues (5%). Participants appreciate the model and would apply it to other vaccinations at the University and in other institutional settings. A significant relationship (F = 7.24; df = 1; <i>p</i> < 0.05) exists between confidence in the vaccine and the sense of security experienced when receiving the vaccine in the workplace. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS v.28 software. <b>Conclusions</b>: The model proposed can be applied to other institutional contexts, simplifying and facilitating access to vaccines by implementing vaccination campaigns tailored to specific work environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiota and Uraemic Toxins in Vaccine Responsiveness Among People Receiving Maintenance Haemodialysis.","authors":"Erin Vaughan, Alexander Gilbert, Bree Shi, Griffith B Perkins, Huiling Wu, Steve Chadban","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Patients with kidney failure requiring dialysis experience a high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, and vaccine hypo-responsiveness is a key contributor. Uraemic toxins and gut dysbiosis are potential causes of hypo-responsiveness. <b>Aim</b>: This study aimed to determine whether uraemic toxin concentrations or gut dysbiosis are associated with vaccine response in haemodialysis patients. <b>Methods</b>: This was a single centre, observational cohort study of maintenance dialysis patients receiving a conventional 2-dose primary COVID-19 vaccination course. Demographic, clinical and vaccination data were collected from the eMR. Vaccine response (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay), serum uraemic toxin concentrations (indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulphate, and trimethylamine N-oxide by liquid chromatography), and stool microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were measured 8 weeks after the second dose of vaccine. <b>Results</b>: Forty participants (43% female, mean age 66 years; 59% Caucasian) were included, 70% of whom were classified as a vaccine responder. Antibiotic exposure, prednisolone use and lymphopenia were significantly associated with hypo-responsiveness. Microbiome profiling identified differences in beta diversity between responders and non-responders, positively correlated with short-chain fatty acid producers (<i>Parabacteriodes</i>) and negatively with pathobionts (<i>Escherichia</i>/<i>Shigella</i>). Differential abundance analysis identified lower levels of <i>Tyzzerella</i>, <i>Gemmiger</i>, and <i>Hungatella</i> and higher levels of <i>Turicibacter</i> in vaccine responders. Total uraemic toxin burden and individual toxin concentrations did not differ between responders and hypo-responders (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). Stratification by low versus high/very high toxin burden groupings was not associated with response (<i>p</i> > 0.99). <b>Conclusions</b>: Differences in gut microbial composition were observed between vaccine responder groups, while uraemic toxin concentrations were not associated with vaccine responsiveness. These findings suggest gut microbiota composition may contribute to vaccine hypo-responsiveness in individuals receiving dialysis and warrant further investigation in larger mechanistic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review of Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults.","authors":"Matias Edgardo Manzotti, Agustin Bengolea, Hebe Vazquez","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14040360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Influenza remains a primary cause of severe illness and death in adults over 60. In this group, immunosenescence and existing health conditions make infections more dangerous and traditional vaccines less effective. The MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was specifically designed to overcome these limitations by enhancing the body's immune activation and antigen presentation. While the vaccine shows clear benefits, some recent concerns regarding vaccine safety have been raised without supporting scientific evidence. Therefore, this systematic review focuses on providing a comprehensive evaluation of its safety outcomes compared to standard vaccines. <b>Methods</b>: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted; two researchers independently assessed the eligibility of the studies, and the risk of bias was assessed using RoB2 and ROBINS tools for randomized clinical trials and observational studies, respectively. Pooled risk estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. <b>Results</b>: Ten RCTs and three non-RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. No significant differences were found for severe systemic outcomes: Guillain-Barré syndrome (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.64-1.80) and encephalitis (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.85-1.78). For other systemic adverse effects, there were no significant differences between adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines; only myalgia showed a small but significant increase with adjuvanted vaccines (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.78) compared with non-adjuvanted vaccines. <b>Conclusions</b>: MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines have a favorable and well-characterized safety profile in adults aged 60 years and older. Adverse events are predominantly mild and transient, with no evidence of increased risk of serious or immune-mediated outcomes compared with non-adjuvanted vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}