Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Circulating Antibodies Against Common Cold Coronaviruses Do Not Interfere with Immune Responses to Primary or Booster SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines.","authors":"Bindu Adhikari, Eugene M Oltz, Richard J Gumina, Maryssa K Kick, Linda J Saif, Anastasia N Vlasova","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-existing cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) against common cold coronaviruses (CCCoVs) have been hypothesized to influence the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced Ab responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum samples from healthy healthcare workers (HCWs, n = 64) receiving mRNA vaccines were collected at seven time points: pre-COVID-19-vaccination (Pre), post-first dose (Vax1), post-second dose (Vax2), and 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-months post-Vax2. Booster vaccine doses (n = 23) were received 1-80 days prior to the 9 m sample collection time point. We used peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure SARS-CoV-2/CCCoV-specific IgG/IgA/IgM and SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 (associated with immune tolerance) Ab levels in the HCW serum samples. Additionally, we measured Epstein-Barr/influenza A (unrelated pathogens) virus-specific IgG Ab levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that vaccination significantly increased SARS-CoV-2 IgG Ab levels at the Vax1 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0001) and Vax2 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0001) time points compared to Pre-Vax. These Ab levels declined at 6 months post-vaccination but increased again following the booster vaccine dose around the 9-month post-Vax2 time point in a cohort (n = 23) of the HCWs. However, this increase was modest compared to those induced by the primary vaccine series. Interestingly, a moderate but continuous increase in SARS-CoV-2 S IgG4 Ab levels was observed throughout this study, becoming statistically significant by the 15-month time point (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Further, a significant increase in CCCoV IgG (but not IgA/IgM) Ab levels was observed at the Vax1 time point, suggestive of cross-reactive or non-specific immune responses. Finally, we observed no negative correlation between the levels of pre-existing CCCoV-specific Abs and the vaccine-induced Ab response (Vax1/Vax2).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pre-existing CCCoV Abs do not interfere with the development of vaccine-induced immunity. However, vaccine-associated Abs wane over time, which may be associated with the increasing IgG4 Ab response.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Mpox and Other Poxvirus Infections: Clinical Insights and Emerging Therapeutic and Preventive Strategies.","authors":"Yuan Zong, Yaru Zou, Mingming Yang, Jing Zhang, Zizhen Ye, Jiaxin Deng, Kyoko Ohno-Matsui, Koju Kamoi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poxvirus infections, particularly those caused by the monkeypox virus, have emerged as significant public health threats. Ocular manifestations constitute a severe potential clinical complication associated with these infections, potentially resulting in permanent visual impairment in afflicted patients. This review aimed to examine the clinical spectrum of ocular manifestations associated with mpox and other poxvirus infections and to evaluate current management strategies alongside emerging therapeutic interventions and prevention strategies. A comprehensive literature search was performed across major databases to identify studies reporting ocular involvement in poxviral infections. Ocular involvement in poxviral infections ranges from mild conjunctivitis and eyelid lesions to severe keratitis with potential vision loss. Mpox-related ocular manifestations are more prevalent in unvaccinated and immunocompromised individuals. Although early antiviral intervention and supportive care are critical, clinical outcomes vary considerably across viral clades. Emerging evidence indicates that tecovirimat may reduce lesion severity, although its impact on accelerating recovery remains limited. Moreover, vaccine strategies, particularly the MVA-BN (JYNNEOS) vaccine, appear to decrease ocular complications, despite regional disparities in access and implementation. Ocular complications pose a significant clinical challenge in mpox and related poxviral infections. This review highlights the need for early diagnosis and integrated treatment approaches that combine antiviral therapy, supportive care, and targeted vaccination. Further research is essential to refine treatment protocols and assess the long-term outcomes in diverse patient populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modified Variant of <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> FhSAP-2 (mFhSAP-2) as a Recombinant Vaccine Candidate Induces High-Avidity IgG2c Antibodies and Enhances T Cell Activation in C57BL/6 Mice.","authors":"Riseilly Ramos-Nieves, Albersy Armina-Rodriguez, Maria Del Mar Figueroa-Gispert, Ghalib Figueroa-Quiñones, Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé, Ana M Espino","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>In the past, FhSAP-2, an 11.5 kDa recombinant protein belonging to the <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> saposin-like/NK-lysin family, has been shown to induce over 60% partial protection in immunized rabbits and mice when challenged with <i>F. hepatica</i> metacercariae. However, despite FhSAP-2 being a promising vaccine candidate, its hydrophobic nature has made its purification a challenging process. The present study aimed to determine whether a modified 9.8 kDa variant of protein (mFhSAP-2), lacking a string of 16 hydrophobic amino acids at the amino terminus and a dominant Th1 epitope, could retain its immunogenic and Th1-inducing properties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mFhSAP-2, and TNFα levels were determined. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with mFhSAP-2 alone or emulsified with Montanide ISA50. Total anti-mFhSAP-2 IgG subtypes, along with their avidity and titers, were measured using ELISA. The T cell proliferation index and levels of CD4+/CD8+ and IFNγ/IL-4 ratios were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitro, mFhSAP-2 induced dose-dependent TNFα production in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, mice immunized with mFhSAP-2 or mFhSAP-2+ISA50 developed high-avidity IgG2a and IgG2c antibodies at levels that were significantly higher than IgG1 antibody levels. However, the mFhSAP-2+ISA50 formulation induced higher and more homogenous antibody titers than mFhSAP-2, suggesting that an adjuvant may be required to enhance mFhSAP-2 immunogenicity. Immunization with mFhSAP-2+ISA50 also induced significantly higher activated CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios and IFNγ/IL-4 ratios compared to naïve mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results demonstrate that mFhSAP-2 retained its immunogenicity and Th1-polarizing properties, which were enhanced by the Montanide ISA50 adjuvant. The present study highlights the feasibility of inducing Th1-associated immune responses in mice using mFhSAP-2 as an antigen. Further studies are required to assess the potential application of the mFhSAP-2+ISA50 formulation as a vaccine against <i>F. hepatica</i> in natural hosts such as cattle and sheep, which could contribute to improved control and aid in the prevention and eradication of <i>F. hepatica</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XBB.1.5 RBD-Based Bivalent Vaccines Induced Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Mice.","authors":"Jiawen Liu, Tiantian Wang, Hongying Ren, Ruixi Liu, Qian Wang, Jun Wu, Bo Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: The currently circulating variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits resistance to antibodies induced by vaccines. The World Health Organization recommended the use of monovalent XBB.1 sublineages (e.g., XBB.1.5) as an antigenic component in 2023. (2) Objective: In this study, we aimed to develop vaccines based on the XBB.1.5 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to combat the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 XBB and JN.1 variants, as well as previously circulating variants. (3) Methods: Glycoengineered <i>Pichia pastoris</i> was utilized to produce a recombinant XBB.1.5 RBD protein with mammalian-like and fucose-free N-glycosylation. The XBB.1.5 RBD was mixed with Al(OH)₃:CpG adjuvants to prepare monovalent vaccines. Thereafter, the XBB.1.5 RBD was mixed with the Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), or Omicron (BA.2) RBDs (1:1 ratio), along with Al(OH)₃:CpG, to prepare bivalent vaccines. BALB/c mice were immunized with the monovalent and bivalent vaccines. Neutralizing antibody titers were assessed via pseudovirus and authentic virus assays; humoral immune responses were analyzed by RBD-binding IgG subtypes. (4) Results: The monovalent vaccine induced higher neutralizing antibody titers against Delta, BA.2, XBB.1.5, and JN.1 compared to those in mice immunized solely with Al(OH)₃:CpG, as demonstrated by pseudovirus virus assays. The XBB.1.5/Delta RBD and XBB.1.5/Beta RBD-based bivalent vaccines provided potent protection against the BA.2, XBB.1.5, JN.1, and KP.2 variants, as well as the previously circulating Delta and Beta variants. All monovalent and bivalent vaccines induced high levels of RBD-binding IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) antibodies in mice, suggesting that they elicited robust humoral immune responses. The serum samples from mice immunized with the XBB.1.5 RBD-based and XBB.1.5/Delta RBD-based vaccines could neutralize the authentic XBB.1.16 virus. (5) Conclusions: The XBB.1.5/Beta and XBB.1.5/Delta RBD-based bivalent vaccines are considered as potential candidates for broad-spectrum vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Reversion to Virulence and Protective Efficacy in Pigs Receiving the Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Recombinant Vaccine Candidate FlagT4G.","authors":"Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Alyssa Valladares, Ayushi Rai, Leeanna Burton, Leandro Sastre, Ediane Silva, Guillermo R Risatti, Llilianne Ganges, Manuel V Borca","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Control of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in endemic countries relies on vaccination using live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Most of these LAVs do not allow for the differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals (DIVA) based on their serological response. FlagT4G vaccine is a novel candidate that confers robust protective immunity early after vaccination and shows DIVA capabilities. <b>Methods</b>: This report presents the characterization of FlagT4G virus in terms of the stability of its genomic and attenuated phenotypes assessed by a reversion to virulence protocol, as well as its protective efficacy by determining the minimal protective dose. <b>Results</b>: Results presented here demonstrate that after five consecutive passages in groups of 5-week-old susceptible domestic pigs, FlagT4G virus remains genetically stable, and its attenuated phenotype remains unaltered. In terms of efficacy, FlagT4G virus induced solid protection against the intranasal challenge with 10⁵ tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) of virulent field isolate Brescia virus, even with a vaccine dose as low as 10² TCID50. <b>Conclusions</b>: Results presented here indicate that the FlagT4G vaccine may be a useful tool for CSFV control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake in Adults Before and After Hospitalization for Pneumococcal Infections in Hong Kong, 2015 to 2024.","authors":"King-Pui Florence Chan, Ting-Fung Ma, James Chung-Man Ho, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Mary Sau-Man Ip, Pak-Leung Ho","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Vaccination is a key preventive measure against pneumococcal disease, but uptake rates remain low in high-risk populations. Limited information exists on pneumococcal vaccine uptake in individuals with a history of pneumococcal disease. This study aims to assess pneumococcal vaccine uptake and the factors associated with it in patients hospitalized for pneumococcal disease, before and after hospitalization, across time periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. <b>Methods</b>: Data for patients aged ≥18 years who were hospitalized for pneumococcal disease between 2015 and 2024 were extracted from the Hospital Authority's territory-wide electronic medical record database. The uptake of pneumococcal vaccines in subgroups aged 18-64 years and ≥65 years, with and without risk conditions, both before and after hospitalization for pneumococcal disease, was assessed, followed by multivariate analyses of the factors associated with vaccination uptake by logistic regression models. <b>Results</b>: This study included 5517 patients hospitalized for pneumococcal disease. Prior to hospitalization, the vaccination uptake among the eligible patients was 20.5%, with only 8.1% fully vaccinated, despite the majority (87.9%) having previous hospitalizations (subgroup medians 3-9 times) or outpatient clinic visits (subgroup median 61-107 times). After discharge, during a median follow-up of 1.85 years, almost all the eligible patients (98.4%) received subsequent inpatient (subgroup medians 3-4 times) and outpatient (subgroup medians 21-28 times) care, but only 32.2% of the eligible patients received the vaccine. Factors associated with increased vaccine uptake post-discharge included age ≥75 years (OR 1.6), ≥10 subsequent hospitalizations (OR 2.1), and ≥10 subsequent clinic visits (OR 55.9). Vaccination rates within 12 months post-discharge were significantly lower in the patients hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic (3.5%) compared to the baseline (11.6%) and post-COVID-19 (6.6%) periods. <b>Conclusions</b>: The uptake of the pneumococcal vaccine before hospitalization for pneumococcal disease was low and continued to be suboptimal post-discharge. Numerous vaccination opportunities were missed in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. These findings indicate a need to improve vaccination strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy Evaluation of a VR-2332-Based Modified Live Vaccine Against NADC30-like PRRSV in China.","authors":"Lixin Li, Xiaxia Tong, Jianhong Shu, Huapeng Feng, Yanping Quan, Yulong He","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is caused by PRRSV. Modified live vaccines (MLVs) are widely used to control PRRSV infection, but their efficacy against the emerging NADC30-like variant remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a VR-2332-based MLV against the NADC30-like PRRSV strain HNjz15. <b>Methods:</b> Forty piglets were randomized into a vaccination group (MLV group), negative control group (NC group), and sentinel group. MLV group piglets were immunized with a commercial MLV at 3 weeks of age and challenged with HNjz15 (10^6.6 TCID₅₀/mL) at 21 days post-immunization. Clinical symptoms, viral load, antibody responses, cytokine levels, and lung lesions were monitored for 14 days post-challenge. <b>Results:</b> Although fever and respiratory symptoms were more pronounced in the NC group pigs than those of the MLV group (average percent occurrence: 65.2% vs. 52.9%), there was no statistical difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05) in the occurrence of respiratory symptoms between the two groups from 5 dpc. Reduced weight gains (by 40-53%) were also observed in the MLV and NC groups compared with the sentinels. The MLV and NC groups exhibited severe lung lesions, while there was no marked difference in viral RNA loads in serum and tissue samples between the MLV and NC groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The MLV vaccine induced a significant high level of N protein-specific antibodies compared to the NC group. There was also no significant difference in IFN-γ or TNF-α response to the HNjz15 challenge in both groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> The VR-2332-based MLV does not provide adequate protection against challenge with the PRRSV-2 NADC30-like strain HNjz15.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent Low Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibody Titers in HIV/HCV Coinfection Despite HCV Cure: A 5-Year Longitudinal Analysis.","authors":"Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo, Víctor Sánchez-Merino, Rafael Amigot-Sánchez, Almudena Rubio-Pérez, Cristina Díez, Víctor Hontañón, Juan Berenguer, Juan González-García, Felipe García, Isidoro Martínez, Eloísa Yuste, Salvador Resino","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies (anti-HIV-nAbs) play a critical role in the immune defense against HIV by preventing viral entry and limiting replication. This study longitudinally evaluated the titers and variability of anti-HIV-nAbs in individuals coinfected with HIV and HCV. Samples were collected at three time points: before starting HCV treatment, one year after completion, and five years post-treatment. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 71 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved a sustained virologic response following antiviral therapy for HCV. A control group of 41 HIV-monoinfected individuals was also included. Anti-HIV-nAb titers were evaluated by HIV neutralization assays using a panel of six recombinant HIV viruses representing multiple genetic subtypes. Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Generalized Linear Models were used for statistical analysis. <i>p</i>-values were adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (<i>q</i>-value). <b>Results</b>: HIV-neutralizing antibody responses in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals remained stable over five years following HCV therapy without significant changes (<i>q</i>-value > 0.05). The mean neutralization scores remained stable, with baseline scores of 6.1 (95% CI: 5.4-6.7), 6.2 (95% CI: 5.5-6.8) at one year post-HCV therapy, and 6.0 (95% CI: 5.3-6.7) at five years post-HCV therapy. HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals consistently showed lower neutralization scores compared to the control group throughout the follow-up (<i>q</i>-value < 0.05). Regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, nadir CD4⁺, and baseline CD4⁺ counts confirmed that the observed differences between HIV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals persisted (<i>q</i>-value < 0.05) at both the baseline and after HCV therapy completion. <b>Conclusions</b>: Successful HCV eradication in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals did not normalize anti-HIV-nAb titers, which remained consistently lower than those in HIV-monoinfected controls over five years.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria Vaccines: Current Achievements and Path Forward.","authors":"Jiayan Chen, Qi Wang, Xiaomeng He, Bei Yang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria remains a significant global health challenge. Although the recent approval of the liver-stage vaccines RTS, S and R21 marks significant progress in malaria control, challenges remain in achieving long-lasting and broad protection. In this review, we provide an overview of the current landscape of malaria control, especially anti-malaria vaccine development. We first review the development of the RTS, S and R21 vaccines, highlighting their efficacy and limitations. We then examine other vaccines in development, including attenuated whole-sporozoite vaccines, as well as blood-stage-targeting vaccines and transmission-blocking vaccines targeting a variety of different immunogens. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies, such as mRNA-based platforms, nanoparticle delivery systems, and novel adjuvants, assessing their potential to enhance the efficacy and mitigate the waning immunity concerns of most malaria vaccines. We believe that the identification of novel immunogen candidates, together with continued innovation in vaccine design and delivery, will enable us to win the fight against malaria in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood Influenza Vaccination Is Not a Priority for Parents: A National, Cross-Sectional Survey of Barriers to Childhood Influenza Vaccination in Australia.","authors":"Maryke S Steffens, Jessica Kaufman, Katarzyna T Bolsewicz, Suzanna Vidmar, Maria Christou-Ergos, Majdi M Sabahelzain, Julie Leask, Justin Boxall, Frank Beard, Margie Danchin","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13050540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/objectives</b>: Influenza vaccines are recommended and free in Australia for children aged <5 years, but uptake remains low at 25.8% compared to the targets of 40% and 50%. National data on barriers hindering paediatric influenza vaccination can inform strategies to improve uptake. The aim of this study was to measure barriers to influenza vaccination in Australian children aged <5 years. <b>Methods</b>: A national, cross-sectional survey of parents of children aged <5 years was conducted in March/April 2024. Parents were recruited using an online panel and asked about their intention to get an influenza vaccine for their youngest child in the upcoming influenza season. An adapted version of the validated Vaccine Barriers Assessment Tool measured 14 influenza vaccination barriers. Analysis assessed the prevalence of barriers and differences between parents intending to and those unsure or not intending to vaccinate by calculating the prevalence difference and 95% confidence interval. <b>Results</b>: A total of 2000 parents were recruited nationally. The most common barrier was parents feeling distressed when thinking about vaccinating their child against influenza (66.1% of intending parents, 65.6% of unsure/not intending parents). The barrier with the largest difference between intending and not intending/unsure parents was not prioritising their child's influenza vaccination (47.2% vs. 6.1%, PD = 41.1 ppts, 95% CI: 35.9%, 46.3%). Other barriers with large differences were parents not feeling guilty if their unvaccinated child got influenza (41.5% vs. 7.5%, PD = 34.0 ppts, 95% CI: 28.8%, 39.1%) and parents not believing that influenza vaccines are effective (31.3% vs. 3.0%, PD = 28.2 ppts, 95% CI: 23.6%, 32.9%). <b>Conclusions</b>: Parents should be encouraged and supported to prioritise influenza vaccination alongside routine childhood vaccines in campaigns that emphasise disease risk and the importance, safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccination, and by optimising access to influenza vaccination. We recommend conducting similar surveys regularly to monitor trends in parental barriers to childhood influenza vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}