Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Memory Cells in Infection and Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications.","authors":"Shilpi Giri, Lalit Batra","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020205","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memory cells are central to the adaptive immune system's ability to remember and respond effectively to previously encountered pathogens. While memory cells provide robust protection against infections, they can also contribute to autoimmunity when regulation fails. Here, we review the roles of memory T and B cells in infection and autoimmunity, focusing on their differentiation, activation, effector functions, and underlying regulatory mechanisms. We elaborate on the precise mechanisms by which memory cells contribute to autoimmune diseases, highlighting insights from current research on how pathogenic memory responses are formed and sustained in autoimmunity. Finally, we explore potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating memory cells to prevent or treat autoimmune disorders, including B cell-depleting therapies (e.g., Rituximab), T cell-targeting agents (e.g., Abatacept), and cytokine inhibitors (e.g., IL-17 or IL-23 blockers) that are currently used in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine Protects Chickens from Distinct Clades of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes H5N1 and H5N8.","authors":"Walid H Kilany, Marwa Safwat, Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen, Islam Hisham, Yasmine Moussa, Ahmed Ali, Magdy F Elkady","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020204","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype remains a significant menace to both the poultry industry and human public health. Biosecurity and mass vaccination of susceptible commercial poultry flocks are crucial to reduce the devastating economic loss and hinder the evolution of the virus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we developed a multivalent avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine, including strains representing the HPAI 2.2.1.1., 2.2.1.2., and 2.3.4.4b clades circulating in Egypt and the Middle East. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) two-week-old chickens were vaccinated with a single vaccine shot and observed for four weeks post-vaccination before being challenged. The challenge experiment involved using one strain of HPAI H5N1 subtype clade 2.2.1.2 and two strains of HPAI H5N8 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b derived from chickens and ducks. To assess the vaccine's potency and efficacy, the pre-challenge humoral immune response and post-challenge survival and virus shedding were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> All the vaccinated birds exhibited 100% seroconversion 2 weeks post-vaccination (2 WPV). In addition, protective antibody titers against each diagnostic antigen, i.e., 7.8 ± 1.8 (H5N1, clade 2.2.1.2), 10.0 ± 0.0 (H5N1, clade 2.2.1.1), and 7.5 ± 0.9 (H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b) were detected 3 WPV. The vaccination achieved complete protection (100%) against all challenge viruses with no disease symptoms. The vaccinated birds exhibited a statistically significant reduction in oropharyngeal virus shedding 2 days post-challenge (DPC).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study illustrated that a single application of a multivalent genetic-matching whole AIV vaccine under laboratory conditions elicits adequate protection against the HPAI challenge, representing 2.2.1.2 and 2.3.4.4b clades. The developed vaccine has the potential to be a vaccine of choice against a broad range of HPAI in commercial flocks raised under field conditions in endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mRNA Galsomes Vaccine Protects Budgerigars Against Virulent <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> Challenge.","authors":"Anne De Meyst, Joeri Van Mieghem, Koen Chiers, Koen Raemdonck, Rein Verbeke, Ine Lentacker, Daisy Vanrompay","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020206","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong><i>Chlamydia (C.) psittaci</i> is an avian respiratory pathogen that regularly infects budgerigars (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>) and is a known zoonosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), either with (mRNA Galsomes) or without (mRNA LNPs) the glycolipid antigen α-Galactosylceramide, in protecting budgerigars against <i>C. psittaci</i> genotype A infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three groups of eight budgerigars received two intramuscular vaccinations with PBS, mRNA LNPs or mRNA Galsomes, and were subsequently challenged via aerosol with the <i>C. psittaci</i> genotype A strain 90/1051. Vaccine efficacy was assessed over 14 days post challenge by monitoring clinical signs, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, pathogen excretion and chlamydial burden in organs. Antibody levels were evaluated at baseline, after vaccination and post challenge.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both mRNA LNPs and mRNA Galsomes induced significant serum antibody responses post booster. Vaccination significantly reduced clinical signs, chlamydial burden in the lungs and macroscopic lesions in conjunctiva, conchae, lungs and thoracic airsacs, compared to controls. Additionally, mRNA Galsomes-treated birds showed a significantly reduced lung inflammation and fewer macroscopic lesions in abdominal airsacs and liver, compared to non-vaccinated animals. These animals also experienced a significantly lower chlamydial burden in the spleen, fewer clinical signs at day 11 and fewer fecal shedding at day 14 post challenge, compared to mRNA LNP-treated animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that mRNA vaccination confers partial protection against <i>C. psittaci</i> in budgerigars, with mRNA Galsomes appearing to provide enhanced efficacy. However, the absence of species-specific reagents for assessing cellular immunity in <i>Psittaciformes</i> limits a comprehensive understanding of vaccine-induced protection. The development of psittacine-specific T cell markers and cytokine assays is necessary to further elucidate immune mechanisms and optimize vaccine formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outer Membrane Proteins as Vaccine Targets Against <i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> in Piglets.","authors":"Kara L Aves, Ana H Fresno, Sajid Nisar, Mauro M Saraiva, Nicole B Goecke, Adam F Sander, Morten A Nielsen, John E Olsen, Priscila R Guerra","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020207","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> (LI) is the agent of proliferative enteropathy in swine, a common disease that affects pigs for up to eight weeks after weaning.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of two novel subunit vaccines targeting outer membrane proteins on LI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The two vaccines included OMP2c.cVLP, where the OMP2c antigen was anchored on the surface of capsid virus-like particles (cVLP); and MBP.INVASc, where antigens were anchored to an MBP fusion protein. Groups of six mice, as proof of concept, and six piglets were immunized with either OMP2c.cVLP, MBP.INVASc., or PBS as a control using a prime-boost regime.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both OMP2c.cVLP and MBP.INVASc subunit vaccines induced strong antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA responses. There were no significant differences in weight gain among the groups. Mild-to-moderate clinical signs of LI infection were observed, but vaccinated groups showed lower inflammatory scores and fewer animals tested positive for bacteria by immunohistochemistry. Although neither vaccine completely prevented clinical signs of LI infection, both effectively reduced inflammation and lowered the pathogen load, thereby mitigating the severity of the disease, particularly the MBP.INVASc vaccine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that both vaccines have the potential for further development and optimization to enhance their protective efficacy against LI infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and Challenges in <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Vaccine Development: Immunological Insights and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Kavi R Miryala, Banikalyan Swain","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020202","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> presents a significant threat to global aquaculture due to its ability to infect freshwater and marine fish species, leading to substantial economic losses. Effective mitigation methods are essential to address these challenges. Vaccination has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce <i>A. hydrophila</i> infections; however, it faces several obstacles, including variability in immune responses, pathogen diversity, and environmental factors affecting vaccine efficacy. To enhance vaccine performance, researchers focus on adjuvants to boost immune responses and develop multivalent vaccines targeting multiple <i>A. hydrophila</i> strains. Tailoring vaccines to specific environmental conditions and optimizing vaccination schedules can further address the challenges posed by pathogen diversity and variable immune responses. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the immunological hurdles associated with <i>A. hydrophila</i> vaccine development. Current vaccine types-live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant, and DNA-exhibit diverse mechanisms for stimulating innate and adaptive immunity, with varying levels of success. Key focus areas include the potential of advanced adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery systems to overcome existing barriers. The review also highlights the importance of understanding host-pathogen interactions in guiding the development of more targeted and effective immune responses in fish. Complementary approaches, such as immunostimulants, probiotics, and plant-based extracts, are explored as adjuncts to vaccination in aquaculture health management. Despite notable progress, challenges remain in translating laboratory innovations into scalable, cost-effective solutions for aquaculture. Future directions emphasize the integration of advanced genomic and proteomic tools to identify novel antigen candidates and the need for industry-wide collaborations to standardize vaccine production and delivery. Addressing these challenges can unlock the potential of innovative vaccine technologies to safeguard fish health and promote sustainable aquaculture practices globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Vulnerability of Splenectomized Patients to Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Massimo Giotta, Andrea Martinelli, Maria Grazia Giurgola, Giulia Del Matto, Elita Mastrovito, Maria Tina Fedele, Giuseppe Manca, Salvatore Minniti, Maurizio De Nuccio, Vincenzo Gigantelli, Silvio Tafuri, Stefano Termite","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020203","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Splenectomized/asplenic individuals are at a heightened risk for severe infections due to compromised immune function. However, the impact of splenectomy/asplenia on COVID-19 outcomes remains underexplored. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between splenectomy/asplenia and severe COVID-19 outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases including Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Knowledge were searched for relevant articles published between January 2020 and June 2024. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for severe COVID-19 outcomes, with a random-effects model being used to account for heterogeneity. Out of 749 identified studies, 4 met the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between splenectomy/asplenia and overall severe COVID-19 outcomes (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06-3.47). Specifically, splenectomy/asplenia was significantly associated with increased COVID-19-related hospitalization (OR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.21-3.49), while the association with COVID-19-related death was not statistically significant (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 0.78-2.99). COVID-19 vaccination is strongly recommended for these patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Splenectomy/asplenia significantly increases the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, particularly hospitalization. The findings underscore the need for vigilant clinical management and targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. Further research is warranted to fully understand the risks and to develop effective guidelines for the protection of splenectomized individuals against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Past, Present, and Future of Cervical Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Alexander C Lien, Grace S Johnson, Tianyun Guan, Caitlin P Burns, Jacob M Parker, Lijun Dong, Mark R Wakefield, Yujiang Fang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020201","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the introduction of prophylactic HPV vaccines, both HPV infection rates and cervical cancer rates have subsequently dropped. Yet, cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer diagnosis in women globally. As HPV and its role in the development of cervical cancer become better understood, vaccines have emerged as a front runner for improved therapeutic cervical cancer treatment. Recent studies have shown that protein and DNA vaccines may be effectively delivered via the use of several different vectors, while combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors provides even more effective treatment. Further investigation and additional clinical studies into specific vaccine strategies are necessary to determine how effective vaccines are as therapeutic treatment for cervical cancer. This review intends to summarize some of the most promising research on cervical cancer vaccines. Such a study may be helpful for gynecologists to prevent and manage patients with HPV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achievement and Challenges in Orthohantavirus Vaccines.","authors":"Shiqi Chai, Limei Wang, Hong Du, Hong Jiang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020198","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthohantaviruses (also known as hantaviruses) are pathogens that cause two distinct, yet related forms of severe human disease: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). These diseases pose a significant threat to global public health due to their high case fatality rates, which can range from 1% to 50%. In recent years, an increasing number of countries and regions have reported human cases, underscoring the urgent need for improved understanding, prevention, and treatment strategies. Given the severity of these diseases and the lack of specific post-exposure antiviral treatments, preventive measures are critical. For several decades, substantial efforts have been dedicated to developing orthohantavirus vaccines, leading to significant advancements. The first large-scale deployment involved inactivated vaccines, which played a crucial role in reducing HFRS incidence in South Korea and China. Subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines have also been extensively researched. Nucleic acid vaccines, including both mRNA and DNA vaccines, hold the greatest potential for future development due to their rapid design and production cycles, ability to elicit robust immune responses, ease of storage and transportation, and adaptable production platforms. Ongoing advancements in computer technology and artificial intelligence promise to further enhance the development of more effective orthohantavirus vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porvac^® Subunit Vaccine Protects Against Three Field Isolates of Classical Swine Fever Virus.","authors":"Yusmel Sordo-Puga, María Pilar Rodríguez-Moltó, Danny Pérez-Pérez, Paula Naranjo-Valdés, Talía Sardina-González, Mary Karla Méndez-Orta, Elaine Santana-Rodríguez, Milagros Vargas-Hernández, Carmen Laura Perera, Carlos A Duarte, Marisela Suárez-Pedroso","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020196","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The control of classical swine fever (CSF) in endemic areas has been attempted with modified live vaccines. However, in some regions, the implementation of imperfect vaccination programs has led to a reduction in the genetic diversity of the circulating CSF virus (CSFV) strains and a change in their virulence. Porvac^® subunit vaccine has been shown to provide a rapid onset of protection against the \"Margarita\" strain. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the immune response induced by Porvac^® is also effective against autochthonous CSFV isolates of low, medium or high virulence. All pigs vaccinated with Porvac^® were protected against the disease after challenge. PR-11/10-3 isolate caused a very mild disease in controls, whilst Holguin_2009 isolate produced mild to moderate signs of CSF and one of the pigs died. Finally, controls inoculated with PR-2016 isolate developed moderate to severe signs of CSF and two of them died. Viral replication was detected in controls, but not in pigs immunized with Porvac^®. Finally, anti-E^rns antibodies were induced in five out of six control pigs but not in any of the vaccinated pigs. These results support the use of Porvac^® for the control and elimination of CSF in Cuba and other endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Pertussis in Older Children Underestimated in the Whole-Cell Vaccine Era: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study.","authors":"Qian-Qian Du, Qing-Hong Meng, Wei Shi, Kai-Hu Yao","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020200","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>China was once a country with a high incidence of pertussis, with reported incidence rates exceeding 100 per 100,000 before the introduction of the pertussis vaccine. After the widespread implementation of the pertussis vaccination program, reported cases of pertussis significantly decreased. This study aimed to investigate the serological prevalence of pertussis among school-age children during the administration of the whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We selected a representative random sample from different schools, with the inclusion criteria being school-age children without clinical symptoms of pertussis. A total of 368 frozen serum samples were obtained from children aged 6-<18 years at various schools in Guizhou in November 2005 and subsequently analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The positive rate of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies (>62.5 IU/mL) were 4.9% (16/368) among school-age children. The positive rates of anti-PT IgG antibodies were 3.3%, 3.8%, 4.0%, 3.3%, and 10.8% in children aged 6-<8 y, 8-<10 y, 10-<12 y, 12-<14 y, and 14-<18 y, respectively. The increase in PT-IgG antibody levels among older children was likely due to pertussis infection in these school-age children. The positive rate of anti-PT IgG varied between different schools. The pertussis antibody levels of adolescents aged 14-<18 y were significantly higher than those of school-age children in the younger age group (6-<8 y and 8-<10 y) (<i>p</i> = 0.0097 and <i>p</i> = 0.0007, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>During the era of wP vaccine use, pertussis infections were common among school-age children, particularly in adolescents, with potential unrecognized localized or school-based outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}