Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy and Response of R21/Matrix-M in Malaria Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.","authors":"Aneeq Ur Rehman, Victory Nnaemeka, Muhammad Hassan Nasir, Nurul Alia Azizan, Ahmed M Salman, Ahmad Syibli Othman","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090824","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>R21/Matrix-M is a pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine supported by a growing body of field-efficacy, immunogenicity, safety, controlled-challenge, and implementation evidence. We synthesized the contemporary human evidence and quantified protection against naturally acquired clinical malaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for studies published from January 2021 to February 2026. The review was not prospectively registered, and no separate protocol was prepared. Eleven studies were retained for the systematic review. The primary quantitative synthesis pooled 12-month Cox proportional-hazards estimates for the first episode of clinical malaria from two independent randomized field trials using generic inverse variance methods. Robustness was examined using a fixed-effect model, a sensitivity analysis that disaggregated the phase III seasonal and standard/perennial transmission strata, and a phase III-only analysis. Booster follow-up and controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies were summarized descriptively to avoid double counting and mixing of incompatible endpoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary trial-level meta-analysis yielded a pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 0.265 (95% CI 0.235-0.299), equivalent to vaccine efficacy (VE) of 73.5% (95% CI 70.1-76.5%), with no detected heterogeneity (I² = 0%; Q = 0.67, <i>p</i> = 0.41; tau² = 0). Disaggregating the phase III transmission strata produced a similar random-effects estimate (HR 0.270, 95% CI 0.223-0.326; VE 73.0%, 95% CI 67.4-77.7%; I² = 53.8%). The fixed-effect estimate was HR 0.270 (95% CI 0.240-0.304), and the phase III-only sensitivity analysis remained strongly protective (HR 0.281, 95% CI 0.220-0.357; VE 71.9%). Booster follow-up supported maintained protection, including approximately 80% efficacy during the 12 months after boosting with the 50-microgram Matrix-M regimen. Across the broader evidence base, the vaccine was generally well tolerated and elicited strong anti-CSP/anti-NANP antibody responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>R21/Matrix-M provides substantial protection against naturally acquired clinical malaria, and the central efficacy estimate is robust to alternative analytic specifications. The quantitative evidence base remains small, however, and longer-term effectiveness, severe-malaria protection, booster timing, and post-deployment safety require continued evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structured Pharmacist-Led Vaccine Recommendation and Coadministration in Community Pharmacies: Real-World Evidence from Poland.","authors":"Ewa Kuczwalska, Anna Maria Dworakowska, Magdalena Skarżyńska, Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090823","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090823","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background and Objectives:&lt;/b&gt; Community pharmacies in Poland administer an expanding range of adult vaccines, including influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes zoster and pneumococcal vaccines. While pharmacist vaccination services are increasingly available, evidence on structured approaches supporting vaccine coadministration remains limited. This study assessed whether a structured pharmacist-led recommendation and coadministration protocol was associated with greater uptake of multiple vaccines and same-day coadministration in routine community pharmacy practice. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; This non-randomized real-world study used anonymized vaccination records from three community pharmacies in northern Poland between 1 August 2025 and 31 March 2026. One pharmacy implemented a multicomponent protocol combining proactive identification of eligible patients, presumptive recommendation and same-day coadministration, while two comparator pharmacies operated under routine practice. Outcomes included the mean number of vaccine types per patient, the proportion of patients receiving at least two of five analyzed vaccines, same-day coadministration among multi-vaccine patients, and the RSV-to-(influenza + COVID-19) vaccination ratio. A Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to assess relative RSV uptake. As the dataset comprised only patients who received at least one vaccination, these findings describe vaccination patterns among presenting, already-vaccinated patients rather than uptake relative to the total eligible or registered pharmacy population, for which denominators were not available. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Overall, 3248 patients contributed 5505 unique patient-vaccine events. The intervention pharmacy achieved a higher mean number of vaccine types per patient than comparator pharmacies (2.08 vs. approximately 1.54). The proportion of patients receiving at least two vaccine types was 73.6% (685/931) in the intervention pharmacy compared with 42.7% (990/2317) in comparator pharmacies. Among multi-vaccine patients, same-day coadministration occurred in 92.7% (635/685) of intervention-site patients versus 73.1% (724/990) in comparator pharmacies. Triple-vaccine coadministration visits were observed exclusively in the intervention pharmacy. RSV uptake was higher in the intervention pharmacy (incidence rate ratio 2.17; 95% CI 1.67-2.84; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). An age- and sex-adjusted analysis of multi-vaccine uptake yielded a materially unchanged association (adjusted OR 4.42; 95% CI 3.71-5.28) relative to the unadjusted estimate (OR 3.73; 95% CI 3.16-4.41). The exploratory temporal-interaction analysis was not statistically significant when all months were included (interaction IRR 0.84; 95% CI 0.69-1.02; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.085), whereas a sensitivity analysis excluding March 2026 suggested a narrowing relative RSV-rate advantage over time (interaction IRR 0.79; 95% CI 0.70-0.89; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking <i>Candida</i> Vaccine Translation: Barriers, Immunotherapies and a One Health Imperative.","authors":"Julie Krier, Francisco A M Silva, Célia Fortuna Rodrigues","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090825","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decade, antifungal vaccinology has produced genuine proof of concept: adhesin-based candidates such as NDV-3A have completed Phase II human trials, and reverse-vaccinology pipelines now routinely generate multi-epitope constructs with high predicted population coverage against <i>Candida albicans</i> and the multidrug-resistant <i>Candida auris</i>. However, no antifungal vaccine has reached the market, and the reasons for this gap are rarely examined together in a single, critical account. This review argues that the bottleneck is not primarily antigen discovery, but a layered set of translational barriers: biological constraints inherent to a commensal, morphologically plastic pathogen; manufacturing and purity requirements that complicate subunit vaccine production; a historical bias in preclinical animal models toward chemically immunosuppressed, rather than genetically susceptible, hosts; an underutilization of key insights from veterinary medicine; and a fragmented regulatory and commercial landscape that structurally disincentivizes investment in niche, high-risk patient populations. We further examine emerging immunotherapeutic strategies-passive antibody engineering, cytokine-based adjuvant approaches, phytocompound-derived antifungals, and dual-action nanovaccines-as partial, rather than complete, solutions to the immunocompromised-host paradox that limits active immunization in the patients who need protection most. Finally, we situate <i>Candida</i> vaccine development within a One Health and global-equity framework, arguing that diagnostic infrastructure, HLA population diversity, and cold-chain economics must be addressed as part of vaccine design rather than as an afterthought.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Attitude-Uptake Gap in HPV Vaccination Among Adults Aged 18-45 Years in Poland: Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Correlates.","authors":"Klaudiusz Mankiewicz, Mikołaj Wachowski, Julia Kłos, Stanisław Klamecki-Cichy, Hanna Krauss","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Favorable attitudes toward human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination do not necessarily translate into vaccine uptake, particularly among young adults who were too old to benefit from recently expanded adolescent programs. We assessed the gap between attitudes and self-reported HPV vaccination and examined sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of uptake in a non-probability sample of young adults residing in Poland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 12 January 2025 to 14 August 2026. The analysis included 334 complete responses from adults aged 18-45 years recruited through social media. The 42-item questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, HPV knowledge, vaccine trust, perceived personal threat, social exposure to vaccinated persons, access, and barriers. Group differences were examined using Pearson chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for self-reported vaccination; two respondents reporting sex as other/prefer not to say were excluded from the sex-adjusted model (N=332).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 113/334 participants (33.8%) reported HPV vaccination, whereas 300/334 (89.8%) considered vaccination important. Among unvaccinated respondents, the most frequent barriers were lack of a clinician recommendation (83/221; 37.6%) and cost (75/221; 33.9%). In the adjusted model, vaccination was associated with female sex (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.10-5.65), greater vaccine trust (aOR 1.70 per scale point, 95% CI 1.17-2.45), and knowing a vaccinated person (aOR 7.73, 95% CI 4.02-14.86). Compared with participants aged <20 years, those aged 23-25 years (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.86) and >25 years (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.86) had lower odds of vaccination. Objective HPV knowledge, education, urban residence, region, and medical/health-related study or work were not independently associated with uptake in this exploratory model. Model AUC was 0.846.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this non-probability sample, the gap between endorsing HPV vaccination as important and self-reported uptake was substantial; this construct should not be interpreted as an intention-behavior gap. Vaccine confidence and reported social exposure showed stronger cross-sectional associations with HPV vaccination than the exploratory objective-knowledge score, while lack of clinician recommendation and cost remained prominent barriers. These findings support evaluation of catch-up strategies that combine clear clinician recommendation, affordable and convenient access, gender-neutral cancer-prevention communication, and social normalization of vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleos(t)ide Analog-Therapeutic Vaccination Switch: A Novel Approach for Safe and Effective Treatment Discontinuation in HBeAg (-) Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.","authors":"Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar, Mamun Al Mahtab, Mohammad Abdur Rahim, Sheikh Mohammad Noor-E-Alam, Musarrat Mahtab, Ahmed Lutful Moben, Rokshana Begum, Dulal Chandra Das, Gerardo Guillen, Osamu Yoshida, Ivan Santos Martinez, Yoichi Hiasa, Sakirul Khan, Julio Cesar Aguilar","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090821","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Long-term nucleos(t)ide analog (NUC) therapy effectively suppresses hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, but it rarely achieves a functional cure and typically requires lifelong administration. A major unmet need in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the development of safe and effective strategies to discontinue NUCs without compromising viral control or hepatic safety. This exploratory, randomized pilot study evaluated therapeutic immunization in the context of discontinuation of antiviral therapy in HBeAg-negative CHB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six HBeAg-negative CHB patients receiving long-term therapy with NUCs were randomized to either discontinue NUCs and switch to HeberNasvac (NASVAC), a therapeutic vaccine (n = 13), or receive NASVAC in addition to NUCs (n = 13). Virological, serological, biochemical, and safety parameters were assessed during a 52-week primary follow-up. In particular, ALT and AST were evaluated every 2 weeks during the first 6 months after NUC discontinuation. An extended monitoring period from weeks 96 to 192 was designed to assess virological and biochemical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At week 48, HBV DNA remained below 2000 IU/mL in 92.3% of patients who discontinued NUCs and received NASVAC and in 100% of those who received both NUCs and NASVAC. During extended follow-up, HBV DNA < 2000 IU/mL persisted in 84.6% and 76.9% of patients in the NUC discontinuation group at weeks 96 and 192, respectively, and in 100% of patients in the continuation group (NASVAC added to NUCs) at both time points. In the first 48 weeks after NUC discontinuation, NASVAC induced a limited but significant decline in serum quantitative HBsAg. Liver function, renal, and hematological parameters remained stable, without significant ALT abnormalities, biochemical exacerbations, fibrosis progression, or severe adverse events during primary or extended follow-up. None of the patients required restarting treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NASVAC-based immunotherapy demonstrated durable virological control, a limited but progressive reduction in qHBsAg, and a strong long-term safety profile following the complete withdrawal of antiviral therapy. This exploratory study suggests that NASVAC can be administered in the context of NUC discontinuation with an acceptable short- and long-term safety profile, but controlled trials are required to determine whether therapeutic vaccination contributes independently to sustained off-treatment viral control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Neoplastic Disease Negatively Affect Serum Antibody Titers Against Core Vaccines in Dogs?","authors":"Paola Dall'Ara, Claudia Pollera, Daniela Invernizzi, Sara Tomassone, Joel Filipe","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090822","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Neoplasia currently represents the primary cause of death in companion animals worldwide, with one in four dogs developing a tumor during their lifetime. In this scenario, evaluating the immune status against core vaccine-preventable diseases becomes of primary importance to ensure adequate protection in such clinically fragile patients. This study aimed to assess the presence of protective antibody titers (PATs) against core vaccine antigens-canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1)-in dogs diagnosed with neoplastic disease prior to receiving any antineoplastic therapy. <b>Methods</b>: A total of 120 client-owned, core-vaccinated dogs with various malignant neoplasms were evaluated using an in-clinic semiquantitative assay (VacciCheck^®). <b>Results</b>: Overall, high rates of seroprotection were maintained across the study population, with PATs detected in 93.3% of dogs for CPV-2, 86.6% for CAdV-1, and 79.2% for CDV. High protection levels were consistently observed across different sex, age, and body size categories. Solid humoral memory was retained across all tumor types, although dogs with hemolymphopoietic malignancies (especially lymphomas) exhibited slightly lower protection rates (91.9% for CPV-2, 83.8% for CAdV-1, and 75.7% for CDV) compared to other histotypes. Time elapsed since last vaccination influenced CDV and CAdV-1 titers, whereas CPV-2 immunity remained remarkably persistent even beyond 3 years post-vaccination. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings indicate that high seroprotection against core vaccine antigens is maintained in dogs with neoplastic disease prior to antineoplastic therapy, with no clear evidence of major humoral impairment compared to historical healthy reference data, thereby reassuring veterinary clinicians and pet owners that routine core vaccine boosters may not represent an immediate priority in canine cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trust, Access, and the Division of Responsibility for Vaccine Confidence in Central and Eastern Europe: Paired Own-Country and Regional Ratings from a Multi-Stakeholder Professional Panel.","authors":"Teodor Cristian Blidaru, Alexandru Rafila, Diana Nastasă, David Sinclair, Petr Smejkal, Yasmin Maor, Ernest Kuchar, Mariano Votta, Luminița Vâlcea, Valeriu Gheorghiță","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090819","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Immunisation coverage gaps in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are commonly attributed to barriers of access. This study measured how the professionals who deliver immunisation services weigh competing barriers, whether their assessments differ when the referent is their own country rather than the CEE region as a whole, and how they rank candidate interventions on expected impact and near-term feasibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-two professionals working in twelve countries and at the European level (47 based in CEE, 39 of them in Romania) completed a cross-sectional structured survey around a multi-stakeholder meeting in Bucharest (14 May 2026). Respondents rated 15 barriers twice, for their own country and for the CEE region; rated 16 interventions for the expected impact and 12-24-month feasibility; force-ranked their selections; and assigned the lead responsibility for five system functions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Digital misinformation was the highest-rated barrier in every subgroup and at both geographic levels. The assessments differed by geographic referent: within respondents, trust and information barriers were rated more severe for their own country and access barriers more severe for the region (d_z = 0.52), a pattern attenuated but retained after standardising within each level; the same regional object was also described differently by respondents inside and outside CEE (d = 1.02). Across the 16 intervention-level means, the expected impact and feasibility were only weakly and imprecisely associated (r = 0.21, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.64), although, within respondents, the two were modestly correlated (r = 0.33). Continuing professional education for primary care ranked first on expected impact and led the forced-choice ranking in every subgroup. The lead responsibility was the clearest for professional training and least settled for equity monitoring.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Barriers were assessed differently depending on whether the referent was the respondent's own country or the region as a whole. These are professionals' perceptions, not measured outcomes: access may rank low partly because the panel does not face it personally, and the findings do not place cost and structural determinants second. Regional strategies built on assumptions about neighbouring systems may misallocate attention, and the equity agenda this panel endorses rests on a monitoring function no actor owns.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Clinical Improvement Temporally Associated with Off-Label LetiFend^® Vaccination in Canine Leishmaniasis: A Case Report.","authors":"Tobias Werner, Marius Rămneanţu, Torsten J Naucke","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090818","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine leishmaniasis (CanL), caused by <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, can be difficult to manage in dogs with severe clinical disease, particularly when established treatments are impractical or poorly tolerated. We report an approximately 3-year-old mixed-breed dog from Sardinia with clinically manifest CanL, anemia, thrombocytopenia, marked hyperglobulinemia, and an immunofluorescence antibody test titer of 1:4000. The dog's condition deteriorated during allopurinol treatment, with profound lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and complete refusal of food and water. Because escalation to combination leishmanicidal therapy (meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine) was considered clinically unsuitable in the severely debilitated patient, allopurinol monotherapy was discontinued after 18 days without clinical improvement, and one full commercial dose of the recombinant vaccine LetiFend^® was administered subcutaneously off-label. No immediate adverse reaction was observed. Clinical improvement became apparent within approximately 10 days, and near-normal activity returned within three weeks. During follow-up, hematological parameters normalized and serum protein electrophoresis showed an increased albumin/globulin ratio and a reduced gamma-globulin fraction. Domperidone was subsequently introduced as long-term immunomodulatory follow-up, and allopurinol was temporarily reintroduced after transient laboratory deterioration in 2024; the dog remained clinically healthy through July 2026. The close temporal association is clinically noteworthy but cannot establish causality. This hypothesis-generating observation supports controlled investigation of therapeutic vaccination as a potential complementary approach in canine leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Up-to-Date Measles Vaccination Among 2-Year-Old Children in Canada: An Analysis of the 2021 Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey.","authors":"Jeanette Bourne, Anna-Maria Frescura, Samuel Ileka-Priouzeau, Marwa Ebrahim, Julie Laroche","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090817","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Ongoing measles outbreaks in Canada and worldwide, largely among unvaccinated individuals, emphasize the importance of examining predictors of measles vaccination. This study aims to report on factors associated with up-to-date measles vaccination among 2-year-olds in Canada. <b>Methods</b>: We used national cross-sectional data from the 2021 childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (cNICS), which was conducted among 2-year-old Canadian children between 10 January 2022 and 14 July 2022. We examined proportions of vaccinated children by sociodemographic characteristics and conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with up-to-date measles vaccination coverage, defined as receiving at least one dose of a measles-containing vaccine by 2 years of age. <b>Results</b>: Among 3118 two-year-olds, 91.6% (95% CI: 89.9-93.1) were up-to-date with their measles vaccines. Lower odds of being up-to-date among 2-year-olds was associated with a household income of less than $60,000 (aOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.75; <i>p</i> < 0.05), experiencing pandemic-related obstacles or delays to vaccination (aOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12-0.43, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and parents being more vaccine-hesitant (aOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26-0.94, <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Conclusions</b>: Lower household income, experiencing pandemic-related obstacles, and parental hesitancy contribute to being not up-to-date on measles vaccination among children in Canada. These results support developing targeted programs and communication efforts to help increase measles vaccination coverage in Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotavirus Vaccines at 20 Years: Success, Challenges, and the Road Ahead.","authors":"Alice S Carter, Duncan Steele, Mathuram Santosham, Michelle J Groome, Denise O Garrett","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090815","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty years after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, the 15th International Rotavirus Symposium convened researchers, clinicians, immunization program managers, and policymakers to review advances in rotavirus epidemiology, immunology, vaccine development, and implementation. Rotavirus vaccination has contributed to sustained reductions in severe rotavirus hospitalizations and child mortality, yet population-level benefits remain heterogeneous and are constrained by gaps in coverage, supply-related program disruptions, and context-specific vaccine performance. Presenters highlighted evidence from multi-pathogen surveillance confirming that rotavirus remains a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea requiring hospitalization despite widespread vaccine introduction. Accumulating evidence implicates maternally derived antibodies, environmental enteric dysfunction, and early-life microbiome development as contributors to reduced oral vaccine performance in low- and middle-income communities, while recent studies of next-generation vaccine candidates underscore the need for improved correlates of protection and clinically meaningful efficacy endpoints. Collectively, the symposium emphasized that further reductions in rotavirus morbidity and mortality will require strengthening delivery of existing vaccines-including improving coverage, minimizing supply interruptions, and reaching zero-dose and under-immunized children-while sustaining surveillance and investing in integrated enteric disease prevention and next-generation vaccines to optimize protection in high-burden settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}