Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"VITT Pathophysiology: An Update.","authors":"Eleonora Petito, Paolo Gresele","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060650","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare thrombotic disorder first identified in 2021 as a catastrophic syndrome associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vector (AdV)-vaccine administration. It is characterized by the presence of oligo- or monoclonal anti-PF4 antibodies able to induce in vitro platelet activation in the presence of PF4. In addition to this immune-based pathomechanism, random splicing events of the Adv-vector DNA encoding for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein resulting in the secretion of soluble spike variants have been postulated as a possible pathophysiological mechanism. More recently, some novel clinical-pathological anti-PF4-associated entities also characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and VITT-like antibodies but independent from heparin or AdV-vaccine administration have been identified. To date, these VITT-like disorders have been reported following the administration of vaccines different from anti-SARS-CoV-2 AdV-vaccines, like human papillomavirus (HPV) and mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, following a bacterial or viral respiratory infection, and in patients with a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the knowledge on VITT pathogenesis, focusing on recent findings on anti-PF4 antibodies, on a possible genetic predisposition to VITT, on VITT-antibody intracellular activated pathways, on lipid metabolism alterations, and on new VITT-like disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI): A Legacy of 50 Years and the Road Ahead.","authors":"Imran Mirza, Ephrem Tekle Lemango, Ann Lindstrand","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060649","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout history, disease and epidemics have shaped human survival [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Vaccine Serotypes and Potential Cross-Reacting Non-Vaccine Serotypes.","authors":"Kevin Apodaca, Lindsay R Grant, Johnna Perdrizet, Derek Daigle, Gabriel Mircus, Bradford D Gessner","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060651","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical trials and serological studies have demonstrated that vaccine-induced antibodies can cross-react with some non-vaccine serotypes. However, there are limited longitudinal data on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on cross-reactive serotypes after implementation in immunization programs. This study examines the impact of PCVs on pneumococcal disease cases due to potential cross-reactive serotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven countries with serotyped invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) surveillance data that had introduced PCV10 or PCV13 were identified. The analysis focused on IPD cases due to serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13 (PCV10/13 VTs: 6B, 9V, 19F, 23F; PCV13 only VTs: 6A, 19A) and to vaccine-related serotypes (VRTs: 6C, 9N, 23A, 23B) that may be immunologically related to VTs in children under 5 years old. For each country, the number of IPD cases were charted over time according to serogroup.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following PCV introduction, reductions in VT IPD cases were observed in all countries, while some VRT IPD cases remained unchanged or increased. Serotype 19A cases declined in PCV13 countries but increased in countries that introduced PCV10. VRT 6C cases rose in PCV10 countries but showed minimal change in PCV13 countries. In PCV13 countries, 9N cases remained unchanged while 23A and 23B experienced modest increases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The inclusion of VT 19A in PCV13, but not in PCV10, may account for the significant increase in VRT 19A cases in PCV10 countries. The slight change in VRT 6C cases in PCV13 countries compared to the significant rise in PCV10 countries suggests that PCV13 provides cross-protection for serotype 6C through serotype 6A. Cross-protection could not be determined for other VRTs, as their cases increased or remained unchanged or had insufficient data for evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Protein-Protein Conjugate Induces Similar or Better Antibody Responses as Spike mRNA in Rhesus Macaques.","authors":"Puthupparampil V Scaria, Christopher G Rowe, Ivan Kosik, Zhe Hu, Jonathan P Renn, Nada Alani, Pinar Kemanli, Sachy Orr-Gonzalez, Lynn E Lambert, Kayode Adeyemi, Justin Y A Doritchamou, Emma K Barnafo, Kelly M Rausch, Liya Muslinkina, Robert D Morrison, John-Paul Todd, Dominic Esposito, Andrew Lees, Jonathan Yewdell, Patrick E Duffy","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060648","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Rapid development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 was pivotal to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergency also provided a rare opportunity to test novel vaccine platforms such as mRNA in large clinical trials. Most of the early vaccines used SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as the target antigen. Nevertheless, subsequent studies have shown that Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of Spike also can yield efficacious vaccines, and we previously demonstrated that chemical conjugation of RBD to a carrier protein, EcoCRM^®, enhanced antibody responses and induced strong virus neutralization activity in mice. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we compared the immunogenicity of this conjugate to that of an approved mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech in rhesus macaques over a period of nine months. <b>Results</b>: AS01-adjuvanted RBD conjugate induced a similar or better antibody response, receptor binding inhibition, and virus neutralization activity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, compared to mRNA. IgG subclass profiles induced by conjugate and mRNA vaccines were initially dominated by IgG1 and IgG3 then switched to IgG2 and IgG4 dominant profiles during the subsequent six-month period. Polyclonal immune sera from the conjugate and mRNA had similar antibody avidity at multiple time points. <b>Conclusions</b>: In summary, antibody responses in rhesus macaques induced by the RBD-EcoCRM conjugate and the Spike mRNA vaccine are very similar. These results demonstrate the potential for the RBD-EcoCRM conjugate as a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Promising Attenuated Rhabdovirus Vaccine Candidate Conferring Dual-Route Protection Against MSRV Disease in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>).","authors":"Xiaozhe Fu, Wenxian Li, Minghui Kong, Hongru Liang, Qiang Lin, Yinjie Niu, Xia Luo, Baofu Ma, Jin Zhou, Ningqiu Li","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060645","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Largemouth bass rhabdovirus (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i> rhabdovirus, MSRV) disease causes high mortality in largemouth bass farming. Therefore, vaccine development is critical for largemouth bass prevention against MSRV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An attenuated strain, denoted as MSRV-0509, was selected through intraperitoneal injection and immersion challenge assays, followed by plaque purification. The biological characteristics of MSRV-0509, including optimal inoculation dose, replication kinetics, thermostability, pH resistance, chloroform tolerance, and storage viability, were determined via viral titration. Spatiotemporal distribution patterns in largemouth bass post-intraperitoneal injection or immersion infection were quantified by qPCR. Immunoprotective efficacy was evaluated through intraperitoneal and immersion vaccination. Mechanistic insights were explored via relative qPCR and serum neutralization assays. Safety was assessed by single-dose overdose immunization and virulence reversion experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An attenuated strain MSRV-0509 was screened through a challenge assay, exhibiting complete avirulence in largemouth bass compared to the virulent strain SCRV-T6. MSRV-0509 demonstrated optimal replication at low MOI (0.0001) in CPB cells, with peak titers (10^8.3 TCID₅₀/mL) at 96 h post-infection. The virus showed susceptibility to high temperatures, lipid solvents and acidic conditions, with prolonged stable storage viability at -80 °C. Tissue distribution revealed the spleen as the primary target after intraperitoneal injection, while immersion restricted infection to gills, with rapid clearance by 3-6 dpi. Vaccination trials identified 5 × 10² TCID₅₀/fish via intraperitoneal injection and 10^6.0 TCID₅₀/mL via immersion as effective immunizing doses, providing 100% relative survival post-challenge. Immune gene expression and serum neutralization showed Th1 and Th2 activation via intraperitoneal injection (elevated IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-10, IgM), whereas only the Th1 response was activated after vaccine immersion. No abnormality and mortality were observed in single overdose vaccination and virulence reversion experiments, confirming that MSRV-0509 was safe.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results proved that MSRV-0509 could be a promising vaccine candidate to protect largemouth bass from MSRV disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Troubled Times, Changing Tides: A Seroprevalence Study on Meningococcal Immunity in France Between 2016 and 2024.","authors":"Samy Taha, Aude Terrade, Oumar Doucoure, Ala-Eddine Deghmane, Muhamed-Kheir Taha","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060647","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>In France, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to control COVID-19 led to a significant decline in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases. However, a rebound in cases, particularly for serogroups W and Y, was observed after the gradual lifting of NPIs, raising questions about an \"immunity gap\" due to reduced circulation of the bacteria. During the study period, vaccination against MenC was mandatory from 2018, and vaccination against MenB has been recommended since 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective seroepidemiological study using 166 normal sera collected between 2016 and 2024. Anti-<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> IgG levels were quantified by ELISA using purified capsular polysaccharides for serogroups B, C, W, Y, and X. Samples were categorized into three periods: pre-NPIs (n = 72), during NPIs (n = 33), and post-NPIs (n = 61). Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-parametric data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results show a significant decline in anti-serogroup B IgG antibody levels after the lifting of NPIs (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) in line with reduced circulation. Anti-serogroup C IgG antibody levels increased incrementally (<i>p</i> = 0.0003), particularly in those aged 1-4 years, likely reflecting a catch-up in anti-meningococcal C vaccination coverage. Anti-serogroup W IgG antibody levels remained stable, suggesting sustained circulation, but shifted to young children in the post-NPI period, potentially due to a genotypic shift. Anti-serogroup Y IgG antibody levels transiently increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) during the NPI period but then decreased back after their lifting. Anti-serogroup X IgG antibody levels remained stable, consistent with its low prevalence and the absence of targeted vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening National Regulatory Authorities in Africa: A Critical Step Towards Enhancing Local Manufacturing of Vaccines and Health Products.","authors":"Alemayehu Duga, Nebiyu Dereje, Mosoka Papa Fallah, Tedi Angasa, Abebe Genetu Bayih, Edinam Agbenu, Ngashi Ngongo, Raji Tajudeen, Jean Kaseya","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060646","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Benchmarking Tool (GBT) classifies regulatory systems into four maturity levels, with Maturity Level 3 (ML3) signifying a stable and effective regulatory environment. As of January 2025, eight African nations-Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe-have attained ML3 status, marking a significant milestone in the continent's regulatory landscape. Achieving ML3 confers critical benefits, including reducing substandard and falsified medicines, which enhances public health safety and fosters trust in healthcare systems. This progress encourages local manufacturing, diminishing reliance on imported medicines and promoting economic development. Furthermore, ML3 NRAs are better equipped to address public health emergencies, enabling swift approvals for vaccines and therapeutics while upholding safety standards. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including fragmented regulatory systems, the prevalence of counterfeit medicines, and limited resources. Overcoming these hurdles necessitates enhanced organizational capacity, investments in training, and the promotion of collaboration among NRAs. There is an urgent call for greater political commitment and resource allocation to strengthen regulatory systems across Africa. Achieving and maintaining ML3 status is essential for enhancing medicine regulation, supporting local manufacturing, and improving public health outcomes across the continent. While progress has been made, sustained efforts are crucial to tackling existing challenges and harnessing the full potential of advanced regulatory frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Simultaneous Vaccination with Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines Against Pneumococcal (13-Valent Vaccine) and Haemophilus Type B Infections in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Ekaterina Alexeeva, Tatyana Dvoryakovskaya, Dmitry Kudlay, Anna Fetisova, Ivan Kriulin, Elizaveta Krekhova, Anna Kabanova, Vladimir Labinov, Elizaveta Labinova, Mikhail Kostik","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060644","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060644","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;: The introduction of biological drugs into clinical practice for the treatment of children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) allows disease control but increases the risk of infectious events. Infectious events cause immunosuppressive therapy interruptions, leading to disease flare and life-threatening complications, namely macrophage activation syndrome. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination against pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children with sJIA. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: This study included 100 sJIA patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy who were simultaneously vaccinated against pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections. The mean age of disease onset was 5.5 years. The median age at vaccination was 10 ± 4.5 years. Clinical and laboratory parameters of sJIA activity, immunization efficacy, and safety, including anti-SP and anti-Hib IgG antibodies, as well as all vaccination-related adverse events (AEs), were recorded in every patient before, 3 weeks after, and 6 months after vaccination. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; At the time of vaccination, 29% of patients did not meet the criteria for the inactive disease stage, as defined by C. Wallace: active joints were present in 34.5% of patients, systemic manifestations (rash and/or fever) were present in 41.3%, and 24.2% of patients had solely inflammatory laboratory activity. The protective titer of anti-SP and anti-Hib IgG antibodies was detected in the majority of patients 3 weeks after vaccination (100% and 93%, respectively). The results remained unchanged (99% and 92%, respectively) for 6 months of follow-up, compared to the baseline (91% and 37%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.000001). Anti-SP IgG and anti-Hib titers raised from 48.3 (18.2; 76.5) and 0.64 (0.3; 3.2) U/mL at the baseline to 103.5 (47.3; 185.4) and 4 (3.5; 4.2) U/mL at D22 and 105 (48.7; 171.8) and 4 (3.8; 4) U/mL (EOS), respectively. Immunosuppressive therapy regimens (combined therapy or biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug monotherapy) did not influence the immunogenic efficacy of vaccination. The incidence of infectious complications (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0000001) and antibiotic prescriptions (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0000001) decreased by more than two times, to 29.9 and 13.8 events per 100 patient months, respectively, within 6 months after vaccination-the average duration of acute infectious events was reduced by five times after immunization (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0000001). Vaccination did not lead to disease flare: the number of patients with active joints decreased by half compared to the baseline, and the number of patients with systemic manifestations decreased by six times. All vaccine-associated adverse events were considered mild and resolved within 1-2 days. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: Simultaneous vaccination against pneumococcal and Hib infections in sJIA children is an effective and safe tool that reduces the number and duration of infecti","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of Pneumococcal Vaccines Co-Administered with Common Travel Vaccines in Adults: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Raziyeh Niyati, Omid Rezahosseini, Christina Ekenberg, Carsten Schade Larsen, Zitta Barrella Harboe","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060643","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Co-administration of vaccines can impact the immune response and safety. We aim to systematically review the current scientific literature and find evidence regarding the immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal vaccines co-administered with common vaccines that are recommended for travelers, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, yellow fever, tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap), Japanese encephalitis, rabies, typhoid, or meningococcal (MCV) vaccine in adults (18 years or older). <b>Methods:</b> We followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and used the PICOS process to select the keywords. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2024. We included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, observational studies, case series, and case reports in adults, all published in English. <b>Results:</b> Out of 598 articles screened, 6 studies were included in our study. Three studies involved immunocompetent individuals, and three involved immunocompromised individuals. Co-administration of pneumococcal vaccine with Tdap or Hepatitis A in immunocompetent individuals was safe and immunogenic. Similar findings were reported for immunocompromised individuals when pneumococcal vaccines were co-administered with Tdap, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B. However, no reports investigated the co-administration of yellow fever, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, and typhoid. Two non-randomized studies in immunocompromised individuals had a high risk of bias. <b>Conclusions:</b> The studies collectively indicate that the co-administration of pneumococcal vaccines with Hepatitis A and Tdap vaccines in adult immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals is safe and immunogenic. However, a knowledge gap remains, and further high-quality studies are needed, particularly due to the limited number of studies and the potential risk of bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Health Impact of Potential Infant MenACWY Vaccination Strategies in Spain.","authors":"Katharina Schley, Jamie Findlow, Carlos Molina, Shannon M Sullivan, Eszter Tichy","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060642","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The Spanish Interterritorial Council of the National Health System (a central government body) currently recommends vaccination against meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) at 4 and 12 months of age for prevention of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (a professional medical association) and numerous Spanish regional bodies instead recommend quadrivalent vaccination against serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) at 4 and 12 months of age. The central government and Spanish Association of Pediatrics also recommend MenACWY vaccination at 12 years of age. This study assessed the potential public health effects of replacing the MenC vaccination schedule with different MenACWY vaccination schedules in infants. <b>Methods:</b> Here, a static multi-cohort population model was used to evaluate potential effects on public health of IMD due to meningococcal serogroups C/W/Y, comparing MenC infant vaccination (reference strategy) against four different strategies including quadrivalent tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT; Nimenrix^®, Pfizer Europe MA EEIG, Brussels, Belgium) infant vaccination; all strategies included MenACWY-TT vaccination at 12 years of age. <b>Results:</b> The most effective strategy for infant vaccination was MenACWY-TT at 2, 4, and 12 months, preventing an estimated additional 103 IMD cases, 17 deaths, and 41 cases with long-term sequelae (LTS) versus the reference strategy in the base-case IMD incidence scenario. When strategies included a two-dose infant schedule, the earlier the infant MenACWY-TT vaccine was administered, the more additional cases, deaths, and cases with LTS were prevented (base-case and high-incidence scenarios). <b>Conclusions:</b> This analysis supports implementation of MenACWY-TT as a replacement for MenC vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}